In situ TEM visualization of superior nanomechanical flexibility of shear-exfoliated phosphorene

Xu, Feng; Ma, Hongyu; Lei, Shuangying; Sun, Jun; Chen, Jing; Ge, Binghui; Zhu, Yimei; Sun, Litao

doi:10.1039/c6nr02487d

Title: In situ TEM visualization of superior nanomechanical flexibility of shear-exfoliated phosphorene

Journal Article · 19 June 2016 · Nanoscale

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c6nr02487d · OSTI ID:1338605

Xu, Feng ^[1]; Ma, Hongyu ^[2]; Lei, Shuangying ^[3]; Sun, Jun ^[3]; Chen, Jing ^[4]; Ge, Binghui ^[5]; Zhu, Yimei ^[6]; Sun, Litao ^[7]

Southeast Univ., Nanjing (China). SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center; Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States). Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Dept.
China Univ. of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou (China). Research Center for Internet of Things
Southeast Univ., Nanjing (China). SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center
Southeast Univ., Nanjing (China). School of Electronic Science and Engineering
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing (China). Beijing National Lab. for Condensed Matter Physics
Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States). Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Dept.
Southeast Univ., Nanjing (China). SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center; Monash Univ., Suzhou (China). Joint Research Inst. of Southeast Univ. and Center for Advanced Materials and Manufacture

Recently discovered atomically thin black phosphorus (called phosphorene) holds great promise for applications in flexible nanoelectronic devices. Experimentally identifying and characterizing nanomechanical properties of phosphorene are challenging, but also potentially rewarding. Our work combines for the first time in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging and an in situ micro-manipulation system to directly visualize the nanomechanical behaviour of individual phosphorene nanoflakes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the phosphorene nanoflakes can be easily bent, scrolled, and stretched, showing remarkable mechanical flexibility rather than fracturing. An out-of-plane plate-like bending mechanism and in-plane tensile strain of up to 34% were observed. Moreover, a facile liquid-phase shear exfoliation route has been developed to produce such mono-layer and few-layer phosphorene nanoflakes in organic solvents using only a household kitchen blender. The effects of surface tensions of the applied solvents on the ratio of average length and thickness (L/T) of the nanoflakes were studied systematically. These results reported here will pave the way for potential industrial-scale applications of flexible phosphorene nanoelectronic devices.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-98CH10886

OSTI ID:: 1338605

Report Number(s):: BNL--113302--2016-JA; KC0201010

Journal Information:: Nanoscale, Journal Name: Nanoscale Journal Issue: 28 Vol. 8; ISSN NANOHL; ISSN 2040-3364

Publisher:: Royal Society of ChemistryCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (50)

Deterministic transfer of two-dimensional materials by all-dry viscoelastic stamping Castellanos-Gomez, Andres; Buscema, Michele; Molenaar, Rianda 2D Materials, Vol. 1, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/1/1/011002	journal	April 2014
Observation of tunable band gap and anisotropic Dirac semimetal state in black phosphorus Kim, J.; Baik, S. S.; Ryu, S. H. Science, Vol. 349, Issue 6249 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa6486	journal	August 2015
Solvent Exfoliation of Electronic-Grade, Two-Dimensional Black Phosphorus Kang, Joohoon; Wood, Joshua D.; Wells, Spencer A. ACS Nano, Vol. 9, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b01143	journal	February 2015
Superior mechanical flexibility of phosphorene and few-layer black phosphorus Wei, Qun; Peng, Xihong Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 104, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4885215	journal	June 2014
High-Quality Black Phosphorus Atomic Layers by Liquid-Phase Exfoliation Yasaei, Poya; Kumar, Bijandra; Foroozan, Tara Advanced Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201405150	journal	February 2015
Large-area ultrathin films of reduced graphene oxide as a transparent and flexible electronic material Eda, Goki; Fanchini, Giovanni; Chhowalla, Manish Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 3, Issue 5, p. 270-274 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2008.83	journal	April 2008
Highly sensitive and fast phototransistor based on large size CVD-grown SnS ₂ nanosheets Huang, Yun; Deng, Hui-Xiong; Xu, Kai Nanoscale, Vol. 7, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1039/c5nr04174k	journal	January 2015
CVD synthesis of large-area, highly crystalline MoSe ₂ atomic layers on diverse substrates and application to photodetectors Xia, Jing; Huang, Xing; Liu, Ling-Zhi Nanoscale, Vol. 6, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1039/c4nr02311k	journal	January 2014
Transition Metal Dichalcogenides and Beyond: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Single- and Few-Layer Nanosheets Lv, Ruitao; Robinson, Joshua A.; Schaak, Raymond E. Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 48, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/ar5002846	journal	December 2014
Deterministic transfer of two-dimensional materials by all-dry viscoelastic stamping Castellanos-Gomez, Andres; Buscema, Michele; Molenaar, Rianda arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1311.4829	preprint	January 2013
In situ transmission electron microscopy of individual carbon nanotetrahedron/ribbon structures in bending Kohno, Hideo; Masuda, Yusuke Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 106, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4921008	journal	May 2015
Phosphorene: An Unexplored 2D Semiconductor with a High Hole Mobility Liu, Han; Neal, Adam T.; Zhu, Zhen ACS Nano, Vol. 8, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn501226z	journal	March 2014
Transmission Electron Microscopy Williams, David B.; Carter, C. Barry https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2519-3	book	January 1996
Superior mechanical flexibility of phosphorene and few-layer black phosphorus Wei, Qun; Peng, Xihong arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1403.7882	text	January 2014
Solvent Exfoliation of Electronic-Grade, Two-Dimensional Black Phosphorus Kang, Joohoon; Wood, Joshua D.; Wells, Spencer A. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1505.00878	text	January 2015
Nanoscale Bending of Multilayered Boron Nitride and Graphene Ribbons: Experiment and Objective Molecular Dynamics Calculations Nikiforov, Ilia; Tang, Dai-Ming; Wei, Xianlong Physical Review Letters, Vol. 109, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.109.025504	journal	July 2012
Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films Novoselov, K. S. Science, Vol. 306, Issue 5696, p. 666-669 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1102896	journal	October 2004
Production of phosphorene nanoribbons Watts, Mitchell C.; Picco, Loren; Russell-Pavier, Freddie S. Nature, Vol. 568, Issue 7751 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1074-x	journal	April 2019
Highly anisotropic and robust excitons in monolayer black phosphorus Wang, Xiaomu; Jones, Aaron M.; Seyler, Kyle L. Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 10, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.71	journal	April 2015
Transmission Electron Microscopy Williams, David B.; Carter, C. Barry https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-76501-3	book	January 2009
Vertical field-effect transistor based on graphene–WS2 heterostructures for flexible and transparent electronics Georgiou, Thanasis; Jalil, Rashid; Belle, Branson D. Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2012.224	journal	December 2012
Failure mechanisms of graphene under tension Marianetti, Chris A.; Yevick, Hannah G. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1004.1849	text	January 2010
CVD synthesis of large-area, highly crystalline MoSe ₂ atomic layers on diverse substrates and application to photodetectors Xia, Jing; Huang, Xing; Liu, Ling-Zhi Nanoscale, Vol. 6, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR02311K	journal	January 2014
Turbulence-assisted shear exfoliation of graphene using household detergent and a kitchen blender Varrla, Eswaraiah; Paton, Keith R.; Backes, Claudia Nanoscale, Vol. 6, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR03560G	journal	January 2014
Liquid Exfoliation of Layered Materials Nicolosi, V.; Chhowalla, M.; Kanatzidis, M. G. Science, Vol. 340, Issue 6139, p. 1226419 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1226419	journal	June 2013
First-principles calculations on mechanical and elastic properties of 2H- and 3R-WS2 under pressure Feng, Li-ping; Wang, Zhi-qiang; Liu, Zheng-tang Solid State Communications, Vol. 187 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2014.02.012	journal	June 2014
Fabrication and Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Interconnections Wang, M. S.; Wang, J. Y.; Chen, Q. Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 15, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200500215	journal	November 2005
Isolation and characterization of few-layer black phosphorus Castellanos-Gomez, Andres; Vicarelli, Leonardo; Prada, Elsa arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1403.0499	text	January 2014
Failure Mechanisms of Graphene under Tension Marianetti, C. A.; Yevick, H. G. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 105, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.105.245502	journal	December 2010
Highly sensitive and fast phototransistor based on large size CVD-grown SnS ₂ nanosheets Huang, Yun; Deng, Hui-Xiong; Xu, Kai Nanoscale, Vol. 7, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NR04174K	journal	January 2015
Rediscovering black phosphorus as an anisotropic layered material for optoelectronics and electronics Xia, Fengnian; Wang, Han; Jia, Yichen Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5458	journal	July 2014
High-mobility transport anisotropy and linear dichroism in few-layer black phosphorus Qiao, Jingsi; Kong, Xianghua; Hu, Zhi-Xin arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1401.5045	text	January 2014
Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides Wang, Qing Hua; Kalantar-Zadeh, Kourosh; Kis, Andras Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 7, Issue 11, p. 699-712 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2012.193	journal	November 2012
Graphene: Status and Prospects Geim, A. K. Science, Vol. 324, Issue 5934, p. 1530-1534 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1158877	journal	June 2009
Stacking Fault Enriching the Electronic and Transport Properties of Few-Layer Phosphorenes and Black Phosphorus Lei, Shuangying; Wang, Han; Huang, Lan Nano Letters, Vol. 16, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04719	journal	January 2016
Negative poisson’s ratio in single-layer black phosphorus Jiang, Jin-Wu; Park, Harold S. Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5727	journal	August 2014
Failure Mechanisms of Graphene under Tension Marianetti, C. A.; Yevick, H. G. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 105, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.245502	journal	December 2010
Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K.; Morozov, S. V. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.cond-mat/0410550	text	January 2004
Liquid exfoliation of solvent-stabilized few-layer black phosphorus for applications beyond electronics Hanlon, Damien; Backes, Claudia; Doherty, Evie Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9563	journal	October 2015
Highly Anisotropic and Robust Excitons in Monolayer Black Phosphorus Wang, Xiaomu; Jones, Aaron M.; Seyler, Kyle L. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1411.1695	preprint	January 2014
Isolation and characterization of few-layer black phosphorus Castellanos-Gomez, Andres; Vicarelli, Leonardo; Prada, Elsa 2D Materials, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/1/2/025001	journal	June 2014
Plasma-assisted fabrication of monolayer phosphorene and its Raman characterization Lu, Wanglin; Nan, Haiyan; Hong, Jinhua Nano Research, Vol. 7, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-014-0446-7	journal	May 2014
Shaping Carbon Nanotubes and the Effects on Their Electrical and Mechanical Properties Wang, M. S.; Peng, L. -M.; Wang, J. Y. Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 16, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200500706	journal	July 2006
Liquid Phase Exfoliation of Two-Dimensional Materials by Directly Probing and Matching Surface Tension Components Shen, Jianfeng; He, Yongmin; Wu, Jingjie Nano Letters, Vol. 15, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01842	journal	July 2015
Fabrication of Flexible MoS₂ Thin-Film Transistor Arrays for Practical Gas-Sensing Applications He, Qiyuan; Zeng, Zhiyuan; Yin, Zongyou Small, Vol. 8, Issue 19, p. 2994-2999 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201201224	journal	July 2012
Giant Phononic Anisotropy and Unusual Anharmonicity of Phosphorene: Interlayer Coupling and Strain Engineering Cai, Yongqing; Ke, Qingqing; Zhang, Gang Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201404294	journal	February 2015
Turbulence-assisted shear exfoliation of graphene using household detergent and a kitchen blender Varrla, Eswaraiah; Paton, Keith R.; Backes, Claudia Nanoscale, Vol. 6, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1039/c4nr03560g	journal	January 2014
Reliable Exfoliation of Large-Area High-Quality Flakes of Graphene and Other Two-Dimensional Materials Huang, Yuan; Sutter, Eli; Shi, Norman N. ACS Nano, Vol. 9, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b04258	journal	September 2015
High-mobility transport anisotropy and linear dichroism in few-layer black phosphorus Qiao, Jingsi; Kong, Xianghua; Hu, Zhi-Xin Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5475	journal	July 2014
Nanoscale Bending of Multilayered Boron Nitride and Graphene Ribbons: Experiment and Objective Molecular Dynamics Calculations Nikiforov, Ilia; Tang, Dai-Ming; Wei, Xianlong Physical Review Letters, Vol. 109, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.025504	journal	July 2012

Cited By (5)

Promise and Challenge of Phosphorus in Science, Technology, and Application Han, Xinpeng; Han, Jinpeng; Liu, Cheng Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201803471	journal	September 2018
In situ visualization of the superior nanomechanical flexibility of individual hydroxyapatite nanobelts Qi, Mei-li; Huang, Zhennan; Yao, Wentao CrystEngComm, Vol. 20, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ce01852e	journal	January 2018
Highly ambient-stable few-layer black phosphorene by pulsed laser exfoliation and HEMM Zhang, Jianyu; Shin, Hosop; Lu, Wei Chemical Communications, Vol. 55, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cc09174a	journal	January 2019
Applications of Phosphorene and Black Phosphorus in Energy Conversion and Storage Devices Pang, Jinbo; Bachmatiuk, Alicja; Yin, Yin Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201702093	journal	December 2017
Modulation of photothermal anisotropy using black phosphorus/rhenium diselenide heterostructures Gao, Xiao-Guang; Chen, Guo-Xing; Li, De-Kang Nanoscale, Vol. 10, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr02229a	journal	January 2018

Similar Records

Scalable shear-exfoliation of high-quality phosphorene nanoflakes with reliable electrochemical cycleability in nano batteries

Journal Article · 2016 · 2D Materials · OSTI ID:1336141

Xu, Feng; Ge, Binghui; Chen, Jing; +13 more

Superior mechanical flexibility of phosphorene and few-layer black phosphorus

Journal Article · 2014 · Applied Physics Letters · OSTI ID:22303850

Wei, Qun; Peng, Xihong

Shear-Induced Orientation in Well-Exfoliated Polystyrene/Clay Nanocomposites

Journal Article · 2012 · Macromolecules · OSTI ID:1035383

Dykes, Laura M.C.; Torkelson, John M; Burghardt, Wesley R

Related Subjects

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND SUPERFLUIDITY

Title: In situ TEM visualization of superior nanomechanical flexibility of shear-exfoliated phosphorene

Citation Formats

References (50)

Cited By (5)

Similar Records

Related Subjects