Modeling methane emissions from arctic lakes: Model development and site‐level study
Abstract
Abstract To date, methane emissions from lakes in the pan‐arctic region are poorly quantified. In order to investigate the response of methane emissions from this region to global warming, a process‐based climate‐sensitive lake biogeochemical model was developed. The processes of methane production, oxidation, and transport were modeled within a one‐dimensional sediment and water column. The sizes of 14 C‐enriched and 14 C‐depleted carbon pools were explicitly parameterized. The model was validated using observational data from five lakes located in Siberia and Alaska, representing a large variety of environmental conditions in the arctic. The model simulations agreed well with the measured water temperature and dissolved CH 4 concentration (mean error less than 1°C and 0.2 μM, respectively). The modeled CH 4 fluxes were consistent with observations in these lakes. We found that bubbling‐rate‐controlling nitrogen (N 2 ) stripping was the most important factor in determining CH 4 fraction in bubbles. Lake depth and ice cover thickness in shallow waters were also controlling factors. This study demonstrated that the thawing of Pleistocene‐aged organic‐rich yedoma can fuel sediment methanogenesis by supplying a large quantity of labile organic carbon. Observations and modeling results both confirmed that methane emission rate at thermokarst margins of yedomamore »
- Authors:
-
- Department of Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
- Department of Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA, Department of Agronomy Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
- Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks Alaska USA
- Publication Date:
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1295956
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1295957
- Resource Type:
- Published Article
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems Journal Volume: 7 Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 1942-2466
- Publisher:
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
Citation Formats
Tan, Zeli, Zhuang, Qianlai, and Walter Anthony, Katey. Modeling methane emissions from arctic lakes: Model development and site‐level study. United States: N. p., 2015.
Web. doi:10.1002/2014MS000344.
Tan, Zeli, Zhuang, Qianlai, & Walter Anthony, Katey. Modeling methane emissions from arctic lakes: Model development and site‐level study. United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014MS000344
Tan, Zeli, Zhuang, Qianlai, and Walter Anthony, Katey. Sat .
"Modeling methane emissions from arctic lakes: Model development and site‐level study". United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014MS000344.
@article{osti_1295956,
title = {Modeling methane emissions from arctic lakes: Model development and site‐level study},
author = {Tan, Zeli and Zhuang, Qianlai and Walter Anthony, Katey},
abstractNote = {Abstract To date, methane emissions from lakes in the pan‐arctic region are poorly quantified. In order to investigate the response of methane emissions from this region to global warming, a process‐based climate‐sensitive lake biogeochemical model was developed. The processes of methane production, oxidation, and transport were modeled within a one‐dimensional sediment and water column. The sizes of 14 C‐enriched and 14 C‐depleted carbon pools were explicitly parameterized. The model was validated using observational data from five lakes located in Siberia and Alaska, representing a large variety of environmental conditions in the arctic. The model simulations agreed well with the measured water temperature and dissolved CH 4 concentration (mean error less than 1°C and 0.2 μM, respectively). The modeled CH 4 fluxes were consistent with observations in these lakes. We found that bubbling‐rate‐controlling nitrogen (N 2 ) stripping was the most important factor in determining CH 4 fraction in bubbles. Lake depth and ice cover thickness in shallow waters were also controlling factors. This study demonstrated that the thawing of Pleistocene‐aged organic‐rich yedoma can fuel sediment methanogenesis by supplying a large quantity of labile organic carbon. Observations and modeling results both confirmed that methane emission rate at thermokarst margins of yedoma lakes was much larger (up to 538 mg CH 4 m −2 d −1 ) than that at nonthermokarst zones in the same lakes and a nonyedoma, nonthermokarst lake (less than 42 mg CH 4 m −2 d −1 ). The seasonal variability of methane emissions can be explained primarily by energy input and organic carbon availability.},
doi = {10.1002/2014MS000344},
journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems},
number = 2,
volume = 7,
place = {United States},
year = {Sat Apr 11 00:00:00 EDT 2015},
month = {Sat Apr 11 00:00:00 EDT 2015}
}
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014MS000344
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014MS000344
Other availability
Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Cited by: 58 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science
Web of Science
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.
Works referenced in this record:
The thermal properties of soils in cold regions
journal, September 1981
- Farouki, Omar T.
- Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 5, Issue 1
Aquatic Sources and Sinks of CO 2 and CH 4 in the Polar Regions
journal, January 1999
- Semiletov, I. P.
- Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 56, Issue 2
Field information links permafrost carbon to physical vulnerabilities of thawing: C AND N VULERABLITIES OF THAWING
journal, August 2012
- Harden, Jennifer W.; Koven, Charles D.; Ping, Chien-Lu
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 39, Issue 15
Rapid Methane Oxidation in a Landfill Cover Soil †
journal, January 1990
- Whalen, S. C.; Reeburgh, W. S.; Sandbeck, K. A.
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 56, Issue 11
Numerical simulation of permafrost thermal regime and talik development under shallow thaw lakes on the Alaskan Arctic Coastal Plain
journal, January 2003
- Ling, Feng
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 108, Issue D16
Climate-related variations in mixing dynamics in an Alaskan arctic lake
journal, November 2009
- MacIntyre, Sally; Fram, Jonathan P.; Kushner, Paul J.
- Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 54, Issue 6part2
Fate of rising methane bubbles in stratified waters: How much methane reaches the atmosphere?
journal, January 2006
- McGinnis, D. F.; Greinert, J.; Artemov, Y.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 111, Issue C9
High risk of permafrost thaw
journal, November 2011
- Schuur, Edward A. G.; Abbott, Benjamin
- Nature, Vol. 480, Issue 7375
An improved lake model for climate simulations: Model structure, evaluation, and sensitivity analyses in CESM1
journal, January 2012
- Subin, Zachary M.; Riley, William J.; Mironov, Dmitrii
- Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 4
Atmospheric methane between 1000 A.D. and present: Evidence of anthropogenic emissions and climatic variability
journal, July 1998
- Etheridge, D. M.; Steele, L. P.; Francey, R. J.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 103, Issue D13
Biogeochemical aspects of atmospheric methane
journal, December 1988
- Cicerone, R. J.; Oremland, R. S.
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 2, Issue 4
Optimal use of the SCE-UA global optimization method for calibrating watershed models
journal, June 1994
- Duan, Qingyun; Sorooshian, Soroosh; Gupta, Vijai K.
- Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 158, Issue 3-4
Dynamics of biogenic gas bubbles in peat and their effects on peatland biogeochemistry: BIOGEOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF GAS BUBBLES IN PEAT
journal, January 2005
- Strack, M.; Kellner, E.; Waddington, J. M.
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 19, Issue 1
Gas transport from methane-saturated, tidal freshwater and wetland sediments: Gas transport from sediments
journal, July 1989
- Chanton, Jeffrey P.; Martens, Christopher S.; Kelley, Cheryl A.
- Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 34, Issue 5
Using the deuterium isotope composition of permafrost meltwater to constrain thermokarst lake contributions to atmospheric CH 4 during the last deglaciation
journal, February 2012
- Brosius, L. S.; Walter Anthony, K. M.; Grosse, G.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 117, Issue G1
On the Clouds of Bubbles Formed by Breaking Wind-Waves in Deep Water, and their Role in Air -- Sea Gas Transfer
journal, February 1982
- Thorpe, S. A.
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 304, Issue 1483
Modeling the impediment of methane ebullition bubbles by seasonal lake ice
journal, January 2014
- Greene, S.; Walter Anthony, K. M.; Archer, D.
- Biogeosciences, Vol. 11, Issue 23
Atmospheric observations of Arctic Ocean methane emissions up to 82° north
journal, April 2012
- Kort, E. A.; Wofsy, S. C.; Daube, B. C.
- Nature Geoscience, Vol. 5, Issue 5
Significant contribution to climate warming from the permafrost carbon feedback
journal, September 2012
- MacDougall, Andrew H.; Avis, Christopher A.; Weaver, Andrew J.
- Nature Geoscience, Vol. 5, Issue 10
Warming-induced destabilization of peat plateau/thermokarst lake complexes
journal, January 2011
- Sannel, A. B. K.; Kuhry, P.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 116, Issue G3
Methane production and bubble emissions from arctic lakes: Isotopic implications for source pathways and ages
journal, January 2008
- Walter, K. M.; Chanton, J. P.; Chapin, F. S.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 113
North Siberian Lakes: A Methane Source Fueled by Pleistocene Carbon
journal, August 1997
- Zimov, S. A.
- Science, Vol. 277, Issue 5327
Modeling lakes and reservoirs in the climate system
journal, November 2009
- MacKay, M. D.; Neale, P. J.; Arp, C. D.
- Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 54, Issue 6part2
Freshwater Methane Emissions Offset the Continental Carbon Sink
journal, January 2011
- Bastviken, D.; Tranvik, L. J.; Downing, J. A.
- Science, Vol. 331, Issue 6013
Changes in peat chemistry associated with permafrost thaw increase greenhouse gas production
journal, April 2014
- Hodgkins, S. B.; Tfaily, M. M.; McCalley, C. K.
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 111, Issue 16
Fossil organic matter characteristics in permafrost deposits of the northeast Siberian Arctic
journal, January 2011
- Schirrmeister, Lutz; Grosse, Guido; Wetterich, Sebastian
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 116
Linking organic carbon sedimentation, burial efficiency, and long-term accumulation in boreal lakes
journal, May 2014
- Ferland, Marie-Eve; Prairie, Yves T.; Teodoru, Cristian
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 119, Issue 5
Organic matter mineralization and trace element post-depositional redistribution in Western Siberia thermokarst lake sediments
journal, January 2011
- Audry, S.; Pokrovsky, O. S.; Shirokova, L. S.
- Biogeosciences, Vol. 8, Issue 11
Biogeochemistry of manganese- and iron-rich sediments in Toolik Lake, Alaska
journal, September 1992
- Cornwell, Jeffrey C.; Kipphut, George W.
- Hydrobiologia, Vol. 240, Issue 1-3
Time-dependent morphology of thaw lakes and taliks in deep and shallow ground ice
journal, January 2008
- West, J. J.; Plug, L. J.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 113, Issue F1
Quantifying wetland methane emissions with process-based models of different complexities
journal, January 2010
- Tang, J.; Zhuang, Q.; Shannon, R. D.
- Biogeosciences, Vol. 7, Issue 11
Methane Oxidation and the Competition for Oxygen in the Rice Rhizosphere
journal, August 2001
- van Bodegom, P.; Stams, F.; Mollema, L.
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 67, Issue 8
Turbulent kinetic energy balance as a tool for estimating vertical diffusivity in wind-forced stratified waters
journal, September 2000
- Wüest, Alfred; Piepke, Gabriel; Van Senden, David C.
- Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 45, Issue 6
Methane bubbling from Siberian thaw lakes as a positive feedback to climate warming
journal, September 2006
- Walter, K. M.; Zimov, S. A.; Chanton, J. P.
- Nature, Vol. 443, Issue 7107
Strong atmospheric chemistry feedback to climate warming from Arctic methane emissions: ARCTIC METHANE FEEDBACK
journal, April 2011
- Isaksen, Ivar S. A.; Gauss, Michael; Myhre, Gunnar
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 25, Issue 2
Methane bubbling from northern lakes: present and future contributions to the global methane budget
journal, May 2007
- Walter, Katey M.; Smith, Laurence C.; Stuart Chapin, F.
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 365, Issue 1856
Bubbles and the air-sea exchange of gases in near-saturation conditions
journal, August 1991
- Woolf, David K.; Thorpe, S. A.
- Journal of Marine Research, Vol. 49, Issue 3
Methane cycling in a eutrophic shield lake and its effects on whole lake metabolism 1: Methane cycling in lakes
journal, March 1978
- Rudd, John W. M.; Hamilton, R. D.
- Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 23, Issue 2
Constraining spatial variability of methane ebullition seeps in thermokarst lakes using point process models: THERMOKARST LAKE METHANE EBULLITION
journal, July 2013
- Walter Anthony, Katey M.; Anthony, Peter
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 118, Issue 3
Global sensitivity indices for nonlinear mathematical models and their Monte Carlo estimates
journal, February 2001
- Sobol′, I. M.
- Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, Vol. 55, Issue 1-3
Water Flow and Heat Transport in Frozen Soil: Numerical Solution and Freeze-Thaw Applications
journal, May 2004
- Hansson, Klas; Šimůnek, Jirka; Mizoguchi, Masaru
- Vadose Zone Journal, Vol. 3, Issue 2
Flux of methane from north siberian aquatic systems: Influence on atmospheric methane
book, January 2001
- Zimov, S. A.; Voropaev, Y. V.; Davydov, S. P.
- Permafrost Response on Economic Development, Environmental Security and Natural Resources
Simulation of lake evaporation with application to modeling lake level variations of Harney-Malheur Lake, Oregon
journal, October 1990
- Hostetler, S. W.; Bartlein, P. J.
- Water Resources Research, Vol. 26, Issue 10
Plumbing the Global Carbon Cycle: Integrating Inland Waters into the Terrestrial Carbon Budget
journal, February 2007
- Cole, J. J.; Prairie, Y. T.; Caraco, N. F.
- Ecosystems, Vol. 10, Issue 1
Tundra lakes and permafrost, Richards Island, western Arctic coast, Canada
journal, August 2002
- Burn, C. R.
- Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 39, Issue 8
Variational bias correction of satellite radiance data in the ERA-Interim reanalysis
journal, October 2009
- Dee, D. P.; Uppala, S.
- Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 135, Issue 644
Arctic methane sources: Isotopic evidence for atmospheric inputs: ARCTIC METHANE SOURCES
journal, November 2011
- Fisher, R. E.; Sriskantharajah, S.; Lowry, D.
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 38, Issue 21
Dangerous human-made interference with climate: a GISS modelE study
journal, January 2007
- Hansen, J.; Sato, M.; Ruedy, R.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 7, Issue 9
A conduit dilation model of methane venting from lake sediments: METHANE VENTING FROM LAKE SEDIMENTS
journal, March 2011
- Scandella, Benjamin P.; Varadharajan, Charuleka; Hemond, Harold F.
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 38, Issue 6
Numerical modeling of methane emissions from lakes in the permafrost zone
journal, April 2011
- Stepanenko, V. M.; Machul’skaya, E. E.; Glagolev, M. V.
- Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Vol. 47, Issue 2
Temperature dependence of methane production from different precursors in a profundal sediment (Lake Constance)
journal, March 1997
- Schulz, Silke; Matsuyama, Hidetoshi; Conrad, Ralf
- FEMS Microbiology Ecology, Vol. 22, Issue 3
A process-based, climate-sensitive model to derive methane emissions from natural wetlands: Application to five wetland sites, sensitivity to model parameters, and climate
journal, September 2000
- Walter, Bernadette P.; Heimann, Martin
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 14, Issue 3
Methane fluxes between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere at northern high latitudes during the past century: A retrospective analysis with a process-based biogeochemistry model: METHANE EMISSIONS FROM NORTHERN HIGH LATITUDES
journal, August 2004
- Zhuang, Q.; Melillo, J. M.; Kicklighter, D. W.
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 18, Issue 3
Ebullition of methane-containing gas bubbles from near-surface Sphagnum peat : METHANE EBULLITION FROM PEAT SOILS
journal, November 2004
- Baird, Andrew J.; Beckwith, Clive W.; Waldron, Susan
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 31, Issue 21
Production of methane from alasses in eastern Siberia: Implications from its 14 C and stable isotopic compositions : METHANE FROM ALASSES IN EASTERN SIBERIA
journal, August 2002
- Nakagawa, Fumiko; Yoshida, Naohiro; Nojiri, Yukihiro
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 16, Issue 3
Measurements of an anomalous global methane increase during 1998
journal, February 2001
- Dlugokencky, E. J.; Walter, B. P.; Masarie, K. A.
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 28, Issue 3
A Spatially Explicit Watershed-Scale Analysis of Dissolved Organic Carbon in Adirondack Lakes
journal, June 2004
- Canham, Charles D.; Pace, Michael L.; Papaik, Michael J.
- Ecological Applications, Vol. 14, Issue 3
Observational constraints on recent increases in the atmospheric CH 4 burden
journal, January 2009
- Dlugokencky, E. J.; Bruhwiler, L.; White, J. W. C.
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 36, Issue 18
Methane production and methane consumption: a review of processes underlying wetland methane fluxes
journal, April 1998
- Segers, Reinoud
- Biogeochemistry, Vol. 41, Issue 1, p. 23-51
Simulating the decadal- to millennial-scale dynamics of morphology and sequestered carbon mobilization of two thermokarst lakes in NW Alaska: SIMULATING THERMOKARST LAKES
journal, March 2012
- Kessler, M. A.; Plug, L. J.; Walter Anthony, K. M.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 117, Issue G2
Methane emissions from lakes: Dependence of lake characteristics, two regional assessments, and a global estimate: LAKE METHANE EMISSIONS
journal, October 2004
- Bastviken, David; Cole, Jonathan; Pace, Michael
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 18, Issue 4
Increases in Fluxes of Greenhouse Gases and Methyl Mercury following Flooding of an Experimental Reservoir †
journal, May 1997
- Kelly, C. A.; Rudd, J. W. M.; Bodaly, R. A.
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 31, Issue 5
A new data set for estimating organic carbon storage to 3 m depth in soils of the northern circumpolar permafrost region
journal, January 2013
- Hugelius, G.; Bockheim, J. G.; Camill, P.
- Earth System Science Data, Vol. 5, Issue 2
Dissolved oxygen model for regional lake analysis
journal, January 1994
- Stefan, Heinz G.; Fang, Xing
- Ecological Modelling, Vol. 71, Issue 1-3
A global sensitivity analysis and Bayesian inference framework for improving the parameter estimation and prediction of a process-based Terrestrial Ecosystem Model
journal, January 2009
- Tang, Jinyun; Zhuang, Qianlai
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 114, Issue D15
Nitrogen fixation in Lake Mendota, Madison, Wisconsin1: Na fixation in Lake Mendota
journal, May 1976
- Torrey, Marguerite Sherman; Lee, G. F.
- Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 21, Issue 3
Long-term C accumulation and total C stocks in boreal lakes in northern Québec: C TOTAL STOCKS IN BOREAL LAKES IN QUÉBEC
journal, October 2012
- Ferland, Marie-Eve; del Giorgio, Paul A.; Teodoru, Cristian R.
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 26, Issue 4
Modeling bubbles and dissolved gases in the ocean
journal, January 2011
- Liang, Jun-Hong; McWilliams, James C.; Sullivan, Peter P.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 116, Issue C3
The flux of CO2 and CH4 from lakes and rivers in arctic Alaska
journal, September 1992
- Kling, George W.; Kipphut, George W.; Miller, Michael C.
- Hydrobiologia, Vol. 240, Issue 1-3
Carbon dynamics in lakes of the boreal forest under a changing climate
journal, December 2007
- Benoy, Glenn; Cash, Kevin; McCauley, Edward
- Environmental Reviews, Vol. 15, Issue NA
Circumpolar assessment of permafrost C quality and its vulnerability over time using long-term incubation data
journal, October 2013
- Schädel, Christina; Schuur, Edward A. G.; Bracho, Rosvel
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 20, Issue 2
Methane and carbon dioxide emissions from 40 lakes along a north–south latitudinal transect in Alaska
journal, January 2014
- Sepulveda-Jauregui, A.; Walter Anthony, K. M.; Martinez-Cruz, K.
- Biogeosciences Discussions, Vol. 11, Issue 9
Transient growth of an isolated bubble in muddy, fine-grained sediments
journal, May 2009
- Algar, C. K.; Boudreau, B. P.
- Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 73, Issue 9
Making best use of model evaluations to compute sensitivity indices
journal, May 2002
- Saltelli, Andrea
- Computer Physics Communications, Vol. 145, Issue 2
Geologic methane seeps along boundaries of Arctic permafrost thaw and melting glaciers
journal, May 2012
- Walter Anthony, Katey M.; Anthony, Peter; Grosse, Guido
- Nature Geoscience, Vol. 5, Issue 6
Shrinking ponds in subarctic Alaska based on 1950-2002 remotely sensed images: SHRINKING PONDS ACROSS BOREAL ALASKA
journal, October 2006
- Riordan, Brian; Verbyla, David; McGuire, A. David
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 111, Issue G4
The bubble mechanism for methane transport from the shallow sea bed to the surface: A review and sensitivity study
journal, November 2002
- Leifer, Ira; Patro, Ranjan Kumar
- Continental Shelf Research, Vol. 22, Issue 16
Methane emissions from permafrost thaw lakes limited by lake drainage
journal, May 2011
- van Huissteden, J.; Berrittella, C.; Parmentier, F. J. W.
- Nature Climate Change, Vol. 1, Issue 2
Temperature variability in lake sediments
journal, April 1998
- Fang, Xing; Stefan, Heinz G.
- Water Resources Research, Vol. 34, Issue 4
Permafrost degradation and methane: low risk of biogeochemical climate-warming feedback
journal, July 2013
- Gao, Xiang; Adam Schlosser, C.; Sokolov, Andrei
- Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 3
A shift of thermokarst lakes from carbon sources to sinks during the Holocene epoch
journal, July 2014
- Anthony, K. M. Walter; Zimov, S. A.; Grosse, G.
- Nature, Vol. 511, Issue 7510
A model of carbon evasion and sedimentation in temperate lakes
journal, August 2004
- Hanson, Paul C.; Pollard, Amina I.; Bade, Darren L.
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 10, Issue 8
Time-series analysis of high-resolution ebullition fluxes from a stratified, freshwater lake: ANALYZING HIGH-RESOLUTION BUBBLING DATA
journal, April 2012
- Varadharajan, Charuleka; Hemond, Harold F.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 117, Issue G2
Seasonal dynamics of carbon dioxide and methane in two clear-water lakes and two bog lakes in northern Wisconsin, U.S.A.
journal, February 1999
- Riera, Joan L.; Schindler, John E.; Kratz, Tim K.
- Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 56, Issue 2
Energy input is primary controller of methane bubbling in subarctic lakes: WIK ET. AL.; ENERGY INPUT CONTROLS METHANE EBULLITION
journal, January 2014
- Wik, Martin; Thornton, Brett F.; Bastviken, David
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 41, Issue 2
Estimating methane emissions from northern lakes using ice-bubble surveys: Methane bubbles in lake ice method
journal, November 2010
- Walter Anthony, Katey M.; Vas, Dragos. A.; Brosius, Laura
- Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, Vol. 8, Issue 11
Soil organic carbon pools in the northern circumpolar permafrost region: SOIL ORGANIC CARBON POOLS
journal, June 2009
- Tarnocai, C.; Canadell, J. G.; Schuur, E. A. G.
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 23, Issue 2
Non-negative solutions of ODEs
journal, November 2005
- Shampine, L. F.; Thompson, S.; Kierzenka, J. A.
- Applied Mathematics and Computation, Vol. 170, Issue 1