X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of select multi-layered transition metal carbides (MXenes)
Abstract
A detailed high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis is presented in this work for select MXenes—a recently discovered family of two-dimensional (2D) carbides and carbonitrides. Given their 2D nature, understanding their surface chemistry is paramount. Thus we identify and quantify the surface groups present before, and after, sputter-cleaning as well as freshly prepared vs. aged multi-layered cold pressed discs. The nominal compositions of the MXenes studied here are Ti3C2Tx, Ti2CTx, Ti3CNTx, Nb2CTx and Nb4C3Tx, where T represents surface groups that this work attempts to quantify. In all the cases, the presence of three surface terminations, single bondO, single bondOH and single bondF, in addition to OH-terminations relatively strongly bonded to H2O molecules, was confirmed. Moreover, from XPS peak fits, it was possible to establish the average sum of the negative charges of the terminations for the aforementioned MXenes. Based on this work, it is now possible to quantify the nature of the surface terminations. This information can, in turn, be used to better design and tailor these novel 2D materials for various applications.
- Authors:
-
- Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, PA (United States); Linkoping Univ. (Sweden)
- Naval Air Systems Command, Patuxent River, MD (United States)
- Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
- Linkoping Univ. (Sweden)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1286976
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1396961
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC05-00OR22725
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Applied Surface Science
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 362; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0169-4332
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY; MXene; XPS; metal carbides
Citation Formats
Halim, Joseph, Cook, Kevin M., Naguib, Michael, Eklund, Per, Gogotsi, Yury, Rosen, Johanna, and Barsoum, Michel W. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of select multi-layered transition metal carbides (MXenes). United States: N. p., 2015.
Web. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.11.089.
Halim, Joseph, Cook, Kevin M., Naguib, Michael, Eklund, Per, Gogotsi, Yury, Rosen, Johanna, & Barsoum, Michel W. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of select multi-layered transition metal carbides (MXenes). United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.11.089
Halim, Joseph, Cook, Kevin M., Naguib, Michael, Eklund, Per, Gogotsi, Yury, Rosen, Johanna, and Barsoum, Michel W. Tue .
"X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of select multi-layered transition metal carbides (MXenes)". United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.11.089. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1286976.
@article{osti_1286976,
title = {X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of select multi-layered transition metal carbides (MXenes)},
author = {Halim, Joseph and Cook, Kevin M. and Naguib, Michael and Eklund, Per and Gogotsi, Yury and Rosen, Johanna and Barsoum, Michel W.},
abstractNote = {A detailed high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis is presented in this work for select MXenes—a recently discovered family of two-dimensional (2D) carbides and carbonitrides. Given their 2D nature, understanding their surface chemistry is paramount. Thus we identify and quantify the surface groups present before, and after, sputter-cleaning as well as freshly prepared vs. aged multi-layered cold pressed discs. The nominal compositions of the MXenes studied here are Ti3C2Tx, Ti2CTx, Ti3CNTx, Nb2CTx and Nb4C3Tx, where T represents surface groups that this work attempts to quantify. In all the cases, the presence of three surface terminations, single bondO, single bondOH and single bondF, in addition to OH-terminations relatively strongly bonded to H2O molecules, was confirmed. Moreover, from XPS peak fits, it was possible to establish the average sum of the negative charges of the terminations for the aforementioned MXenes. Based on this work, it is now possible to quantify the nature of the surface terminations. This information can, in turn, be used to better design and tailor these novel 2D materials for various applications.},
doi = {10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.11.089},
journal = {Applied Surface Science},
number = C,
volume = 362,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue Dec 01 00:00:00 EST 2015},
month = {Tue Dec 01 00:00:00 EST 2015}
}
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- Small, Vol. 15, Issue 46
On the Structural Stability of MXene and the Role of Transition Metal Adatoms
journal, January 2018
- Palisaitis, Justinas; Persson, Ingemar; Halim, Joseph
- Nanoscale, Vol. 10, Issue 23
Truncated octahedral bipyramidal TiO 2 /MXene Ti 3 C 2 hybrids with enhanced photocatalytic H 2 production activity
journal, January 2019
- Li, Yang; Zhang, Dainan; Feng, Xionghan
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MXene molecular sieving membranes for highly efficient gas separation
journal, January 2018
- Ding, Li; Wei, Yanying; Li, Libo
- Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1
Multilayer-structured transparent MXene/PVDF film with excellent dielectric and energy storage performance
journal, January 2019
- Li, Weiyan; Song, Zhongqian; Zhong, Jiaming
- Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 33
Stabilizing the MXenes by Carbon Nanoplating for Developing Hierarchical Nanohybrids with Efficient Lithium Storage and Hydrogen Evolution Capability
journal, April 2017
- Wu, Xianhong; Wang, Zhiyu; Yu, Mengzhou
- Advanced Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 24
Strong Surface‐Bound Sulfur in Carbon Nanotube Bridged Hierarchical Mo 2 C‐Based MXene Nanosheets for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
journal, December 2018
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Atomic Sulfur Covalently Engineered Interlayers of Ti 3 C 2 MXene for Ultra‐Fast Sodium‐Ion Storage by Enhanced Pseudocapacitance
journal, March 2019
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Enhanced low-temperature Li-ion storage in MXene titanium carbide by surface oxygen termination
journal, July 2019
- Wang, Yahui; Ma, Chao; Ma, Wenqing
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Low temperature solution synthesis of reduced two dimensional Ti 3 C 2 MXenes with paramagnetic behaviour
journal, January 2018
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2D metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) for energy storage
journal, January 2017
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Hydrophobic, Flexible, and Lightweight MXene Foams for High-Performance Electromagnetic-Interference Shielding
journal, August 2017
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Titania Composites with 2 D Transition Metal Carbides as Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production under Visible-Light Irradiation
journal, May 2016
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Tailoring Structure, Composition, and Energy Storage Properties of MXenes from Selective Etching of In-Plane, Chemically Ordered MAX Phases
journal, April 2018
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Solvent-regulated preparation of well-intercalated Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene nanosheets and application for highly effective electromagnetic wave absorption
journal, June 2018
- Xu, Gengfang; Wang, Xiaoxia; Gong, Shida
- Nanotechnology, Vol. 29, Issue 35
Effect of Synthesis on Quality, Electronic Properties and Environmental Stability of Individual Monolayer Ti 3 C 2 MXene Flakes
journal, November 2016
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Ti 3 C 2 : An Ideal Co‐catalyst?
journal, December 2019
- Wang, Biao; Wang, Mengye; Liu, Fangyan
- Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 132, Issue 5
2D/2D Heterojunction of Ultrathin MXene/Bi 2 WO 6 Nanosheets for Improved Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction
journal, April 2018
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- Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 21
In situ hybridization of an MXene/TiO 2 /NiFeCo-layered double hydroxide composite for electrochemical and photoelectrochemical oxygen evolution
journal, January 2018
- Hao, Ningxian; Wei, Yang; Wang, Jialiang
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A facile method for synthesizing CuS decorated Ti 3 C 2 MXene with enhanced performance for asymmetric supercapacitors
journal, January 2019
- Pan, Zhihu; Cao, Fa; Hu, Xing
- Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 15
Study on MnO 2 /MXene–Ti 3 C 2 composite materials as cathode materials for magnesium batteries
journal, January 2019
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High-Voltage Symmetric Supercapacitor Based on 2D Titanium Carbide (MXene, Ti 2 CT x )/Carbon Nanosphere Composites in a Neutral Aqueous Electrolyte
journal, January 2018
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- Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 3
Efficient Antibacterial Membrane based on Two-Dimensional Ti3C2Tx (MXene) Nanosheets
journal, May 2017
- Rasool, Kashif; Mahmoud, Khaled A.; Johnson, Daniel J.
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An ultrahigh discharged energy density achieved in an inhomogeneous PVDF dielectric composite filled with 2D MXene nanosheets via interface engineering
journal, January 2018
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- Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 6, Issue 48
MXene Aerogel Scaffolds for High-Rate Lithium Metal Anodes
journal, October 2018
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An investigation into the factors governing the oxidation of two-dimensional Ti 3 C 2 MXene
journal, January 2019
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- Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 17
Layered Ti 3 C 2 MXene modified two-dimensional Bi 2 WO 6 composites with enhanced visible light photocatalytic performance
journal, January 2019
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- Materials Chemistry Frontiers, Vol. 3, Issue 11
MXenes for Plasmonic Photodetection
journal, June 2019
- Velusamy, Dhinesh Babu; El‐Demellawi, Jehad K.; El‐Zohry, Ahmed M.
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Seawater electrolyte-mediated high volumetric MXene-based electrochemical symmetric supercapacitors
journal, January 2018
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Layered ternary M n +1 AX n phases and their 2D derivative MXene: an overview from a thin-film perspective
journal, February 2017
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Tailoring Electrocatalytic Properties of Pt Nanoparticles Grown on Ti 3 C 2 T X MXene Surface
journal, January 2019
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- Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 2
Ti 3 C 2 MXene quantum dot-encapsulated liposomes for photothermal immunoassays using a portable near-infrared imaging camera on a smartphone
journal, January 2019
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- Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 33
Tuning Thermal Transport Through Atomically Thin Ti 3 C 2 T z MXene by Current Annealing in Vacuum
journal, March 2019
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Review of MXenes as new nanomaterials for energy storage/delivery and selected environmental applications
journal, October 2018
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Electronic and optical characterization of 2D Ti 2 C and Nb 2 C (MXene) thin films
journal, February 2019
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Recent progress in layered transition metal carbides and/or nitrides (MXenes) and their composites: synthesis and applications
journal, January 2017
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Solar Photothermal Electrodes for Highly Efficient Microbial Energy Harvesting at Low Ambient Temperatures
journal, November 2018
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Ti 2 AlC-based saturable absorber for passive Q-switching of a fiber laser
journal, January 2019
- Lee, Jinho; Kwon, Suhyoung; Lee, Ju Han
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Nanostructured MXene-based biomimetic enzymes for amperometric detection of superoxide anions from HepG2 cells
journal, January 2019
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Synthesis and electrochemical performance of Ti3C2Tx with hydrothermal process
journal, August 2016
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Preparation of High-Purity V 2 C MXene and Electrochemical Properties as Li-Ion Batteries
journal, January 2017
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- Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 4
Polyoxometalate-coupled MXene nanohybrid via poly(ionic liquid) linkers and its electrode for enhanced supercapacitive performance
journal, January 2018
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Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Two-Dimensional RGO/Ti3C2Tx Nanocomposites
journal, January 2018
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MXene Aerogel Scaffolds for High‐Rate Lithium Metal Anodes
journal, October 2018
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Mn 3 O 4 nanoparticles on layer-structured Ti 3 C 2 MXene towards the oxygen reduction reaction and zinc–air batteries
journal, January 2017
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Oxidized Ti 3 C 2 MXene nanosheets for dye-sensitized solar cells
journal, January 2018
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Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Cross-Functional Semi-transparent MXene-Carbon Nanotubes Composite Films for Next-Generation Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
journal, September 2018
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Electrochromic Effect in Titanium Carbide MXene Thin Films Produced by Dip‐Coating
journal, February 2019
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Promising electron mobility and high thermal conductivity in Sc 2 CT 2 (T = F, OH) MXenes
journal, January 2016
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Plasma-modified Ti 3 C 2 T x /CdS hybrids with oxygen-containing groups for high-efficiency photocatalytic hydrogen production
journal, January 2019
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An MnO 2 –Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene nanohybrid: an efficient and durable electrocatalyst toward artificial N 2 fixation to NH 3 under ambient conditions
journal, January 2019
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Electronic and vibrational properties of -based MXenes: From experiments to first-principles modeling
journal, March 2018
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MoS 2 -Decorated Ti 3 C 2 MXene Nanosheet as Anode Material in Lithium-Ion Batteries
journal, January 2017
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Ti 3 C 2 : An Ideal Co‐catalyst?
journal, January 2020
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Applications of 2D MXenes in energy conversion and storage systems
journal, January 2019
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Oxidation-resistant titanium carbide MXene films
journal, January 2020
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Interlayer Hydrogen‐Bonded Metal Porphyrin Frameworks/MXene Hybrid Film with High Capacitance for Flexible All‐Solid‐State Supercapacitors
journal, March 2019
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Microsphere‐Like SiO 2 /MXene Hybrid Material Enabling High Performance Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries
journal, December 2019
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Nanoscale Parallel Circuitry Based on Interpenetrating Conductive Assembly for Flexible and High‐Power Zinc Ion Battery
journal, May 2019
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Ultrastrong and Highly Conductive MXene‐Based Films for High‐Performance Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
journal, November 2019
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Tunable dextran retention of MXene-TiO 2 mesoporous membranes by adjusting the 2D MXene content
journal, July 2018
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Preparation and characterization of polymer-Ti 3 C 2 T x (MXene) composite nanofibers produced via electrospinning : ARTICLE
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Comparative study on electrosorptive behavior of NH4HF2-etched Ti3C2 and HF-etched Ti3C2 for capacitive deionization
journal, November 2018
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Surface Electrochemical Stability and Strain-Tunable Lithium Storage of Highly Flexible 2D Transition Metal Carbides
journal, September 2018
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MXene‐Bonded Flexible Hard Carbon Film as Anode for Stable Na/K‐Ion Storage
journal, October 2019
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Clay-Inspired MXene-Based Electrochemical Devices and Photo-Electrocatalyst: State-of-the-Art Progresses and Challenges
journal, January 2018
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W-Based Atomic Laminates and Their 2D Derivative W 1.33 C MXene with Vacancy Ordering
journal, April 2018
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Self-Assembly of Transition Metal Oxide Nanostructures on MXene Nanosheets for Fast and Stable Lithium Storage
journal, April 2018
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Electronic and Optical Properties of 2D Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes)
journal, November 2018
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Theranostic 2D Tantalum Carbide (MXene)
journal, October 2020
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Synergy of Nb Doping and Surface Alloy Enhanced on Water–Alkali Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Generation Performance in Ti‐Based MXene
journal, April 2019
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Nanoscale Elastic Changes in 2D Ti 3 C 2 T x (MXene) Pseudocapacitive Electrodes
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A Strategy for Synthesis of Carbon Nitride Induced Chemically Doped 2D MXene for High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes
journal, January 2018
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Tracking Ionic Rearrangements and Interpreting Dynamic Volumetric Changes in Two‐Dimensional Metal Carbide Supercapacitors: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study
journal, March 2018
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Ti 3 C 2 MXene Paper for the Effective Adsorption and Controllable Release of Aroma Molecules
journal, August 2019
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Two-dimensional Mo1.33C MXene with divacancy ordering prepared from parent 3D laminate with in-plane chemical ordering
journal, April 2017
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Low temperature synthesis of NbC/C nano-composites as visible light photoactive catalyst
journal, September 2018
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Solution-processed titanium carbide MXene films examined as highly transparent conductors
journal, January 2016
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Ti 3 C 2 MXenes modified with in situ grown carbon nanotubes for enhanced electromagnetic wave absorption properties
journal, January 2017
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Tunable pseudocapacitance storage of MXene by cation pillaring for high performance sodium-ion capacitors
journal, January 2018
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Exploring the synergy of 2D MXene-supported black phosphorus quantum dots in hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions
journal, January 2018
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Ti 3 C 2 T x (T = F, OH) MXene nanosheets: conductive 2D catalysts for ambient electrohydrogenation of N 2 to NH 3
journal, January 2018
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2D/2D heterojunction of Ti 3 C 2 /g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
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Janus MXene nanosheets for macroscopic assemblies
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A general way to fabricate transition metal dichalcogenide/oxide-sandwiched MXene nanosheets as flexible film anodes for high-performance lithium storage
journal, January 2019
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Few-layered Ti 3 C 2 T x MXenes coupled with Fe 2 O 3 nanorod arrays grown on carbon cloth as anodes for flexible asymmetric supercapacitors
journal, January 2019
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Transparent, conductive solution processed spincast 2D Ti 2 CT x (MXene) films
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MXene molecular sieving membranes for highly efficient gas separation
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Theranostic 2D Tantalum Carbide (MXene)
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Tracking Ionic Rearrangements and Interpreting Dynamic Volumetric Changes in Two‐Dimensional Metal Carbide Supercapacitors: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study
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Electronic properties of freestanding Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene monolayers
journal, January 2016
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Electromagnetic Shielding by MXene-Graphene-PVDF Composite with Hydrophobic, Lightweight and Flexible Graphene Coated Fabric
journal, September 2018
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Additive-free MXene inks and direct printing of micro-supercapacitors
journal, April 2019
- Zhang, Chuanfang; McKeon, Lorcan; Kremer, Matthias P.
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Edge Capping of 2D‐MXene Sheets with Polyanionic Salts To Mitigate Oxidation in Aqueous Colloidal Suspensions
journal, September 2019
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Edge Capping of 2D‐MXene Sheets with Polyanionic Salts To Mitigate Oxidation in Aqueous Colloidal Suspensions
journal, July 2019
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pH-Dependent Distribution of Functional Groups on Titanium-Based MXenes
journal, July 2019
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High-Thermal-Stability and High-Thermal-Conductivity Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene/Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) Composites
journal, March 2018
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MXene molecular sieving membranes for highly efficient gas separation
journal, January 2018
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Additive-free MXene inks and direct printing of micro-supercapacitors
journal, April 2019
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Efficient Antibacterial Membrane based on Two-Dimensional Ti3C2Tx (MXene) Nanosheets
journal, May 2017
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- Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1
Low temperature synthesis of NbC/C nano-composites as visible light photoactive catalyst
journal, September 2018
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Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Epoxy Composites Filled with 2D Transition Metal Carbides (MXenes) with Ultralow Loading
journal, June 2019
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Electromagnetic Shielding by MXene-Graphene-PVDF Composite with Hydrophobic, Lightweight and Flexible Graphene Coated Fabric
journal, September 2018
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Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Two-Dimensional RGO/Ti3C2Tx Nanocomposites
journal, January 2018
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