Cooling the motion of diamond nanocrystals in a magneto-gravitational trap in high vacuum

Hsu, Jen -Feng; Ji, Peng; Lewandowski, Charles W.; D’Urso, Brian

doi:10.1038/srep30125

Title: Cooling the motion of diamond nanocrystals in a magneto-gravitational trap in high vacuum

Abstract

Levitated diamond nanocrystals with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres in high vacuum have been proposed as a unique system for experiments in fundamental quantum mechanics, including the generation of large quantum superposition states and tests of quantum gravity. This system promises extreme isolation from its environment while providing quantum control and sensing through the NV centre spin. While optical trapping has been the most explored method of levitation, recent results indicate that excessive optical heating of the nanodiamonds under vacuum may make the method impractical with currently available materials. Here, we study an alternative magneto-gravitational trap for diamagnetic particles, such as diamond nanocrystals, with stable levitation from atmospheric pressure to high vacuum. Magnetic field gradients from permanent magnets confine the particle in two dimensions, while confinement in the third dimension is gravitational. Furthermore, we demonstrate that feedback cooling of the centre-of-mass motion of a trapped nanodiamond cluster results in cooling of one degree of freedom to less than 1 K.

Authors:

Hsu, Jen -Feng ^[1]; Ji, Peng ^[1]; Lewandowski, Charles W. ^[1]; D’Urso, Brian ^[1]

Univ. of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy

Publication Date:: 2016-07-22

Research Org.:: Univ. of Pittsburgh, PA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

OSTI Identifier:: 1299202

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0006638

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Scientific Reports

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 6; Journal ID: ISSN 2045-2322

Publisher:: Nature Publishing Group

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS; diamagnetic levitation; nanodiamond; particle

Citation Formats


                    Hsu, Jen -Feng, Ji, Peng, Lewandowski, Charles W., and D’Urso, Brian. Cooling the motion of diamond nanocrystals in a magneto-gravitational trap in high vacuum.  United States: N. p., 2016. 
Web.  doi:10.1038/srep30125.

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                    Hsu, Jen -Feng, Ji, Peng, Lewandowski, Charles W., & D’Urso, Brian. Cooling the motion of diamond nanocrystals in a magneto-gravitational trap in high vacuum.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/srep30125

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                    Hsu, Jen -Feng, Ji, Peng, Lewandowski, Charles W., and D’Urso, Brian. Fri .  
"Cooling the motion of diamond nanocrystals in a magneto-gravitational trap in high vacuum".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/srep30125.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1299202.

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@article{osti_1299202,

  title        = {Cooling the motion of diamond nanocrystals in a magneto-gravitational trap in high vacuum},

  author       = {Hsu, Jen -Feng and Ji, Peng and Lewandowski, Charles W. and D’Urso, Brian},

  abstractNote = {Levitated diamond nanocrystals with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres in high vacuum have been proposed as a unique system for experiments in fundamental quantum mechanics, including the generation of large quantum superposition states and tests of quantum gravity. This system promises extreme isolation from its environment while providing quantum control and sensing through the NV centre spin. While optical trapping has been the most explored method of levitation, recent results indicate that excessive optical heating of the nanodiamonds under vacuum may make the method impractical with currently available materials. Here, we study an alternative magneto-gravitational trap for diamagnetic particles, such as diamond nanocrystals, with stable levitation from atmospheric pressure to high vacuum. Magnetic field gradients from permanent magnets confine the particle in two dimensions, while confinement in the third dimension is gravitational. Furthermore, we demonstrate that feedback cooling of the centre-of-mass motion of a trapped nanodiamond cluster results in cooling of one degree of freedom to less than 1 K.},

  doi          = {10.1038/srep30125},

  journal      = {Scientific Reports},

  number       = ,

  volume       = 6,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {2016},

  month        = {7}

}

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Title: Cooling the motion of diamond nanocrystals in a magneto-gravitational trap in high vacuum

Abstract

Citation Formats

Cavity opto-mechanics using an optically levitated nanosphere journal, December 2009

Millikelvin cooling of an optically trapped microsphere in vacuum journal, March 2011

Cavity cooling of an optically levitated submicron particle journal, August 2013

The nitrogen-vacancy colour centre in diamond journal, July 2013

Electron spin resonance of nitrogen-vacancy centers in optically trapped nanodiamonds journal, August 2012

Large quantum superpositions of a levitated nanodiamond through spin-optomechanical coupling journal, September 2013

Matter-Wave Interferometry of a Levitated Thermal Nano-Oscillator Induced and Probed by a Spin journal, October 2013

A ``Schrodinger Cat'' Superposition State of an Atom journal, May 1996

Bose condensation of cavity polaritons beyond the linear regime: The thermal equilibrium of a model microcavity journal, November 2001

Josephson Effect for Photons in Two Weakly Linked Microcavities journal, January 2009

A classical channel model for gravitational decoherence journal, June 2014

Testing quantum gravity by nanodiamond interferometry with nitrogen-vacancy centers journal, September 2014

Observation of nitrogen vacancy photoluminescence from an optically levitated nanodiamond journal, January 2013

Multi-dimensional single-spin nano-optomechanics with a levitated nanodiamond journal, September 2015

Electron Spin Control of an Optically Levitated Nanodiamond in Vacuum conference, January 2016

Burning and graphitization of optically levitated nanodiamonds in vacuum journal, February 2016

Diamagnetic levitation: Flying frogs and floating magnets (invited) journal, May 2000

On-chip manipulation of levitated femtodroplets journal, September 2004

Diamagnetic Levitation of Solids at Microscale journal, November 2008

Shape oscillations of an electrically charged diamagnetically levitated droplet journal, March 2012

A parallel dipole line system journal, February 2015

Quantum Magnetomechanics with Levitating Superconducting Microspheres journal, October 2012

Quantum Magnetomechanics: Ultrahigh- Q -Levitated Mechanical Oscillators journal, October 2012

The Design and Application of a Reliable Ultrasonic Atomizer journal, October 1967

Quenching nitrogen–vacancy center photoluminescence with an infrared pulsed laser journal, March 2013

Methods of Digital Video Microscopy for Colloidal Studies journal, April 1996

Harmonic oscillator in heat bath: Exact simulation of time-lapse-recorded data and exact analytical benchmark statistics journal, April 2011

On the Resistance Experienced by Spheres in their Motion through Gases journal, June 1924

Motion of a spherical particle in a rarefied gas. Part 2. Drag and thermal polarization journal, October 1990

Subkelvin Parametric Feedback Cooling of a Laser-Trapped Nanoparticle journal, September 2012

The reduction in the brownian motion of electrometers journal, January 1953

Ground-state cooling of a micromechanical oscillator: Comparing cold damping and cavity-assisted cooling schemes journal, March 2008

Erratum: Ground-state cooling of a micromechanical oscillator: Comparing cold damping and cavity-assisted cooling schemes [Phys. Rev. A 77 , 033804 (2008)] journal, March 2009

Full mechanical characterization of a cold damped mirror journal, December 2000

Quantum limits of cold damping with optomechanical coupling journal, December 2001

Quantum model of cooling and force sensing with an optically trapped nanoparticle journal, January 2016

Miro2 tethers the ER to mitochondria to promote mitochondrial fusion in tobacco leaf epidermal cells journal, April 2020

Sub-Kelvin Parametric Feedback Cooling of a Laser-Trapped Nanoparticle conference, January 2012

Cavity optomechanics using an optically levitated nanosphere text, January 2009

Millikelvin cooling of an optically trapped microsphere in vacuum text, January 2011

Sub-Kelvin Parametric Feedback Cooling of a Laser-Trapped Nanoparticle text, January 2012

Quenching nitrogen-vacancy center photoluminescence with infrared pulsed laser text, January 2013

Observation of nitrogen vacancy photoluminescence from an optically levitated nanodiamond text, January 2013

Large quantum superpositions of a levitated nanodiamond through spin-optomechanical coupling text, January 2013

A classical channel model for gravitational decoherence text, January 2014

Testing quantum gravity by nanodiamond interferometry with nitrogen-vacancy centers text, January 2014

Quantum Model of Cooling and Force Sensing With an Optically Trapped Nanoparticle text, January 2015

Bose condensation of cavity polaritons beyond the linear regime: the thermal equilibrium of a model microcavity text, January 2001

Diamonds levitating in a Paul trap under vacuum: Measurements of laser-induced heating via NV center thermometry journal, July 2017

Axisymmetric scalable magneto-gravitational trap for diamagnetic particle levitation journal, December 2018

Magneto-mechanical trapping of micro-diamonds at low pressures journal, February 2019

A microsphere molecule: The interaction of two charged microspheres in a magneto-gravitational trap journal, June 2019

Direct loading of nanoparticles under high vacuum into a Paul trap for levitodynamical experiments journal, July 2019

Acceleration sensing with magnetically levitated oscillators above a superconductor journal, November 2019

Gravitational decoherence journal, September 2017

Electron spin resonance from NV centers in diamonds levitating in an ion trap journal, March 2017

Pure nanodiamonds for levitated optomechanics in vacuum journal, April 2018

Cooling the motion of a silica microsphere in a magneto-gravitational trap in ultra-high vacuum journal, June 2018

Stern–Gerlach splitting of low-energy ion beams journal, August 2019

Strong coupling between a single nitrogen-vacancy spin and the rotational mode of diamonds levitating in an ion trap journal, December 2017

Maximal quantum scattering by homogeneous spherical inclusions journal, July 2019

Gravitational Decoherence text, January 2017

Cooling the Motion of a Silica Microsphere in a Magneto-Gravitational Trap in Ultra-High Vacuum text, January 2018

Acceleration sensing with magnetically levitated oscillators above a superconductor text, January 2019

Cavity opto-mechanics using an optically levitated nanosphere
journal, December 2009

Millikelvin cooling of an optically trapped microsphere in vacuum
journal, March 2011

Cavity cooling of an optically levitated submicron particle
journal, August 2013

The nitrogen-vacancy colour centre in diamond
journal, July 2013

Electron spin resonance of nitrogen-vacancy centers in optically trapped nanodiamonds
journal, August 2012

Large quantum superpositions of a levitated nanodiamond through spin-optomechanical coupling
journal, September 2013

Matter-Wave Interferometry of a Levitated Thermal Nano-Oscillator Induced and Probed by a Spin
journal, October 2013

A ``Schrodinger Cat'' Superposition State of an Atom
journal, May 1996

Bose condensation of cavity polaritons beyond the linear regime: The thermal equilibrium of a model microcavity
journal, November 2001

Josephson Effect for Photons in Two Weakly Linked Microcavities
journal, January 2009

A classical channel model for gravitational decoherence
journal, June 2014

Testing quantum gravity by nanodiamond interferometry with nitrogen-vacancy centers
journal, September 2014

Observation of nitrogen vacancy photoluminescence from an optically levitated nanodiamond
journal, January 2013

Multi-dimensional single-spin nano-optomechanics with a levitated nanodiamond
journal, September 2015

Electron Spin Control of an Optically Levitated Nanodiamond in Vacuum
conference, January 2016

Burning and graphitization of optically levitated nanodiamonds in vacuum
journal, February 2016

Diamagnetic levitation: Flying frogs and floating magnets (invited)
journal, May 2000

On-chip manipulation of levitated femtodroplets
journal, September 2004

Diamagnetic Levitation of Solids at Microscale
journal, November 2008

Shape oscillations of an electrically charged diamagnetically levitated droplet
journal, March 2012

A parallel dipole line system
journal, February 2015

Quantum Magnetomechanics with Levitating Superconducting Microspheres
journal, October 2012

Quantum Magnetomechanics: Ultrahigh- $Q$ -Levitated Mechanical Oscillators
journal, October 2012

The Design and Application of a Reliable Ultrasonic Atomizer
journal, October 1967

Quenching nitrogen–vacancy center photoluminescence with an infrared pulsed laser
journal, March 2013

Methods of Digital Video Microscopy for Colloidal Studies
journal, April 1996

Harmonic oscillator in heat bath: Exact simulation of time-lapse-recorded data and exact analytical benchmark statistics
journal, April 2011

On the Resistance Experienced by Spheres in their Motion through Gases
journal, June 1924

Motion of a spherical particle in a rarefied gas. Part 2. Drag and thermal polarization
journal, October 1990

Subkelvin Parametric Feedback Cooling of a Laser-Trapped Nanoparticle
journal, September 2012

The reduction in the brownian motion of electrometers
journal, January 1953

Ground-state cooling of a micromechanical oscillator: Comparing cold damping and cavity-assisted cooling schemes
journal, March 2008

Erratum: Ground-state cooling of a micromechanical oscillator: Comparing cold damping and cavity-assisted cooling schemes [Phys. Rev. A 77 , 033804 (2008)]
journal, March 2009

Full mechanical characterization of a cold damped mirror
journal, December 2000

Quantum limits of cold damping with optomechanical coupling
journal, December 2001

Quantum model of cooling and force sensing with an optically trapped nanoparticle
journal, January 2016

Miro2 tethers the ER to mitochondria to promote mitochondrial fusion in tobacco leaf epidermal cells
journal, April 2020

Sub-Kelvin Parametric Feedback Cooling of a Laser-Trapped Nanoparticle
conference, January 2012

Cavity optomechanics using an optically levitated nanosphere
text, January 2009

Millikelvin cooling of an optically trapped microsphere in vacuum
text, January 2011

Sub-Kelvin Parametric Feedback Cooling of a Laser-Trapped Nanoparticle
text, January 2012

Quenching nitrogen-vacancy center photoluminescence with infrared pulsed laser
text, January 2013

Observation of nitrogen vacancy photoluminescence from an optically levitated nanodiamond
text, January 2013

Large quantum superpositions of a levitated nanodiamond through spin-optomechanical coupling
text, January 2013

A classical channel model for gravitational decoherence
text, January 2014

Testing quantum gravity by nanodiamond interferometry with nitrogen-vacancy centers
text, January 2014

Quantum Model of Cooling and Force Sensing With an Optically Trapped Nanoparticle
text, January 2015

Bose condensation of cavity polaritons beyond the linear regime: the thermal equilibrium of a model microcavity
text, January 2001

Diamonds levitating in a Paul trap under vacuum: Measurements of laser-induced heating via NV center thermometry
journal, July 2017

Axisymmetric scalable magneto-gravitational trap for diamagnetic particle levitation
journal, December 2018

Magneto-mechanical trapping of micro-diamonds at low pressures
journal, February 2019

A microsphere molecule: The interaction of two charged microspheres in a magneto-gravitational trap
journal, June 2019

Direct loading of nanoparticles under high vacuum into a Paul trap for levitodynamical experiments
journal, July 2019

Acceleration sensing with magnetically levitated oscillators above a superconductor
journal, November 2019

Gravitational decoherence
journal, September 2017

Electron spin resonance from NV centers in diamonds levitating in an ion trap
journal, March 2017

Pure nanodiamonds for levitated optomechanics in vacuum
journal, April 2018

Cooling the motion of a silica microsphere in a magneto-gravitational trap in ultra-high vacuum
journal, June 2018

Stern–Gerlach splitting of low-energy ion beams
journal, August 2019

Strong coupling between a single nitrogen-vacancy spin and the rotational mode of diamonds levitating in an ion trap
journal, December 2017

Maximal quantum scattering by homogeneous spherical inclusions
journal, July 2019

Gravitational Decoherence
text, January 2017

Cooling the Motion of a Silica Microsphere in a Magneto-Gravitational Trap in Ultra-High Vacuum
text, January 2018

Acceleration sensing with magnetically levitated oscillators above a superconductor
text, January 2019