Title: Semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dot synthesis approaches towards large-scale industrial production for energy applications

Journal Article · · Nanoscale Research Letters
 [1];  [1]
  1. Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

This study reviews the experimental synthesis and engineering developments that focused on various green approaches and large-scale process production routes for quantum dots. Fundamental process engineering principles were illustrated. In relation to the small-scale hot injection method, our discussions focus on the non-injection route that could be scaled up with engineering stir-tank reactors. In addition, applications that demand to utilize quantum dots as "commodity" chemicals are discussed, including solar cells and solid-state lightings.

Research Organization:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE
Grant/Contract Number:
AC05-00OR22725
OSTI ID:
1327639
Journal Information:
Nanoscale Research Letters, Journal Name: Nanoscale Research Letters Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 10; ISSN 1931-7573
Publisher:
SpringerCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

References (163)

Large-Area Ordered Quantum-Dot Monolayers via Phase Separation During Spin-Casting journal July 2005
Hydrothermal Synthesis for High-Quality CdTe Nanocrystals journal October 2003
Aqueous Synthesis of Glutathione-Capped ZnSe and Zn1–xCdxSe Alloyed Quantum Dots journal June 2007
Synthesis of CdSe and CdTe Nanocrystals without Precursor Injection journal October 2005
Large-Scale Soft Colloidal Template Synthesis of 1.4 nm Thick CdSe Nanosheets journal September 2009
Rapid Synthesis of Highly Luminescent CdTe Nanocrystals in the Aqueous Phase by Microwave Irradiation with Controllable Temperature. journal April 2005
Aqueous-Phase Synthesis of Highly Luminescent CdTe/ZnTe Core/Shell Quantum Dots Optimized for Targeted Bioimaging journal June 2009
Semiconductor-Nanocrystals-Based White Light-Emitting Diodes journal July 2010
Colloidal nanocrystal solar cells journal July 2007
Recent advances in the use of near-infrared quantum dots as optical probes for bioanalytical, imaging and solar cell application journal February 2014
Near-infrared emitting quantum dots: Recent progress on their synthesis and characterization journal March 2014
Hydrothermal synthesis of high-quality type-II CdTe/CdSe quantum dots with near-infrared fluorescence journal November 2010
Luminescent CdSe and CdSe/CdS core-shell nanocrystals synthesized via a combination of solvothermal and two-phase thermal routes journal May 2006
Hydrothermal synthesis for high-quality CdTe quantum dots capped by cysteamine journal June 2008
3-component low temperature solvothermal synthesis of colloidal cadmium sulfide quantum dots journal March 2010
Hydrothermal synthesis of highly luminescent CdTe quantum dots by adjusting precursors’ concentration and their conjunction with BSA as biological fluorescent probes journal April 2007
Air-Stable Single-Source Precursors for the Synthesis of Chalcogenide Semiconductor Nanoparticles journal March 2001
Inorganic Clusters as Single-Source Precursors for Preparation of CdSe, ZnSe, and CdSe/ZnS Nanomaterials journal April 2002
Experimental Determination of the Extinction Coefficient of CdTe, CdSe, and CdS Nanocrystals journal July 2003
Tunable Photoluminescence Wavelength of Chalcopyrite CuInS 2 -Based Semiconductor Nanocrystals Synthesized in a Colloidal System journal July 2006
Microwave Synthetic Route for Highly Emissive TOP/TOP-S Passivated CdS Quantum Dots journal August 2009
Prospects of Colloidal Nanocrystals for Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications journal January 2010
Synthesis of CdSe, ZnSe, and Zn x Cd 1 - x Se Nanocrystals and Their Silica Sheathed Core/Shell Structures journal June 2006
Preparation of CdSe Quantum Dots with Full Color Emission Based on a Room Temperature Injection Technique journal June 2008
Synthesis and characterization of nearly monodisperse CdE (E = sulfur, selenium, tellurium) semiconductor nanocrystallites journal September 1993
Large-Scale Synthesis of Nearly Monodisperse CdSe/CdS Core/Shell Nanocrystals Using Air-Stable Reagents via Successive Ion Layer Adsorption and Reaction journal October 2003
One-Pot Synthesis of High-Quality Zinc-Blende CdS Nanocrystals journal November 2004
Microwave-Enhanced Reaction Rates for Nanoparticle Synthesis journal November 2005
Microwave Synthesis of CdSe and CdTe Nanocrystals in Nonabsorbing Alkanes journal July 2008
Epitaxial Growth of Highly Luminescent CdSe/CdS Core/Shell Nanocrystals with Photostability and Electronic Accessibility
  • Peng, Xiaogang; Schlamp, Michael C.; Kadavanich, Andreas V.
  • Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 119, Issue 30, p. 7019-7029 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja970754m
journal July 1997
Systematic Study of the Photoluminescence Dependence of Thiol-Capped CdTe Nanocrystals on the Reaction Conditions journal September 2005
Microwave-Assisted Aqueous Synthesis:  A Rapid Approach to Prepare Highly Luminescent ZnSe(S) Alloyed Quantum Dots journal May 2006
Solvothermal Synthesis of Monodisperse PbSe Nanocrystals journal February 2006
Synthesis and Optical Properties of Type II CdTe/CdS Core/Shell Quantum Dots in Aqueous Solution via Successive Ion Layer Adsorption and Reaction journal May 2008
CdSe Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells Exceeding Efficiency 1% at Full-Sun Intensity journal July 2008
Quantum Dot Solar Cells. Semiconductor Nanocrystals as Light Harvesters journal October 2008
Non-Injection and Low-Temperature Approach to Colloidal Photoluminescent PbS Nanocrystals with Narrow Bandwidth journal January 2009
Single-Sized CdSe Nanocrystals with Bandgap Photoemission via a Noninjection One-Pot Approach journal February 2009
Noninjection, One-Pot Synthesis of Photoluminescent Colloidal Homogeneously Alloyed CdSeS Quantum Dots journal March 2009
Photoluminescent Colloidal CdS Nanocrystals with High Quality via Noninjection One-Pot Synthesis in 1-Octadecene journal April 2009
Magic-Sized Cd 3 P 2 II−V Nanoparticles Exhibiting Bandgap Photoemission journal September 2009
Thermodynamic Equilibrium-Driven Formation of Single-Sized Nanocrystals: Reaction Media Tuning CdSe Magic-Sized versus Regular Quantum Dots journal February 2010
(CdSe)ZnS Core−Shell Quantum Dots: Synthesis and Characterization of a Size Series of Highly Luminescent Nanocrystallites journal November 1997
High-Quality ZnS Shells for CdSe Nanoparticles:  Rapid Microwave Synthesis journal July 2007
Size-Controlled Growth of CdSe Nanocrystals in Microfluidic Reactors journal February 2003
Bright and Color-Saturated Emission from Blue Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Solution-Processed Colloidal Nanocrystal Quantum Dots journal December 2007
Role of Magic-Sized Clusters in the Synthesis of CdSe Nanorods journal March 2010
Shape control of CdSe nanocrystals journal March 2000
Electroluminescence from single monolayers of nanocrystals in molecular organic devices journal December 2002
Energy-transfer pumping of semiconductor nanocrystals using an epitaxial quantum well journal June 2004
A general strategy for nanocrystal synthesis journal September 2005
Colloidal nanocrystal synthesis and the organic–inorganic interface journal September 2005
Bright, multicoloured light-emitting diodes based on quantum dots journal November 2007
Colloidal quantum-dot light-emitting diodes with metal-oxide charge transport layers journal March 2008
Novel single­molecule precursor routes for the direct synthesis of InS and InSe quantum dots journal January 1999
Continuous synthesis of CdSe–ZnS composite nanoparticles in a microfluidic reactor journal January 2004
Photo-assisted synthesis of highly fluorescent ZnSe(S) quantum dots in aqueous solution journal January 2007
Aqueous synthesis of type-II core/shell CdTe/CdSe quantum dots for near-infrared fluorescent sensing of copper(ii) journal January 2008
White organic light-emitting devices with CdSe/ZnS quantum dots as a red emitter journal June 2005
Schottky barriers to colloidal quantum dot films journal December 2007
Colloidal nanocrystal-based light-emitting diodes fabricated on plastic toward flexible quantum dot optoelectronics journal February 2009
Organic electroluminescent diodes journal September 1987
Microwave irradiation method for the synthesis of water-soluble CdSe nanoparticles with narrow photoluminescent emission in aqueous solution journal December 2005
Non-heavy-metal ZnS quantum dots with bright blue photoluminescence by a one-step aqueous synthesis journal April 2007
Synthesis of high-quality near-infrared-emitting CdTeS alloyed quantum dots via the hydrothermal method journal November 2007
Review: Down Conversion Materials for Solid-State Lighting journal April 2014
Air-Stable All-Inorganic Nanocrystal Solar Cells Processed from Solution journal October 2005
Synthesis Routes for Large Volumes of Nanoparticles journal August 2004
Highly Luminescent CdSe/ZnS Nanocrystals Synthesized Using a Single-Molecular ZnS Source in a Microfluidic Reactor journal April 2005
Large-Area Ordered Quantum-Dot Monolayers via Phase Separation During Spin-Casting journal July 2005
Hydrothermal Synthesis for High-Quality CdTe Nanocrystals journal October 2003
Aqueous Synthesis of Glutathione-Capped ZnSe and Zn1–xCdxSe Alloyed Quantum Dots journal June 2007
Microwave Synthesis of Water-Dispersed CdTe/CdS/ZnS Core-Shell-Shell Quantum Dots with Excellent Photostability and Biocompatibility journal August 2008
Schottky Quantum Dot Solar Cells Stable in Air under Solar Illumination journal January 2010
Synthesis of CdSe and CdTe Nanocrystals without Precursor Injection journal October 2005
Large-Scale Soft Colloidal Template Synthesis of 1.4 nm Thick CdSe Nanosheets journal September 2009
Synthesis of CdSe and CdTe Nanocrystals without Precursor Injection journal October 2005
Large-Scale Soft Colloidal Template Synthesis of 1.4 nm Thick CdSe Nanosheets journal September 2009
Rapid Synthesis of Highly Luminescent CdTe Nanocrystals in the Aqueous Phase by Microwave Irradiation with Controllable Temperature. journal April 2005
Aqueous-Phase Synthesis of Highly Luminescent CdTe/ZnTe Core/Shell Quantum Dots Optimized for Targeted Bioimaging journal June 2009
Semiconductor-Nanocrystals-Based White Light-Emitting Diodes journal July 2010
Colloidal nanocrystal solar cells journal July 2007
Recent advances in the use of near-infrared quantum dots as optical probes for bioanalytical, imaging and solar cell application journal February 2014
Near-infrared emitting quantum dots: Recent progress on their synthesis and characterization journal March 2014
Hydrothermal synthesis of high-quality type-II CdTe/CdSe quantum dots with near-infrared fluorescence journal November 2010
Luminescent CdSe and CdSe/CdS core-shell nanocrystals synthesized via a combination of solvothermal and two-phase thermal routes journal May 2006
One-step and rapid synthesis of high quality alloyed quantum dots (CdSe–CdS) in aqueous phase by microwave irradiation with controllable temperature journal October 2005
Hydrothermal synthesis for high-quality CdTe quantum dots capped by cysteamine journal June 2008
3-component low temperature solvothermal synthesis of colloidal cadmium sulfide quantum dots journal March 2010
Hydrothermal synthesis of highly luminescent CdTe quantum dots by adjusting precursors’ concentration and their conjunction with BSA as biological fluorescent probes journal April 2007
One-Pot Large-Scale Synthesis of Robust Ultrafine Silica-Hybridized CdTe Quantum Dots journal March 2010
Air-Stable Single-Source Precursors for the Synthesis of Chalcogenide Semiconductor Nanoparticles journal March 2001
Inorganic Clusters as Single-Source Precursors for Preparation of CdSe, ZnSe, and CdSe/ZnS Nanomaterials journal April 2002
Experimental Determination of the Extinction Coefficient of CdTe, CdSe and CdS Nanocrystals. journal February 2004
Experimental Determination of the Extinction Coefficient of CdTe, CdSe, and CdS Nanocrystals journal July 2003
Tunable Photoluminescence Wavelength of Chalcopyrite CuInS 2 -Based Semiconductor Nanocrystals Synthesized in a Colloidal System journal July 2006
Microwave Synthetic Route for Highly Emissive TOP/TOP-S Passivated CdS Quantum Dots journal August 2009
Prospects of Colloidal Nanocrystals for Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications journal January 2010
Synthesis of CdSe, ZnSe, and Zn x Cd 1 - x Se Nanocrystals and Their Silica Sheathed Core/Shell Structures journal June 2006
Preparation of CdSe Quantum Dots with Full Color Emission Based on a Room Temperature Injection Technique journal June 2008
Synthesis and characterization of nearly monodisperse CdE (E = sulfur, selenium, tellurium) semiconductor nanocrystallites journal September 1993
Nearly Monodisperse and Shape-Controlled CdSe Nanocrystals via Alternative Routes:  Nucleation and Growth journal April 2002
Large-Scale Synthesis of Nearly Monodisperse CdSe/CdS Core/Shell Nanocrystals Using Air-Stable Reagents via Successive Ion Layer Adsorption and Reaction journal October 2003
One-Pot Synthesis of High-Quality Zinc-Blende CdS Nanocrystals journal November 2004
Microwave-Enhanced Reaction Rates for Nanoparticle Synthesis journal November 2005
Microwave Synthesis of CdSe and CdTe Nanocrystals in Nonabsorbing Alkanes journal July 2008
Quasi 2D Colloidal CdSe Platelets with Thicknesses Controlled at the Atomic Level journal December 2008
Epitaxial Growth of Highly Luminescent CdSe/CdS Core/Shell Nanocrystals with Photostability and Electronic Accessibility
  • Peng, Xiaogang; Schlamp, Michael C.; Kadavanich, Andreas V.
  • Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 119, Issue 30, p. 7019-7029 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja970754m
journal July 1997
Systematic Study of the Photoluminescence Dependence of Thiol-Capped CdTe Nanocrystals on the Reaction Conditions journal September 2005
Microwave-Assisted Aqueous Synthesis:  A Rapid Approach to Prepare Highly Luminescent ZnSe(S) Alloyed Quantum Dots journal May 2006
Solvothermal Synthesis of Monodisperse PbSe Nanocrystals journal February 2006
Synthesis and Optical Properties of Type II CdTe/CdS Core/Shell Quantum Dots in Aqueous Solution via Successive Ion Layer Adsorption and Reaction journal May 2008
CdSe Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells Exceeding Efficiency 1% at Full-Sun Intensity journal July 2008
Multiple Families of Magic-Sized CdSe Nanocrystals with Strong Bandgap Photoluminescence via Noninjection One-Pot Syntheses journal August 2008
Quantum Dot Solar Cells. Semiconductor Nanocrystals as Light Harvesters journal October 2008
Synthesis and Characterization of High-Quality Water-Soluble Near-Infrared-Emitting CdTe/CdS Quantum Dots Capped by N -Acetyl- l -cysteine Via Hydrothermal Method journal December 2008
Non-Injection and Low-Temperature Approach to Colloidal Photoluminescent PbS Nanocrystals with Narrow Bandwidth journal January 2009
Single-Sized CdSe Nanocrystals with Bandgap Photoemission via a Noninjection One-Pot Approach journal February 2009
Homogeneously-Alloyed CdTeSe Single-Sized Nanocrystals with Bandgap Photoluminescence journal February 2009
Noninjection, One-Pot Synthesis of Photoluminescent Colloidal Homogeneously Alloyed CdSeS Quantum Dots journal March 2009
Photoluminescent Colloidal CdS Nanocrystals with High Quality via Noninjection One-Pot Synthesis in 1-Octadecene journal April 2009
Magic-Sized Cd 3 P 2 II−V Nanoparticles Exhibiting Bandgap Photoemission journal September 2009
Thermodynamic Equilibrium-Driven Formation of Single-Sized Nanocrystals: Reaction Media Tuning CdSe Magic-Sized versus Regular Quantum Dots journal February 2010
(CdSe)ZnS Core−Shell Quantum Dots: Synthesis and Characterization of a Size Series of Highly Luminescent Nanocrystallites journal November 1997
High-Quality ZnS Shells for CdSe Nanoparticles:  Rapid Microwave Synthesis journal July 2007
Ambient Synthesis and Characterization of High-Quality CdSe Quantum Dots by an Aqueous Route journal November 2009
Size-Controlled Growth of CdSe Nanocrystals in Microfluidic Reactors journal February 2003
Bright and Color-Saturated Emission from Blue Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Solution-Processed Colloidal Nanocrystal Quantum Dots journal December 2007
Schottky Solar Cells Based on Colloidal Nanocrystal Films journal October 2008
Photovoltaic Devices Employing Ternary PbS x Se 1 -x Nanocrystals journal April 2009
Role of Magic-Sized Clusters in the Synthesis of CdSe Nanorods journal March 2010
Large-Scale Production of CdSe Nanocrystal by a Continuous Flow Reactor journal April 2003
Shape control of CdSe nanocrystals journal March 2000
Light-emitting diodes made from cadmium selenide nanocrystals and a semiconducting polymer journal August 1994
Electroluminescence from single monolayers of nanocrystals in molecular organic devices journal December 2002
Energy-transfer pumping of semiconductor nanocrystals using an epitaxial quantum well journal June 2004
A general strategy for nanocrystal synthesis journal September 2005
Colloidal nanocrystal synthesis and the organic–inorganic interface journal September 2005
Ultra-stable nanoparticles of CdSe revealed from mass spectrometry journal January 2004
Bright, multicoloured light-emitting diodes based on quantum dots journal November 2007
Colloidal quantum-dot light-emitting diodes with metal-oxide charge transport layers journal March 2008
Microwave assisted synthesis – a critical technology overview journal January 2004
Continuous synthesis of CdSe–ZnS composite nanoparticles in a microfluidic reactor journal January 2004
Novel single­molecule precursor routes for the direct synthesis of InS and InSe quantum dots journal January 1999
Rapid synthesis of highly luminescent CdTe nanocrystals in the aqueous phase by microwave irradiation with controllable temperature journal January 2005
Photo-assisted synthesis of highly fluorescent ZnSe(S) quantum dots in aqueous solution journal January 2007
Encapsulated white-light CdSe nanocrystals as nanophosphors for solid-state lighting journal January 2008
Aqueous synthesis of type-II core/shell CdTe/CdSe quantum dots for near-infrared fluorescent sensing of copper(ii) journal January 2008
Solution synthesis of high-quality CuInS2 quantum dots as sensitizers for TiO2 photoelectrodes journal January 2010
Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p‐n Junction Solar Cells journal March 1961
White organic light-emitting devices with CdSe/ZnS quantum dots as a red emitter journal June 2005
Schottky barriers to colloidal quantum dot films journal December 2007
Schottky-quantum dot photovoltaics for efficient infrared power conversion journal April 2008
Colloidal nanocrystal-based light-emitting diodes fabricated on plastic toward flexible quantum dot optoelectronics journal February 2009
Quantum size effects in the redox potentials, resonance Raman spectra, and electronic spectra of CdS crystallites in aqueous solution journal July 1983
Organic electroluminescent diodes journal September 1987
Microwave irradiation method for the synthesis of water-soluble CdSe nanoparticles with narrow photoluminescent emission in aqueous solution journal December 2005
Non-heavy-metal ZnS quantum dots with bright blue photoluminescence by a one-step aqueous synthesis journal April 2007
Large-scale preparation of CdS quantum dots by direct thermolysis of a single-source precursor journal December 2007
Review: Down Conversion Materials for Solid-State Lighting journal April 2014
Air-Stable All-Inorganic Nanocrystal Solar Cells Processed from Solution journal October 2005
Synthesis Routes for Large Volumes of Nanoparticles journal August 2004
Solvothermal Synthesis of InP Quantum Dots journal September 2009

Cited By (10)

Semiconductor Quantum Dots: An Emerging Candidate for CO 2 Photoreduction journal June 2019
One Pot, Rapid and Green Photo-Chemical Synthesis of Ag2S and Ag2S-ZnS Core–Shells journal January 2019
Beyond traditional light-emitting electrochemical cells – a review of new device designs and emitters journal January 2017
A facile non-injection phosphorus-free synthesis of semiconductor nanoparticles using new selenium precursors journal January 2020
X-ray total scattering study of magic-size clusters and quantum dots of cadmium sulphide journal January 2019
Photostimulated control of luminescence quantum yield for colloidal Ag 2 S/2-MPA quantum dots journal January 2019
Stimuli-responsive photoluminescence soft hybrid microgel particles: synthesis and characterizations journal October 2019
Tuning of emission from copper-doped ZnSe quantum dots journal August 2019
Impact of size and shape on trap state controlled luminescence properties of trioctylphosphine-capped cadmium selenide quantum dots journal January 2019
Quantum Dots and Fluorescent and Magnetic Nanocomposites: Recent Investigations and Applications in Biology and Medicine book April 2018