Greening of the Earth and its drivers
Abstract
Global environmental change is rapidly altering the dynamics of terrestrial vegetation, with consequences for the functioning of the Earth system and provision of ecosystem services1, 2. Yet how global vegetation is responding to the changing environment is not well established. Here we use three long-term satellite leaf area index (LAI) records and ten global ecosystem models to investigate four key drivers of LAI trends during 1982 2009. We show a persistent and widespread increase of growing season integrated LAI (greening) over 25% to 50% of the global vegetated area, whereas less than 4% of the globe shows decreasing LAI (browning). Factorial simulations with multiple global ecosystem models suggest that CO2 fertilization effects explain 70% of the observed greening trend, followed by nitrogen deposition (9%), climate change (8%) and land cover change (LCC) (4%). CO2 fertilization effects explain most of the greening trends in the tropics, whereas climate change resulted in greening of the high latitudes and the Tibetan Plateau. LCC contributed most to the regional greening observed in southeast China and the eastern United States. In conclusion, the regional effects of unexplained factors suggest that the next generation of ecosystem models will need to explore the impacts of forest demography,more »
- Authors:
-
[4];
[6];
[10];
[11];
more »
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing (China); Peking Univ., Beijing (China)
- Boston Univ., Boston, MA (United States)
- Peking Univ., Beijing (China)
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra Australian Capital Territory (Australia)
- Peking Univ., Beijing (China); Lab. des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif Sur Yvette (France)
- Univ. of Exeter, Exeter (United Kingdom)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Germany)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing (China)
- CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra (Australia)
- Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Tokyo (Japan)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
- Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
- Beijing Normal Univ., Beijing (China)
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-UAB, Catalonia (Spain); CREAF, Catalonia (Spain)
- Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT (United States)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Germany); Univ. of Birmingham, Birmingham (United Kingdom)
- Imperial College London, Ascot (United Kingdom); Univ. of Bern, Bern (Switzerland)
- Lab. des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif Sur Yvette (France)
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, VIC (Australia)
- Max-Planck-Institut fur Biogeochemie, Jena (Germany)
- Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1328357
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1439992
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC05-00OR22725; AC02-05CH11231
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Nature Climate Change
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 6; Journal Issue: 8; Journal ID: ISSN 1758-678X
- Publisher:
- Nature Publishing Group
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Citation Formats
Zhu, Zaichun, Piao, Shilong, Myneni, Ranga B., Huang, Mengtian, Zeng, Zhenzhong, Canadell, Josep G., Ciais, Philippe, Sitch, Stephen, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Arneth, Almut, Cao, Chunxiang, Cheng, Lei, Kato, Etsushi, Koven, Charles, Li, Yue, Lian, Xu, Liu, Yongwen, Liu, Ronggao, Mao, Jiafu, Pan, Yaozhong, Peng, Shushi, Peñuelas, Josep, Poulter, Benjamin, Pugh, Thomas A. M., Stocker, Benjamin D., Viovy, Nicolas, Wang, Xuhui, Wang, Yingping, Xiao, Zhiqiang, Yang, Hui, Zaehle, Sonke, and Zeng, Ning. Greening of the Earth and its drivers. United States: N. p., 2016.
Web. doi:10.1038/nclimate3004.
Zhu, Zaichun, Piao, Shilong, Myneni, Ranga B., Huang, Mengtian, Zeng, Zhenzhong, Canadell, Josep G., Ciais, Philippe, Sitch, Stephen, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Arneth, Almut, Cao, Chunxiang, Cheng, Lei, Kato, Etsushi, Koven, Charles, Li, Yue, Lian, Xu, Liu, Yongwen, Liu, Ronggao, Mao, Jiafu, Pan, Yaozhong, Peng, Shushi, Peñuelas, Josep, Poulter, Benjamin, Pugh, Thomas A. M., Stocker, Benjamin D., Viovy, Nicolas, Wang, Xuhui, Wang, Yingping, Xiao, Zhiqiang, Yang, Hui, Zaehle, Sonke, & Zeng, Ning. Greening of the Earth and its drivers. United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3004
Zhu, Zaichun, Piao, Shilong, Myneni, Ranga B., Huang, Mengtian, Zeng, Zhenzhong, Canadell, Josep G., Ciais, Philippe, Sitch, Stephen, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Arneth, Almut, Cao, Chunxiang, Cheng, Lei, Kato, Etsushi, Koven, Charles, Li, Yue, Lian, Xu, Liu, Yongwen, Liu, Ronggao, Mao, Jiafu, Pan, Yaozhong, Peng, Shushi, Peñuelas, Josep, Poulter, Benjamin, Pugh, Thomas A. M., Stocker, Benjamin D., Viovy, Nicolas, Wang, Xuhui, Wang, Yingping, Xiao, Zhiqiang, Yang, Hui, Zaehle, Sonke, and Zeng, Ning. Mon .
"Greening of the Earth and its drivers". United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3004. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1328357.
@article{osti_1328357,
title = {Greening of the Earth and its drivers},
author = {Zhu, Zaichun and Piao, Shilong and Myneni, Ranga B. and Huang, Mengtian and Zeng, Zhenzhong and Canadell, Josep G. and Ciais, Philippe and Sitch, Stephen and Friedlingstein, Pierre and Arneth, Almut and Cao, Chunxiang and Cheng, Lei and Kato, Etsushi and Koven, Charles and Li, Yue and Lian, Xu and Liu, Yongwen and Liu, Ronggao and Mao, Jiafu and Pan, Yaozhong and Peng, Shushi and Peñuelas, Josep and Poulter, Benjamin and Pugh, Thomas A. M. and Stocker, Benjamin D. and Viovy, Nicolas and Wang, Xuhui and Wang, Yingping and Xiao, Zhiqiang and Yang, Hui and Zaehle, Sonke and Zeng, Ning},
abstractNote = {Global environmental change is rapidly altering the dynamics of terrestrial vegetation, with consequences for the functioning of the Earth system and provision of ecosystem services1, 2. Yet how global vegetation is responding to the changing environment is not well established. Here we use three long-term satellite leaf area index (LAI) records and ten global ecosystem models to investigate four key drivers of LAI trends during 1982 2009. We show a persistent and widespread increase of growing season integrated LAI (greening) over 25% to 50% of the global vegetated area, whereas less than 4% of the globe shows decreasing LAI (browning). Factorial simulations with multiple global ecosystem models suggest that CO2 fertilization effects explain 70% of the observed greening trend, followed by nitrogen deposition (9%), climate change (8%) and land cover change (LCC) (4%). CO2 fertilization effects explain most of the greening trends in the tropics, whereas climate change resulted in greening of the high latitudes and the Tibetan Plateau. LCC contributed most to the regional greening observed in southeast China and the eastern United States. In conclusion, the regional effects of unexplained factors suggest that the next generation of ecosystem models will need to explore the impacts of forest demography, differences in regional management intensities for cropland and pastures, and other emerging productivity constraints such as phosphorus availability.},
doi = {10.1038/nclimate3004},
journal = {Nature Climate Change},
number = 8,
volume = 6,
place = {United States},
year = {Mon Apr 25 00:00:00 EDT 2016},
month = {Mon Apr 25 00:00:00 EDT 2016}
}
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