Atomistic Interrogation of B–N Co-dopant Structures and Their Electronic Effects in Graphene

Schiros, Theanne; Nordlund, Dennis; Palova, Lucia; Zhao, Liuyan; Levendorf, Mark; Jaye, Cherno; Reichman, David; Park, Jiwoong; Hybertsen, Mark; Pasupathy, Abhay

doi:10.1021/acsnano.6b01318

Title: Atomistic Interrogation of B–N Co-dopant Structures and Their Electronic Effects in Graphene

Journal Article · 21 June 2016 · ACS Nano

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b01318 · OSTI ID:1336131

Schiros, Theanne ^[1]; Nordlund, Dennis ^[2]; Palova, Lucia ^[3]; Zhao, Liuyan ^[4]; Levendorf, Mark ^[5]; Jaye, Cherno ^[6]; Reichman, David ^[3]; Park, Jiwoong ^[5]; Hybertsen, Mark ^[7]; Pasupathy, Abhay ^[4]

Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States). Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC); State Univ. of New York, NY (United States). Dept. of Science and Mathematics
SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States). Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource
Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States). Dept. of Chemistry
Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States). Dept. of Physics
Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States). Chemistry Dept.
National Inst. of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD (United States). Materials Measurement Lab.
Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States). Center for Functional Nanomaterials

Chemical doping has been demonstrated to be an effective method for producing high-quality, large-area graphene with controlled carrier concentrations and an atomically tailored work function. Furthermore, the emergent optoelectronic properties and surface reactivity of carbon nanostructures are dictated by the microstructure of atomic dopants. Co-doping of graphene with boron and nitrogen offers the possibility to further tune the electronic properties of graphene at the atomic level, potentially creating p- and n-type domains in a single carbon sheet, opening a gap between valence and conduction bands in the 2-D semimetal. When using a suite of high-resolution synchrotron-based X-ray techniques, scanning tunneling microscopy, and density functional theory based computation we visualize and characterize B–N dopant bond structures and their electronic effects at the atomic level in single-layer graphene grown on a copper substrate. We find there is a thermodynamic driving force for B and N atoms to cluster into BNC structures in graphene, rather than randomly distribute into isolated B and N graphitic dopants, although under the present growth conditions, kinetics limit segregation of large B–N domains. We also observe that the doping effect of these BNC structures, which open a small band gap in graphene, follows the B:N ratio (B > N, p-type; B < N, n-type; B=N, neutral). We attribute this to the comparable electron-withdrawing and -donating effects, respectively, of individual graphitic B and N dopants, although local electrostatics also play a role in the work function change.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC00112704

OSTI ID:: 1336131

Report Number(s):: BNL-112597-2016-JA; R&D Project: 16068; KC0403020

Journal Information:: ACS Nano, Vol. 10, Issue 7; ISSN 1936-0851

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 48 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (66)

Fine Structure Constant Defines Visual Transparency of Graphene Nair, R. R.; Blake, P.; Grigorenko, A. N. Science, Vol. 320, Issue 5881 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1156965	journal	June 2008
Atomic layers of hybridized boron nitride and graphene domains Ci, Lijie; Song, Li; Jin, Chuanhong Nature Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 5, p. 430-435 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2711	journal	February 2010
Grains and grain boundaries in highly crystalline monolayer molybdenum disulphide van der Zande, Arend M.; Huang, Pinshane Y.; Chenet, Daniel A. Nature Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 6, p. 554-561 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3633	journal	May 2013
Atomically thin p–n junctions with van der Waals heterointerfaces Lee, Chul-Ho; Lee, Gwan-Hyoung; van der Zande, Arend M. Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 9, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2014.150	journal	August 2014
Van der Waals heterostructures Geim, A. K.; Grigorieva, I. V. Nature, Vol. 499, Issue 7459, p. 419-425 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12385	journal	July 2013
Binary and Ternary Atomic Layers Built from Carbon, Boron, and Nitrogen Song, Li; Liu, Zheng; Reddy, Arava Leela Mohana Advanced Materials, Vol. 24, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201201792	journal	July 2012
Single-layer graphene cathodes for organic photovoltaics Cox, Marshall; Gorodetsky, Alon; Kim, Bumjung Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 98, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3569601	journal	March 2011
Simultaneous doping of boron and nitrogen into a carbon to enhance its oxygen reduction activity in proton exchange membrane fuel cells Ozaki, Jun-ichi; Anahara, Tomonori; Kimura, Naofumi Carbon, Vol. 44, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2006.08.022	journal	December 2006
Vertically Aligned BCN Nanotubes as Efficient Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction: A Synergetic Effect by Co-Doping with Boron and Nitrogen Wang , Shuangyin; Iyyamperumal , Eswaramoorthi; Roy, Ajit Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 50, Issue 49 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201105204	journal	October 2011
Doped Graphene Sheets As Anode Materials with Superhigh Rate and Large Capacity for Lithium Ion Batteries Wu, Zhong-Shuai; Ren, Wencai; Xu, Li ACS Nano, Vol. 5, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn2006249	journal	June 2011
Nitrogen-Doped Graphene for High-Performance Ultracapacitors and the Importance of Nitrogen-Doped Sites at Basal Planes Jeong, Hyung Mo; Lee, Jung Woo; Shin, Weon Ho Nano Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl2009058	journal	June 2011
Three-Dimensional Nitrogen and Boron Co-doped Graphene for High-Performance All-Solid-State Supercapacitors Wu, Zhong-Shuai; Winter, Andreas; Chen, Long Advanced Materials, Vol. 24, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201201948	journal	July 2012
Review on Recent Progress in Nitrogen-Doped Graphene: Synthesis, Characterization, and Its Potential Applications Wang, Haibo; Maiyalagan, Thandavarayan; Wang, Xin ACS Catalysis, Vol. 2, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/cs200652y	journal	April 2012
Epitaxial Growth of Molecular Crystals on van der Waals Substrates for High-Performance Organic Electronics Lee, Chul-Ho; Schiros, Theanne; Santos, Elton J. G. Advanced Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201304973	journal	January 2014
Controlling the Electronic Structure of Bilayer Graphene Ohta, Taisuke; Bostwick, Aaron; Seyller, Thomas Science, Vol. 313, Issue 5789 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1130681	journal	August 2006
Simultaneous Nitrogen Doping and Reduction of Graphene Oxide Li, Xiaolin; Wang, Hailiang; Robinson, Joshua T. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 131, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja907098f	journal	November 2009
Chemical doping of graphene Liu, Hongtao; Liu, Yunqi; Zhu, Daoben J. Mater. Chem., Vol. 21, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1039/C0JM02922J	journal	January 2011
Controllable N-Doping of Graphene Guo, Beidou; Liu, Qian; Chen, Erdan Nano Letters, Vol. 10, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl103079j	journal	December 2010
N-Doping of Graphene Through Electrothermal Reactions with Ammonia Wang, Xinran; Li, Xiaolin; Zhang, Li Science, Vol. 324, Issue 5928, p. 768-771 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1170335	journal	May 2009
Nitrogen-Doped Graphene and Its Application in Electrochemical Biosensing Wang, Ying; Shao, Yuyan; Matson, Dean W. ACS Nano, Vol. 4, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn100315s	journal	March 2010
Visualizing Individual Nitrogen Dopants in Monolayer Graphene Zhao, L.; He, R.; Rim, K. T. Science, Vol. 333, Issue 6045 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1208759	journal	August 2011
Connecting Dopant Bond Type with Electronic Structure in N-Doped Graphene Schiros, Theanne; Nordlund, Dennis; Pálová, Lucia Nano Letters, Vol. 12, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl301409h	journal	July 2012
Growth and electronic structure of boron-doped graphene Gebhardt, J.; Koch, R. J.; Zhao, W. Physical Review B, Vol. 87, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.87.155437	journal	April 2013
Raman Spectroscopy of Boron-Doped Single-Layer Graphene Kim, Yoong Ahm; Fujisawa, Kazunori; Muramatsu, Hiroyuki ACS Nano, Vol. 6, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn301728j	journal	June 2012
Local Atomic and Electronic Structure of Boron Chemical Doping in Monolayer Graphene Zhao, Liuyan; Levendorf, Mark; Goncher, Scott Nano Letters, Vol. 13, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl401781d	journal	September 2013
X-Ray Spectroscopic Investigation of Chlorinated Graphene: Surface Structure and Electronic Effects Zhang, Xu; Schiros, Theanne; Nordlund, Dennis Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201500541	journal	May 2015
Impact of Chlorine Functionalization on High-Mobility Chemical Vapor Deposition Grown Graphene Zhang, Xu; Hsu, Allen; Wang, Han ACS Nano, Vol. 7, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn4026756	journal	July 2013
Electronic Interaction between Nitrogen Atoms in Doped Graphene Tison, Yann; Lagoute, Jérôme; Repain, Vincent ACS Nano, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn506074u	journal	January 2015
Long-range interactions between substitutional nitrogen dopants in graphene: Electronic properties calculations Lambin, Ph.; Amara, H.; Ducastelle, F. Physical Review B, Vol. 86, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.86.045448	journal	July 2012
Designing band gap of graphene by B and N dopant atoms Rani, Pooja; Jindal, V. K. RSC Adv., Vol. 3, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/C2RA22664B	journal	January 2013
Electronic Structure Modification of Ion Implanted Graphene: The Spectroscopic Signatures of p- and n-Type Doping Kepaptsoglou, Demie; Hardcastle, Trevor P.; Seabourne, Che R. ACS Nano, Vol. 9, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b05305	journal	October 2015
Ion Implantation of Graphene—Toward IC Compatible Technologies Bangert, U.; Pierce, W.; Kepaptsoglou, D. M. Nano Letters, Vol. 13, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl402812y	journal	September 2013
Experimental analysis of charge redistribution due to chemical bonding by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy Meyer, Jannik C.; Kurasch, Simon; Park, Hye Jin Nature Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2941	journal	January 2011
Probing the Bonding in Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Using Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy Nicholls, Rebecca J.; Murdock, Adrian T.; Tsang, Joshua ACS Nano, Vol. 7, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn402489v	journal	July 2013
Stability and Spectroscopy of Single Nitrogen Dopants in Graphene at Elevated Temperatures Warner, Jamie H.; Lin, Yung-Chang; He, Kuang ACS Nano, Vol. 8, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn5054798	journal	November 2014
Doping Graphitic and Carbon Nanotube Structures with Boron and Nitrogen Stephan, O.; Ajayan, P. M.; Colliex, C. Science, Vol. 266, Issue 5191 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.266.5191.1683	journal	December 1994
Half-metallicity induced by charge injection in hexagonal boron nitride clusters embedded in graphene Menezes, Marcos G.; Capaz, Rodrigo B. Physical Review B, Vol. 86, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.86.195413	journal	November 2012
Band Gap Engineering of Chemical Vapor Deposited Graphene by in Situ BN Doping Chang, Cheng-Kai; Kataria, Satender; Kuo, Chun-Chiang ACS Nano, Vol. 7, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn3049158	journal	January 2013
BN-Embedded Graphene with a Ubiquitous Gap Opening Zhao, Ruiqi; Wang, Jinying; Yang, Mingmei The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 116, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp306660x	journal	September 2012
Electronic structure tuning and band gap opening of graphene by hole/electron codoping Deng, Xiaohui; Wu, Yanqun; Dai, Jiayu Physics Letters A, Vol. 375, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2011.08.070	journal	October 2011
Boron-Doped, Nitrogen-Doped, and Codoped Graphene on Cu(111): A DFT + vdW Study Ferrighi, Lara; Trioni, Mario Italo; Di Valentin, Cristiana The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 119, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp512522m	journal	March 2015
DFT study of optical properties of pure and doped graphene Rani, Pooja; Dubey, Girija S.; Jindal, V. K. Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, Vol. 62 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2014.04.010	journal	August 2014
Ternary BCN thin films deposited by reactive sputtering Yue, Jinshun; Cheng, Wenjuan; Zhang, Xingwang Thin Solid Films, Vol. 375, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(00)01337-7	journal	October 2000
Hard BCxNy thin films grown by dual ion beam sputtering Morant, C.; Prieto, P.; Bareño, J. Thin Solid Films, Vol. 515, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2005.12.063	journal	September 2006
Bonding characterization of BC ₂ N thin films Watanabe, M. O.; Itoh, S.; Mizushima, K. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 68, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.116369	journal	May 1996
Nitrogen 1s electron binding energy assignment in carbon nitride thin films with different structures Zheng, W. T.; Xing, K. Z.; Hellgren, N. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, Vol. 87, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0368-2048(97)00083-2	journal	October 1997
Nitrogen bonding structure in carbon nitride thin films studied by soft x-ray spectroscopy Hellgren, Niklas; Guo, Jinghua; Såthe, Conny Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 79, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1428108	journal	December 2001
Chemical bonding states and local structures of the oriented hexagonal BCN films synthesized by microwave plasma CVD Mannan, Md. Abdul; Noguchi, Hideyuki; Kida, Tetsuya Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2009.04.003	journal	June 2008
Growth and characterization of stoichiometric BCN films on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite by radiofrequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition Mannan, Md. Abdul; Noguchi, Hideyuki; Kida, Tetsuya Thin Solid Films, Vol. 518, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2009.11.086	journal	May 2010
Speciation of BC x N y films grown by PECVD with trimethylborazine precursor Baake, Olaf; Hoffmann, Peter S.; Klein, Andreas Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 395, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-009-3056-6	journal	August 2009
Orientation of B–C–N hybrid films deposited on Ni (111) and polycrystalline Ti substrates explored by X-ray absorption spectroscopy Mannan, Md. Abdul; Baba, Yuji; Kida, Tetsuya Thin Solid Films, Vol. 519, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2010.09.052	journal	January 2011
Synthesis of Few-Layer Hexagonal Boron Nitride Thin Film by Chemical Vapor Deposition Shi, Yumeng; Hamsen, Christoph; Jia, Xiaoting Nano Letters, Vol. 10, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl1023707	journal	October 2010
Mechanical properties of hexagonal boron nitride synthesized from film of Cu/BN mixture by surface segregation Lee, K. S.; Kim, Y. S.; Tosa, M. Applied Surface Science, Vol. 169-170 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(00)00696-6	journal	January 2001
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigation of boron carbide films deposited by sputtering Jacobsohn, L. G.; Schulze, R. K.; Maia da Costa, M. E. H. Surface Science, Vol. 572, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2004.09.020	journal	November 2004
Photoemission and x-ray-absorption study of boron carbide and its surface thermal stability Jiménez, I.; Sutherland, D. G. J.; van Buuren, T. Physical Review B, Vol. 57, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.57.13167	journal	May 1998
π * and σ * Excitons in C 1 s Absorption of Graphite Brühwiler, P. A.; Maxwell, A. J.; Puglia, C. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 74, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.614	journal	January 1995
Ab initio study of the interactions between boron and nitrogen dopants in graphene Al-Aqtash, Nabil; Al-Tarawneh, Khaldoun M.; Tawalbeh, Tarek Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 112, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4742063	journal	August 2012
Polarization-dependent boron and nitrogen K nexafs of hexagonal BN Moscovici, J.; Loupias, G.; Parent, P. H. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Vol. 57, Issue 6-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3697(95)00415-7	journal	June 1996
Direct observation of defect levels in hexagonal BN by soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy Bozanic, A.; Petravic, M.; Fan, L. -J. Chemical Physics Letters, Vol. 472, Issue 4-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2009.03.030	journal	April 2009
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic observation on B–C–N hybrids synthesized by ion beam deposition of borazine Uddin, Md. Nizam; Shimoyama, Iwao; Baba, Yuji Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 23, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.1894667	journal	May 2005
Phase stability of boron carbon nitride in a heterographene structure: A first-principles study Yuge, Koretaka Physical Review B, Vol. 79, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.79.144109	journal	April 2009
Atomic Structure, Electronic Properties, and Reactivity of In-Plane Heterostructures of Graphene and Hexagonal Boron Nitride Krsmanović, Radisav S.; Šljivančanin, Željko The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 118, Issue 29 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp501581g	journal	July 2014
Atomic subshell photoionization cross sections and asymmetry parameters: 1 ⩽ Z ⩽ 103 Yeh, J. J.; Lindau, I. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, Vol. 32, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-640X(85)90016-6	journal	January 1985
QUANTUM ESPRESSO: a modular and open-source software project for quantum simulations of materials Giannozzi, Paolo; Baroni, Stefano; Bonini, Nicola Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 21, Issue 39, Article No. 395502 https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/21/39/395502	journal	September 2009
Theory and Application for the Scanning Tunneling Microscope Tersoff, J.; Hamann, D. R. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 50, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.1998	journal	June 1983
Theory of the scanning tunneling microscope Tersoff, J.; Hamann, D. R. Physical Review B, Vol. 31, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.31.805	journal	January 1985

Cited By (8)

The chemistry of CVD graphene Plutnar, Jan; Pumera, Martin; Sofer, Zdeněk Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 6, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tc00463c	journal	January 2018
Boron and Nitrogen Co‐Doped Trimodal‐Porous Wood‐Derived Carbon for Boosting Capacitive Performance Liu, Kun; Xu, Jijian; Wang, Yuan Energy Technology, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.201900950	journal	September 2019
Plasma-induced synthesis of boron and nitrogen co-doped reduced graphene oxide for super-capacitors Zhu, Tao; Li, Shaobo; Ren, Bin Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 54, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03552-2	journal	March 2019
Heteroatom-doped Carbon Spheres from Hierarchical Hollow Covalent Organic Framework Precursors for Metal-Free Catalysis Li, Liuyi; Li, Lu; Cui, Caiyan ChemSusChem, Vol. 10, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201700979	journal	August 2017
Fluorometric and colorimetric determination of hypochlorite using carbon nanodots doped with boron and nitrogen Wang, Zhong-Xia; Jin, Xing; Gao, Yuan-Fei Microchimica Acta, Vol. 186, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-3443-4	journal	May 2019
Multiplexed ratiometric photoluminescent detection of pyrophosphate using anisotropic boron-doped nitrogen-rich carbon rugby ball-like nanodots Wang, Zhong-Xia; Yu, Xian-He; Li, Feng Journal of Materials Chemistry B, Vol. 6, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7tb02708g	journal	January 2018
Carbon Nano-Onions: A Review of Recent Progress in Synthesis and Applications Plonska-Brzezinska, Marta E. ChemNanoMat, Vol. 5, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.201800583	journal	February 2019
Electronic properties of chemically doped graphene Joucken, Frédéric; Henrard, Luc; Lagoute, Jérôme Physical Review Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevmaterials.3.110301	journal	November 2019

Similar Records

Chemical Modification of Graphene Oxide by Nitrogenation: An X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy Study

Journal Article · 2017 · Scientific Reports · OSTI ID:1379732

Chuang, Cheng-Hao; Ray, Sekhar C.; Mazumder, Debarati; +10 more

Fermi-Level Engineering of Nitrogen Core-Doped Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons

Journal Article · 2023 · Journal of the American Chemical Society · OSTI ID:1996463

Wen, Ethan Ho; Jacobse, Peter H.; Jiang, Jingwei; +4 more

Atomically thin layers of B–N–C–O with tunable composition

Journal Article · 2015 · Science Advances · OSTI ID:1625943

Ozturk, Birol; de-Luna-Bugallo, Andres; Panaitescu, Eugen; +16 more

Related Subjects

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
atomic design
chemical bonding
doping
electronic structure
graphene
scanning tunneling microscopy
work function
X-ray spectroscopy

Title: Atomistic Interrogation of B–N Co-dopant Structures and Their Electronic Effects in Graphene

Citation Formats

References (66)

Cited By (8)

Similar Records

Related Subjects