A non-LTE analysis of high energy density Kr plasmas on Z and NIF

Dasgupta, A.; Clark, R. W.; Ouart, N.; Giuliani, J.; Velikovich, A.; Ampleford, D. J.; Hansen, S. B.; Jennings, C.; Harvey-Thompson, A. J.; Jones, B.; Flanagan, T. M.; Bell, K. S.; Apruzese, J. P.; Fournier, K. B.; Scott, H. A.; May, M. J.; Barrios, M. A.; Colvin, J. D.; Kemp, G. E.

doi:10.1063/1.4965243

Title: A non-LTE analysis of high energy density Kr plasmas on Z and NIF

Abstract

We report that multi-keV X-ray radiation sources have a wide range of applications, from biomedical studies and research on thermonuclear fusion to materials science and astrophysics. The refurbished Z pulsed power machine at the Sandia National Laboratories produces intense multi-keV X-rays from argon Z-pinches, but for a krypton Z-pinch, the yield decreases much faster with atomic number Z_A than similar sources on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. To investigate whether fundamental energy deposition differences between pulsed power and lasers could account for the yield differences, we consider the Kr plasma on the two machines. The analysis assumes the plasma not in local thermodynamic equilibrium, with a detailed coupling between the hydrodynamics, the radiation field, and the ionization physics. While for the plasma parameters of interest the details of krypton’s M-shell are not crucial, both the L-shell and the K-shell must be modeled in reasonable detail, including the state-specific dielectronic recombination processes that significantly affect Kr’s ionization balance and the resulting X-ray spectrum. We present a detailed description of the atomic model, provide synthetic K- and L-shell spectra, and compare these with the available experimental data from the Z-machine and from NIF to showmore »« less

Authors:

Dasgupta, A. ^[1]; Clark, R. W. ^[2]; Ouart, N. ^[1];

^[1];

^[3]; Hansen, S. B. ^[3]; Jennings, C. ^[3]; Harvey-Thompson, A. J. ^[3]; Jones, B. ^[3];

^[3]; Bell, K. S. ^[3]; Apruzese, J. P. ^[4];

^[5]; Scott, H. A. ^[5]; May, M. J. ^[5]; Barrios, M. A. ^[5];

^[5]; Kemp, G. E. ^[5]

Naval Research Lab. (NRL), Washington, DC (United States). Plasma Physics Division
Berkeley Research Associates, Beltsville, MD (United States)
Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)
Engility Corporation, Chantilly, VA (United States)
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Publication Date:: Thu Oct 20 00:00:00 EDT 2016

Research Org.:: Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

OSTI Identifier:: 1810679

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1338408

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-692187; SAND-2016-12903J
Journal ID: ISSN 1070-664X; 818889; TRN: US2213075

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-07NA27344; AC04-94AL85000; AC04-94AL85000: AC52-07NA27344

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Physics of Plasmas

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 23; Journal Issue: 10; Journal ID: ISSN 1070-664X

Publisher:: American Institute of Physics (AIP)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY; plasma confinement; atomic physics; leptons; material science; hydrodynamics; chemical elements; x-ray spectroscopy; astrophysics; thermonuclear fusion; lasers

Citation Formats


                    Dasgupta, A., Clark, R. W., Ouart, N., Giuliani, J., Velikovich, A., Ampleford, D. J., Hansen, S. B., Jennings, C., Harvey-Thompson, A. J., Jones, B., Flanagan, T. M., Bell, K. S., Apruzese, J. P., Fournier, K. B., Scott, H. A., May, M. J., Barrios, M. A., Colvin, J. D., and Kemp, G. E. A non-LTE analysis of high energy density Kr plasmas on Z and NIF.  United States: N. p., 2016. 
Web.  doi:10.1063/1.4965243.

Copy to clipboard


                    Dasgupta, A., Clark, R. W., Ouart, N., Giuliani, J., Velikovich, A., Ampleford, D. J., Hansen, S. B., Jennings, C., Harvey-Thompson, A. J., Jones, B., Flanagan, T. M., Bell, K. S., Apruzese, J. P., Fournier, K. B., Scott, H. A., May, M. J., Barrios, M. A., Colvin, J. D., & Kemp, G. E. A non-LTE analysis of high energy density Kr plasmas on Z and NIF.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4965243

Copy to clipboard


                    Dasgupta, A., Clark, R. W., Ouart, N., Giuliani, J., Velikovich, A., Ampleford, D. J., Hansen, S. B., Jennings, C., Harvey-Thompson, A. J., Jones, B., Flanagan, T. M., Bell, K. S., Apruzese, J. P., Fournier, K. B., Scott, H. A., May, M. J., Barrios, M. A., Colvin, J. D., and Kemp, G. E. Thu .  
"A non-LTE analysis of high energy density Kr plasmas on Z and NIF".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4965243.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1810679.

Copy to clipboard


                    
@article{osti_1810679,

  title        = {A non-LTE analysis of high energy density Kr plasmas on Z and NIF},

  author       = {Dasgupta, A. and Clark, R. W. and Ouart, N. and Giuliani, J. and Velikovich, A. and Ampleford, D. J. and Hansen, S. B. and Jennings, C. and Harvey-Thompson, A. J. and Jones, B. and Flanagan, T. M. and Bell, K. S. and Apruzese, J. P. and Fournier, K. B. and Scott, H. A. and May, M. J. and Barrios, M. A. and Colvin, J. D. and Kemp, G. E.},

  abstractNote = {We report that multi-keV X-ray radiation sources have a wide range of applications, from biomedical studies and research on thermonuclear fusion to materials science and astrophysics. The refurbished Z pulsed power machine at the Sandia National Laboratories produces intense multi-keV X-rays from argon Z-pinches, but for a krypton Z-pinch, the yield decreases much faster with atomic number ZA than similar sources on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. To investigate whether fundamental energy deposition differences between pulsed power and lasers could account for the yield differences, we consider the Kr plasma on the two machines. The analysis assumes the plasma not in local thermodynamic equilibrium, with a detailed coupling between the hydrodynamics, the radiation field, and the ionization physics. While for the plasma parameters of interest the details of krypton’s M-shell are not crucial, both the L-shell and the K-shell must be modeled in reasonable detail, including the state-specific dielectronic recombination processes that significantly affect Kr’s ionization balance and the resulting X-ray spectrum. We present a detailed description of the atomic model, provide synthetic K- and L-shell spectra, and compare these with the available experimental data from the Z-machine and from NIF to show that the K-shell yield behavior versus ZA is indeed related to the energy input characteristics. In conclusion, this work aims at understanding the probable causes that might explain the differences in the X-ray conversion efficiencies of several radiation sources on Z and},

  doi          = {10.1063/1.4965243},

  journal      = {Physics of Plasmas},

  number       = 10,

  volume       = 23,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Thu Oct 20 00:00:00 EDT 2016},

  month        = {Thu Oct 20 00:00:00 EDT 2016}

}

Copy to clipboard

Journal Article:

Free Publicly Available Full Text

Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Publisher's Version of Record

https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4965243

Other availability

Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 4 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Save / Share:

Export Metadata

Save to My Library

Works referenced in this record:

Two-dimensional radiation MHD modeling assessment of designs for argon gas puff distributions for future experiments on the refurbished Z machine
journal, September 2012

Thornhill, J. W.; Giuliani, J. L.; Chong, Y. K.
High Energy Density Physics, Vol. 8, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1016/j.hedp.2012.03.010

An analytic Voigt profile escape probability approximation
journal, November 1985

Apruzese, J. P.
Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, Vol. 34, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1016/0022-4073(85)90018-4

Spectroscopic analysis of Cu wire array implosions on the refurbished Z generator
journal, September 2012

Dasgupta, A.; Clark, R. W.; Ouart, N. D.
High Energy Density Physics, Vol. 8, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1016/j.hedp.2012.03.012

X-ray power and yield measurements at the refurbished Z machine
journal, August 2014

Jones, M. C.; Ampleford, D. J.; Cuneo, M. E.
Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 85, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1063/1.4891316

Opacity and gradients in aluminum wire array z-pinch implosions on the Z pulsed power facility
journal, March 2014

Ampleford, D. J.; Hansen, S. B.; Jennings, C. A.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 21, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1063/1.4865224

K-shell X-ray sources at the Z Accelerator
journal, June 2010

Coverdale, C. A.; Jones, B.; Ampleford, D. J.
High Energy Density Physics, Vol. 6, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1016/j.hedp.2010.01.006

The effect of gradients at stagnation on K-shell x-ray line emission in high-current Ar gas-puff implosions
journal, February 2015

Jones, B.; Apruzese, J. P.; Harvey-Thompson, A. J.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 22, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1063/1.4913350

Implosion dynamics and K-shell x-ray generation in large diameter stainless steel wire array Z pinches with various nesting configurations
journal, December 2008

Jones, Brent; Coverdale, Christine A.; Deeney, Christopher
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 15, Issue 12
DOI: 10.1063/1.3049909

Multi-keV x-ray conversion efficiency in laser-produced plasmas
journal, May 2003

Back, C. A.; Davis, J.; Grun, J.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 10, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1063/1.1566750

Multi-keV x-ray source development experiments on the National Ignition Facility
journal, August 2010

Fournier, K. B.; May, M. J.; Colvin, J. D.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 17, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1063/1.3458904

Backlighter development at the National Ignition Facility (NIF): Zinc to zirconium
journal, September 2013

Barrios, M. A.; Fournier, K. B.; Regan, S. P.
High Energy Density Physics, Vol. 9, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1016/j.hedp.2013.05.018

Efficient argon K -shell radiation from a Z pinch at currents >15 MA
journal, July 2001

Sze, H.; Coleman, P. L.; Banister, J.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 8, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1063/1.1373418

A probabilistic model for continuum transport in dense, optically thick plasmas
journal, March 1995

Clark, R. W.; Davis, J.; Apruzese, J. P.
Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, Vol. 53, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1016/0022-4073(95)90062-4

Bright x-ray stainless steel K-shell source development at the National Ignition Facility
journal, June 2015

May, M. J.; Fournier, K. B.; Colvin, J. D.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 22, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1063/1.4922751

The physics of radiation transport in dense plasmas
journal, May 2002

Apruzese, J. P.; Davis, J.; Whitney, K. G.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 9, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1063/1.1446038

Fokker-Planck analysis of short-pulse laser heating in the hot-spot-model approximation
journal, December 1994

Pulsifer, P. E.; Whitney, K. G.
Physical Review E, Vol. 50, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.50.4926

Dielectronic Recombination Rate Coefficients for H‐like through Ne‐like Isosequences of Mg, Si, S, Ar, Ca, Fe, and Ni
journal, June 2003

Gu, M. F.
The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 590, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1086/375135

Demonstration of a 13-keV Kr $K$ -shell x-ray source at the National Ignition Facility
journal, September 2013

Fournier, K. B.; May, M. J.; Colvin, J. D.
Physical Review E, Vol. 88, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.88.033104

K-α emission spectroscopic analysis from a Cu Z-pinch
journal, June 2013

Dasgupta, A.; Clark, R. W.; Giuliani, J. L.
High Energy Density Physics, Vol. 9, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1016/j.hedp.2013.03.003

Influence of L‐shell dynamics on K‐shell yields for imploding krypton Z‐pinch plasmas
journal, May 1995

Davis, J.; Giuliani, J. L.; Mulbrandon, M.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 2, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1063/1.871325

Architecture, implementation, and testing of a multiple-shell gas injection system for high current implosions on the Z accelerator
journal, June 2013

Krishnan, Mahadevan; Elliott, Kristi Wilson; Madden, Robert E.
Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 84, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1063/1.4809511

Measurement of the $\sim$0.1- to $>$ 10-keV Energy Distribution for an Argon Z -Pinch at the 15-MA Level
journal, February 2007

Coleman, Philip L.; Apruzese, J. P.; Velikovich, Alexander L.
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol. 35, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2006.889273

The physics basis for ignition using indirect-drive targets on the National Ignition Facility
journal, February 2004

Lindl, John D.; Amendt, Peter; Berger, Richard L.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 11, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1063/1.1578638

K-shell radiation physics in low- to moderate-atomic-number z-pinch plasmas on the Z accelerator
journal, May 2006

Jones, B.; Deeney, C.; Coverdale, C. A.
Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, Vol. 99, Issue 1-3
DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2005.05.027

A Renewed Capability for Gas Puff Science on Sandia's Z Machine
journal, May 2014

Jones, Brent; Jennings, Christopher A.; Lamppa, Derek C.
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol. 42, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2013.2287180

Contrasting physics in wire array z pinch sources of 1-20 keV emission on the Z facility
journal, May 2014

Ampleford, D. J.; Jones, B.; Jennings, C. A.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 21, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1063/1.4876621

Tungsten wire-array Z-pinch experiments at 200 TW and 2 MJ
journal, May 1998

Spielman, R. B.; Deeney, C.; Chandler, G. A.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 5, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1063/1.872881

Time-Integrated Synthetic X-Ray Spectroscopy for Stainless Steel Wire Array $Z$-Pinches
journal, April 2010

Dasgupta, Arati; Giuliani, John L.; Davis, Jack
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol. 38, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2010.2040841

Investigation of K‐shell emission from moderate‐Z, low‐η (‐velocity), Z‐pinch implosions
journal, July 1996

Thornhill, J. W.; Whitney, K. G.; Davis, J.
Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 80, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1063/1.362923

Large diameter (45–80mm) nested stainless steel wire arrays at the Z accelerator
journal, February 2008

Coverdale, C. A.; Deeney, C.; LePell, P. D.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 15, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1063/1.2840641

Simulation study of 3–5 keV x-ray conversion efficiency from Ar K-shell vs. Ag L-shell targets on the National Ignition Facility laser
journal, May 2015

Kemp, G. E.; Colvin, J. D.; Fournier, K. B.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 22, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1063/1.4921250

Basic considerations for scaling Z ‐pinch x‐ray emission with atomic number
journal, February 1990

Whitney, K. G.; Thornhill, J. W.; Apruzese, J. P.
Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 67, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1063/1.345642

Doppler measurement of implosion velocity in fast $Z$ -pinch x-ray sources
journal, November 2011

Jones, B.; Jennings, C. A.; Bailey, J. E.
Physical Review E, Vol. 84, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.84.056408

National Ignition Facility laser performance status
journal, January 2007

Haynam, C. A.; Wegner, P. J.; Auerbach, J. M.
Applied Optics, Vol. 46, Issue 16
DOI: 10.1364/AO.46.003276

Deuterium gas-puff Z-pinch implosions on the Z accelerator
journal, May 2007

Coverdale, C. A.; Deeney, C.; Velikovich, A. L.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 14, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1063/1.2710207

A Review of the Gas-Puff <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Z$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-Pinch as an X-Ray and Neutron Source
journal, August 2015

Giuliani, J. L.; Commisso, R. J.
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol. 43, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2015.2451157

Computational modeling of Krypton gas puffs with tailored mass density profiles on Za)
journal, May 2015

Jennings, C. A.; Ampleford, D. J.; Lamppa, D. C.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 22, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1063/1.4921154

Works referencing / citing this record:

The effects of microstructure on propagation of laser-driven radiative heat waves in under-dense high-Z plasma
journal, March 2018

Colvin, J. D.; Matsukuma, H.; Brown, K. C.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 25, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1063/1.5012523

Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

X-ray Spectroscopy of K- and L-shell Z-pinch and Astrophysical Plasmas

Journal Article Dasgupta, A ; Davis, J ; Giuliani, J G ; ... - AIP Conference Proceedings

In recent years, there have been significant advances in instrumental capabilities for making X-ray spectroscopic measurements of astrophysical plasmas. There have been corresponding improvements in X-ray diagnostics for advanced multi-mega-ampere pulse power machines that produce increasingly large radiative yields from gas-puff and wire array Z pinch plasmas. Analysis used for Z pinches can be used to study ICF and also astrophysical plasmas where laboratory measurements and simulations are the only means to interpret observed data. The astrophysical data for Fe, the most cosmically abundant high Z element, can provide a wealth of information about cosmic plasmas. Fe is also themore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3241192
Simulation study of 3–5 keV x-ray conversion efficiency from Ar K-shell vs. Ag L-shell targets on the National Ignition Facility laser

Journal Article Kemp, G. E., E-mail: kemp10@llnl.gov ; Colvin, J. D. ; Fournier, K. B. ; ... - Physics of Plasmas

Tailored, high-flux, multi-keV x-ray sources are desirable for studying x-ray interactions with matter for various civilian, space and military applications. For this study, we focus on designing an efficient laser-driven non-local thermodynamic equilibrium 3–5 keV x-ray source from photon-energy-matched Ar K-shell and Ag L-shell targets at sub-critical densities (∼n{sub c}/10) to ensure supersonic, volumetric laser heating with minimal losses to kinetic energy, thermal x rays and laser-plasma instabilities. Using HYDRA, a multi-dimensional, arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian, radiation-hydrodynamics code, we performed a parameter study by varying initial target density and laser parameters for each material using conditions readily achievable on the National Ignition Facilitymore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4921250
Mixed element plasmas in a z-pinch on Double-Eagle: Radiation tunability and reliability

Conference LePell, P D ; Coverdale, C A ; Failor, B H ; ...

The authors have recently completed experiments on the Double-Eagle generator at Physics International which have demonstrated that the radiation output from mixed-element, z-pinch plasmas is wavelength tunable. The tests used mixtures of argon and krypton gas, ranging from 50% to 98% Ar. Measurements of the resulting output portions showed that Kr L-shell emissions dominate the Ar K-shell emissions until very high portions (90%) of Ar gas are used. Not until a 95% Ar mixture is used does the balance tip in favor of the Ar emissions. They believe that the lower energy of L-shell emission channels for a krypton plasmamore »« less
Time dependent x-ray emission from a krypton gas puff z-pinch plasma

Conference Davis, J ; Giuliani, Jr, J L ; Rogerson, J

In this study the authors investigate and assess the radiative potential of a superclass pulsed power driven Z-pinch plasma load. The generator is represented by a driver capable of producing short circuit currents of 60, 80, and 100 mega-amps to a load over 100 ns current risetime. For a prescribed set of electrical characteristics the authors characterize the radiative performance of Rayleigh-Taylor stable loads. The purpose of this investigation is to compare and contrast the differences resulting from: (1) two temperatures vs. one temperature and (2) a time dependent vs. an equilibrium treatment of the non-LTE ionization physics and theirmore »« less
Experimental studies of L shell x-ray emission from high density plasmas

Thesis/Dissertation Stewart, R E

The emission spectrum of krypton ionized into the L shell is experimentally studied in a high-density plasma discharge. Theoretical calculations are presented that predict the occurrence of electron density dependent effects on the spectrum due to multiple collisions between excited states in the density range produced in these discharges. The high temperature plasma was transiently formed for 2 to 10 nanoseconds in fast linear z-pinch devices at powers ranging from 5 x 10Z watts to 5 x 10 S watts by electromagnetic implosion of a column of krypton gas. The gas was seeded with small quantities of argon and phosphenemore »« less

Similar Records

Title: A non-LTE analysis of high energy density Kr plasmas on Z and NIF

Abstract

Citation Formats

Two-dimensional radiation MHD modeling assessment of designs for argon gas puff distributions for future experiments on the refurbished Z machine journal, September 2012

An analytic Voigt profile escape probability approximation journal, November 1985

Spectroscopic analysis of Cu wire array implosions on the refurbished Z generator journal, September 2012

X-ray power and yield measurements at the refurbished Z machine journal, August 2014

Opacity and gradients in aluminum wire array z-pinch implosions on the Z pulsed power facility journal, March 2014

K-shell X-ray sources at the Z Accelerator journal, June 2010

The effect of gradients at stagnation on K-shell x-ray line emission in high-current Ar gas-puff implosions journal, February 2015

Implosion dynamics and K-shell x-ray generation in large diameter stainless steel wire array Z pinches with various nesting configurations journal, December 2008

Multi-keV x-ray conversion efficiency in laser-produced plasmas journal, May 2003

Multi-keV x-ray source development experiments on the National Ignition Facility journal, August 2010

Backlighter development at the National Ignition Facility (NIF): Zinc to zirconium journal, September 2013

Efficient argon K -shell radiation from a Z pinch at currents >15 MA journal, July 2001

A probabilistic model for continuum transport in dense, optically thick plasmas journal, March 1995

Bright x-ray stainless steel K-shell source development at the National Ignition Facility journal, June 2015

The physics of radiation transport in dense plasmas journal, May 2002

Fokker-Planck analysis of short-pulse laser heating in the hot-spot-model approximation journal, December 1994

Dielectronic Recombination Rate Coefficients for H‐like through Ne‐like Isosequences of Mg, Si, S, Ar, Ca, Fe, and Ni journal, June 2003

Demonstration of a 13-keV Kr K -shell x-ray source at the National Ignition Facility journal, September 2013

K-α emission spectroscopic analysis from a Cu Z-pinch journal, June 2013

Influence of L‐shell dynamics on K‐shell yields for imploding krypton Z‐pinch plasmas journal, May 1995

Architecture, implementation, and testing of a multiple-shell gas injection system for high current implosions on the Z accelerator journal, June 2013

Measurement of the $\sim$0.1- to $>$ 10-keV Energy Distribution for an Argon Z -Pinch at the 15-MA Level journal, February 2007

The physics basis for ignition using indirect-drive targets on the National Ignition Facility journal, February 2004

K-shell radiation physics in low- to moderate-atomic-number z-pinch plasmas on the Z accelerator journal, May 2006

A Renewed Capability for Gas Puff Science on Sandia's Z Machine journal, May 2014

Contrasting physics in wire array z pinch sources of 1-20 keV emission on the Z facility journal, May 2014

Tungsten wire-array Z-pinch experiments at 200 TW and 2 MJ journal, May 1998

Time-Integrated Synthetic X-Ray Spectroscopy for Stainless Steel Wire Array $Z$-Pinches journal, April 2010

Investigation of K‐shell emission from moderate‐Z, low‐η (‐velocity), Z‐pinch implosions journal, July 1996

Large diameter (45–80mm) nested stainless steel wire arrays at the Z accelerator journal, February 2008

Simulation study of 3–5 keV x-ray conversion efficiency from Ar K-shell vs. Ag L-shell targets on the National Ignition Facility laser journal, May 2015

Basic considerations for scaling Z ‐pinch x‐ray emission with atomic number journal, February 1990

Doppler measurement of implosion velocity in fast Z -pinch x-ray sources journal, November 2011

National Ignition Facility laser performance status journal, January 2007

Deuterium gas-puff Z-pinch implosions on the Z accelerator journal, May 2007

A Review of the Gas-Puff <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Z$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-Pinch as an X-Ray and Neutron Source journal, August 2015

Computational modeling of Krypton gas puffs with tailored mass density profiles on Za) journal, May 2015

The effects of microstructure on propagation of laser-driven radiative heat waves in under-dense high-Z plasma journal, March 2018

Two-dimensional radiation MHD modeling assessment of designs for argon gas puff distributions for future experiments on the refurbished Z machine
journal, September 2012

An analytic Voigt profile escape probability approximation
journal, November 1985

Spectroscopic analysis of Cu wire array implosions on the refurbished Z generator
journal, September 2012

X-ray power and yield measurements at the refurbished Z machine
journal, August 2014

Opacity and gradients in aluminum wire array z-pinch implosions on the Z pulsed power facility
journal, March 2014

K-shell X-ray sources at the Z Accelerator
journal, June 2010

The effect of gradients at stagnation on K-shell x-ray line emission in high-current Ar gas-puff implosions
journal, February 2015

Implosion dynamics and K-shell x-ray generation in large diameter stainless steel wire array Z pinches with various nesting configurations
journal, December 2008

Multi-keV x-ray conversion efficiency in laser-produced plasmas
journal, May 2003

Multi-keV x-ray source development experiments on the National Ignition Facility
journal, August 2010

Backlighter development at the National Ignition Facility (NIF): Zinc to zirconium
journal, September 2013

Efficient argon K -shell radiation from a Z pinch at currents >15 MA
journal, July 2001

A probabilistic model for continuum transport in dense, optically thick plasmas
journal, March 1995

Bright x-ray stainless steel K-shell source development at the National Ignition Facility
journal, June 2015

The physics of radiation transport in dense plasmas
journal, May 2002

Fokker-Planck analysis of short-pulse laser heating in the hot-spot-model approximation
journal, December 1994

Dielectronic Recombination Rate Coefficients for H‐like through Ne‐like Isosequences of Mg, Si, S, Ar, Ca, Fe, and Ni
journal, June 2003

Demonstration of a 13-keV Kr $K$ -shell x-ray source at the National Ignition Facility
journal, September 2013

K-α emission spectroscopic analysis from a Cu Z-pinch
journal, June 2013

Influence of L‐shell dynamics on K‐shell yields for imploding krypton Z‐pinch plasmas
journal, May 1995

Architecture, implementation, and testing of a multiple-shell gas injection system for high current implosions on the Z accelerator
journal, June 2013

Measurement of the $\sim$0.1- to $>$ 10-keV Energy Distribution for an Argon Z -Pinch at the 15-MA Level
journal, February 2007

The physics basis for ignition using indirect-drive targets on the National Ignition Facility
journal, February 2004

K-shell radiation physics in low- to moderate-atomic-number z-pinch plasmas on the Z accelerator
journal, May 2006

A Renewed Capability for Gas Puff Science on Sandia's Z Machine
journal, May 2014

Contrasting physics in wire array z pinch sources of 1-20 keV emission on the Z facility
journal, May 2014

Tungsten wire-array Z-pinch experiments at 200 TW and 2 MJ
journal, May 1998

Time-Integrated Synthetic X-Ray Spectroscopy for Stainless Steel Wire Array $Z$-Pinches
journal, April 2010

Investigation of K‐shell emission from moderate‐Z, low‐η (‐velocity), Z‐pinch implosions
journal, July 1996

Large diameter (45–80mm) nested stainless steel wire arrays at the Z accelerator
journal, February 2008

Simulation study of 3–5 keV x-ray conversion efficiency from Ar K-shell vs. Ag L-shell targets on the National Ignition Facility laser
journal, May 2015

Basic considerations for scaling Z ‐pinch x‐ray emission with atomic number
journal, February 1990

Doppler measurement of implosion velocity in fast $Z$ -pinch x-ray sources
journal, November 2011

National Ignition Facility laser performance status
journal, January 2007

Deuterium gas-puff Z-pinch implosions on the Z accelerator
journal, May 2007

A Review of the Gas-Puff <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Z$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-Pinch as an X-Ray and Neutron Source
journal, August 2015

Computational modeling of Krypton gas puffs with tailored mass density profiles on Za)
journal, May 2015

The effects of microstructure on propagation of laser-driven radiative heat waves in under-dense high-Z plasma
journal, March 2018