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Title: Discovery and spectroscopy of the young Jovian planet 51 Eri b with the Gemini Planet Imager

Abstract

Directly detecting thermal emission from young extrasolar planets allows measurement of their atmospheric compositions and luminosities, which are influenced by their formation mechanisms. Using the Gemini Planet Imager, we discovered a planet orbiting the ~20-million-year-old star 51 Eridani at a projected separation of 13 astronomical units. Near-infrared observations show a spectrum with strong methane and water-vapor absorption. Modeling of the spectra and photometry yields a luminosity (normalized by the luminosity of the Sun) of 1.6 to 4.0 × 10–6 and an effective temperature of 600 to 750 K. For this age and luminosity, “hot-start” formation models indicate a mass twice that of Jupiter. Furthermore, this planet also has a sufficiently low luminosity to be consistent with the “cold-start” core-accretion process that may have formed Jupiter.

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [3];  [2];  [4];  [5];  [6];  [7];  [8];  [9];  [10];  [11];  [2];  [9];  [12];  [13];  [10];  [2];  [14];  [15] more »;  [16];  [17];  [18];  [8];  [2];  [19];  [2];  [2];  [10];  [20];  [21];  [13];  [22];  [13];  [23];  [24];  [20];  [25];  [26];  [27];  [28];  [29];  [13];  [30];  [20];  [31];  [10];  [13];  [29];  [24];  [8];  [19];  [14];  [20];  [24];  [32];  [19];  [2];  [24];  [3];  [33];  [34];  [12];  [35];  [8];  [12];  [18];  [27];  [36];  [37];  [24];  [38];  [37];  [39];  [40];  [2];  [41];  [42];  [8];  [29];  [8];  [30];  [43];  [43];  [9];  [24];  [26];  [13] « less
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA (United States); Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
  2. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
  3. Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (United States)
  4. Univ. of California, San Diego, CA (United States)
  5. NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA (United States)
  6. National Research Council of Canada, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, Victoria, BC (Canada); Univ. of Victoria, Victoria, BC (Canada)
  7. Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute, Mountain View, CA (United States); Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA (United States)
  8. Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD (United States)
  9. Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ (United States)
  10. Univ. de Montreal, Montreal, QC (Canada)
  11. Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
  12. Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
  13. Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States)
  14. Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute, Mountain View, CA (United States)
  15. The Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada)
  16. Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ (United States); Subaru Telescope, Hilo, HI (United States)
  17. NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA (United States); Univ. of Herfordshire, Hatfield (United Kingdom)
  18. Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ (United States)
  19. Univ. of Toronto, Toronto, ON (Canada)
  20. Univ. of Victoria, Victoria, BC (Canada); National Research Council of Canada, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, Victoria, BC (Canada)
  21. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (France)
  22. Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, IL (United States)
  23. Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA (United States)
  24. Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, CA (United States)
  25. Durham Univ., Durham (United Kingdom); Gemini Observatory, La Serena (Chile)
  26. Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD (United States); Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD (United States)
  27. Gemini Observatory, La Serena (Chile)
  28. Univ. of Exeter, Exeter (United Kingdom)
  29. Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA (United States)
  30. Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, Tucson, AZ (United States)
  31. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute, Mountain View, CA (United States)
  32. The Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada); Stony Brook Univ., Stony Brook, NY (United States)
  33. Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, CA (United States)
  34. American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY (United States)
  35. Stony Brook Univ., Stony Brook, NY (United States)
  36. College of Staten Island, City Univ. of New York, Staten Island, NY (United States); American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY (United States)
  37. Univ. de Chile, Santiago (Chile)
  38. Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA (United States); Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute, Mountain View, CA (United States)
  39. Univ. Space Research Assoc., NASA/Armstrong Flight Research Center, Palmdale, CA (United States); Gemini Observatory, La Serena (Chile)
  40. National Research Council of Canada, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, Victoria, BC (Canada)
  41. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States)
  42. Univ. of Toledo, Toledo, OH (United States)
  43. California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE
OSTI Identifier:
1258658
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1274051
Report Number(s):
LA-UR-15-24933; LLNL-JRNL-678639
Journal ID: ISSN 0036-8075
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC52-06NA25396; AC52-07NA27344
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Science
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 350; Journal Issue: 6256; Journal ID: ISSN 0036-8075
Publisher:
AAAS
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS

Citation Formats

Macintosh, B., Graham, J. R., Barman, T., De Rosa, R. J., Konopacky, Q., Marley, M. S., Marois, C., Nielsen, E. L., Pueyo, L., Rajan, A., Rameau, J., Saumon, D., Wang, J. J., Patience, J., Ammons, M., Arriaga, P., Artigau, E., Beckwith, S., Brewster, J., Bruzzone, S., Bulger, J., Burningham, B., Burrows, A. S., Chen, C., Chiang, E., Chilcote, J. K., Dawson, R. I., Dong, R., Doyon, R., Draper, Z. H., Duchene, G., Esposito, T. M., Fabrycky, D., Fitzgerald, M. P., Follette, K. B., Fortney, J. J., Gerard, B., Goodsell, S., Greenbaum, A. Z., Hibon, P., Hinkley, S., Cotten, T. H., Hung, L. -W., Ingraham, P., Johnson-Groh, M., Kalas, P., Lafreniere, D., Larkin, J. E., Lee, J., Line, M., Long, D., Maire, J., Marchis, F., Matthews, B. C., Max, C. E., Metchev, S., Millar-Blanchaer, M. A., Mittal, T., Morley, C. V., Morzinski, K. M., Murray-Clay, R., Oppenheimer, R., Palmer, D. W., Patel, R., Perrin, M. D., Poyneer, L. A., Rafikov, R. R., Rantakyro, F. T., Rice, E. L., Rojo, P., Rudy, A. R., Ruffio, J. -B., Ruiz, M. T., Sadakuni, N., Saddlemyer, L., Salama, M., Savransky, D., Schneider, A. C., Sivaramakrishnan, A., Song, I., Soummer, R., Thomas, S., Vasisht, G., Wallace, J. K., Ward-Duong, K., Wiktorowicz, S. J., Wolff, S. G., and Zuckerman, B. Discovery and spectroscopy of the young Jovian planet 51 Eri b with the Gemini Planet Imager. United States: N. p., 2015. Web. doi:10.1126/science.aac5891.
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Macintosh, B., Graham, J. R., Barman, T., De Rosa, R. J., Konopacky, Q., Marley, M. S., Marois, C., Nielsen, E. L., Pueyo, L., Rajan, A., Rameau, J., Saumon, D., Wang, J. J., Patience, J., Ammons, M., Arriaga, P., Artigau, E., Beckwith, S., Brewster, J., Bruzzone, S., Bulger, J., Burningham, B., Burrows, A. S., Chen, C., Chiang, E., Chilcote, J. K., Dawson, R. I., Dong, R., Doyon, R., Draper, Z. H., Duchene, G., Esposito, T. M., Fabrycky, D., Fitzgerald, M. P., Follette, K. B., Fortney, J. J., Gerard, B., Goodsell, S., Greenbaum, A. Z., Hibon, P., Hinkley, S., Cotten, T. H., Hung, L. -W., Ingraham, P., Johnson-Groh, M., Kalas, P., Lafreniere, D., Larkin, J. E., Lee, J., Line, M., Long, D., Maire, J., Marchis, F., Matthews, B. C., Max, C. E., Metchev, S., Millar-Blanchaer, M. A., Mittal, T., Morley, C. V., Morzinski, K. M., Murray-Clay, R., Oppenheimer, R., Palmer, D. W., Patel, R., Perrin, M. D., Poyneer, L. A., Rafikov, R. R., Rantakyro, F. T., Rice, E. L., Rojo, P., Rudy, A. R., Ruffio, J. -B., Ruiz, M. T., Sadakuni, N., Saddlemyer, L., Salama, M., Savransky, D., Schneider, A. C., Sivaramakrishnan, A., Song, I., Soummer, R., Thomas, S., Vasisht, G., Wallace, J. K., Ward-Duong, K., Wiktorowicz, S. J., Wolff, S. G., & Zuckerman, B. Discovery and spectroscopy of the young Jovian planet 51 Eri b with the Gemini Planet Imager. United States. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac5891
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Macintosh, B., Graham, J. R., Barman, T., De Rosa, R. J., Konopacky, Q., Marley, M. S., Marois, C., Nielsen, E. L., Pueyo, L., Rajan, A., Rameau, J., Saumon, D., Wang, J. J., Patience, J., Ammons, M., Arriaga, P., Artigau, E., Beckwith, S., Brewster, J., Bruzzone, S., Bulger, J., Burningham, B., Burrows, A. S., Chen, C., Chiang, E., Chilcote, J. K., Dawson, R. I., Dong, R., Doyon, R., Draper, Z. H., Duchene, G., Esposito, T. M., Fabrycky, D., Fitzgerald, M. P., Follette, K. B., Fortney, J. J., Gerard, B., Goodsell, S., Greenbaum, A. Z., Hibon, P., Hinkley, S., Cotten, T. H., Hung, L. -W., Ingraham, P., Johnson-Groh, M., Kalas, P., Lafreniere, D., Larkin, J. E., Lee, J., Line, M., Long, D., Maire, J., Marchis, F., Matthews, B. C., Max, C. E., Metchev, S., Millar-Blanchaer, M. A., Mittal, T., Morley, C. V., Morzinski, K. M., Murray-Clay, R., Oppenheimer, R., Palmer, D. W., Patel, R., Perrin, M. D., Poyneer, L. A., Rafikov, R. R., Rantakyro, F. T., Rice, E. L., Rojo, P., Rudy, A. R., Ruffio, J. -B., Ruiz, M. T., Sadakuni, N., Saddlemyer, L., Salama, M., Savransky, D., Schneider, A. C., Sivaramakrishnan, A., Song, I., Soummer, R., Thomas, S., Vasisht, G., Wallace, J. K., Ward-Duong, K., Wiktorowicz, S. J., Wolff, S. G., and Zuckerman, B. Fri . "Discovery and spectroscopy of the young Jovian planet 51 Eri b with the Gemini Planet Imager". United States. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac5891. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1258658.
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@article{osti_1258658,
title = {Discovery and spectroscopy of the young Jovian planet 51 Eri b with the Gemini Planet Imager},
author = {Macintosh, B. and Graham, J. R. and Barman, T. and De Rosa, R. J. and Konopacky, Q. and Marley, M. S. and Marois, C. and Nielsen, E. L. and Pueyo, L. and Rajan, A. and Rameau, J. and Saumon, D. and Wang, J. J. and Patience, J. and Ammons, M. and Arriaga, P. and Artigau, E. and Beckwith, S. and Brewster, J. and Bruzzone, S. and Bulger, J. and Burningham, B. and Burrows, A. S. and Chen, C. and Chiang, E. and Chilcote, J. K. and Dawson, R. I. and Dong, R. and Doyon, R. and Draper, Z. H. and Duchene, G. and Esposito, T. M. and Fabrycky, D. and Fitzgerald, M. P. and Follette, K. B. and Fortney, J. J. and Gerard, B. and Goodsell, S. and Greenbaum, A. Z. and Hibon, P. and Hinkley, S. and Cotten, T. H. and Hung, L. -W. and Ingraham, P. and Johnson-Groh, M. and Kalas, P. and Lafreniere, D. and Larkin, J. E. and Lee, J. and Line, M. and Long, D. and Maire, J. and Marchis, F. and Matthews, B. C. and Max, C. E. and Metchev, S. and Millar-Blanchaer, M. A. and Mittal, T. and Morley, C. V. and Morzinski, K. M. and Murray-Clay, R. and Oppenheimer, R. and Palmer, D. W. and Patel, R. and Perrin, M. D. and Poyneer, L. A. and Rafikov, R. R. and Rantakyro, F. T. and Rice, E. L. and Rojo, P. and Rudy, A. R. and Ruffio, J. -B. and Ruiz, M. T. and Sadakuni, N. and Saddlemyer, L. and Salama, M. and Savransky, D. and Schneider, A. C. and Sivaramakrishnan, A. and Song, I. and Soummer, R. and Thomas, S. and Vasisht, G. and Wallace, J. K. and Ward-Duong, K. and Wiktorowicz, S. J. and Wolff, S. G. and Zuckerman, B.},
abstractNote = {Directly detecting thermal emission from young extrasolar planets allows measurement of their atmospheric compositions and luminosities, which are influenced by their formation mechanisms. Using the Gemini Planet Imager, we discovered a planet orbiting the ~20-million-year-old star 51 Eridani at a projected separation of 13 astronomical units. Near-infrared observations show a spectrum with strong methane and water-vapor absorption. Modeling of the spectra and photometry yields a luminosity (normalized by the luminosity of the Sun) of 1.6 to 4.0 × 10–6 and an effective temperature of 600 to 750 K. For this age and luminosity, “hot-start” formation models indicate a mass twice that of Jupiter. Furthermore, this planet also has a sufficiently low luminosity to be consistent with the “cold-start” core-accretion process that may have formed Jupiter.},
doi = {10.1126/science.aac5891},
journal = {Science},
number = 6256,
volume = 350,
place = {United States},
year = {Fri Oct 02 00:00:00 EDT 2015},
month = {Fri Oct 02 00:00:00 EDT 2015}
}
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    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/aa6930

    A Direct Imaging Survey of Spitzer -detected Debris Disks: Occurrence of Giant Planets in Dusty Systems
    journal, November 2017

    • Meshkat, Tiffany; Mawet, Dimitri; Bryan, Marta L.
    • The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 154, Issue 6
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/aa8e9a

    Meeting the Cool Neighbors. XII. An Optically Anchored Analysis of the Near-infrared Spectra of L Dwarfs
    journal, December 2017

    • Cruz, Kelle L.; Núñez, Alejandro; Burgasser, Adam J.
    • The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 155, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/aa9d8a

    The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics from 10 to 100 au
    journal, June 2019

    • Nielsen, Eric L.; De Rosa, Robert J.; Macintosh, Bruce
    • The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 158, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab16e9

    Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT). IX. A Flat Transmission Spectrum and a Highly Eccentric Orbit for the Young Neptune K2-25b as Revealed by Spitzer
    journal, January 2020

    • Thao, Pa Chia; Mann, Andrew W.; Johnson, Marshall C.
    • The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 159, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab579b

    Data Reduction and Image Reconstruction Techniques for Non-redundant Masking
    journal, November 2017

    A Quantitative Comparison of Exoplanet Catalogs
    text, January 2018

    Spectral and atmospheric characterization of 51 Eridani b using VLT/SPHERE
    text, January 2017

    Supervised Machine Learning for Intercomparison of Model Grids of Brown Dwarfs: Application to GJ 570D and the Epsilon Indi B Binary System
    text, January 2020

    • Oreshenko, Maria; Kitzmann, Daniel; Márquez-Neila, Pablo
    • American Astronomical Society
    • DOI: 10.7892/boris.142620

    Spectral and atmospheric characterization of 51 Eridani b using VLT/SPHERE
    journal, July 2017

    Visible and Near-infrared Laboratory Demonstration of a Simplified Pyramid Wavefront Sensor
    journal, March 2019

    • Lozi, Julien; Jovanovic, Nemanja; Guyon, Olivier
    • Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 131, Issue 998
    • DOI: 10.1088/1538-3873/ab046a

    The metal-rich atmosphere of the exo-Neptune HAT-P-26b
    journal, March 2019

    • MacDonald, Ryan J.; Madhusudhan, Nikku
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 486, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz789

    The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics from 10 to 100 au
    text, January 2019

    • Nielsen, El; De Rosa, Rj; Macintosh, B.
    • Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
    • DOI: 10.17863/cam.39168

    Characterizing 51 Eri b from 1 to 5 μ m: A Partly Cloudy Exoplanet
    journal, June 2017

    • Rajan, Abhijith; Rameau, Julien; Rosa, Robert J. De
    • The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 154, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/aa74db

    Direct Imaging of the HD 35841 Debris Disk: A Polarized Dust Ring from Gemini Planet Imager and an Outer Halo from HST /STIS
    journal, July 2018

    • Esposito, Thomas M.; Duchêne, Gaspard; Kalas, Paul
    • The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 156, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/aacbc9

    Atmospheric Characterization of Directly Imaged Exoplanets with JWST /MIRI
    journal, November 2018

    • Danielski, Camilla; Baudino, Jean-Loup; Lagage, Pierre-Olivier
    • The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 156, Issue 6
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/aae651

    The LEECH Exoplanet Imaging Survey: Limits on Planet Occurrence Rates under Conservative Assumptions
    journal, November 2018

    • Stone, Jordan M.; Skemer, Andrew J.; Hinz, Philip M.
    • The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 156, Issue 6
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/aaec00

    Constraints on the Occurrence and Distribution of 1–20 M Jup Companions to Stars at Separations of 5–5000 au from a Compilation of Direct Imaging Surveys
    journal, October 2019

    • Baron, Frédérique; Lafrenière, David; Artigau, Étienne
    • The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 158, Issue 5
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab4130

    A Self-consistent Cloud Model for Brown Dwarfs and Young Giant Exoplanets: Comparison with Photometric and Spectroscopic Observations
    journal, February 2018

    BANYAN. XI. The BANYAN Σ Multivariate Bayesian Algorithm to Identify Members of Young Associations with 150 pc
    journal, March 2018

    • Gagné, Jonathan; Mamajek, Eric E.; Malo, Lison
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 856, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaae09

    Constraining Gas-phase Carbon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen in the IM Lup Protoplanetary Disk
    journal, October 2018

    • Ilsedore Cleeves, L.; Öberg, Karin I.; Wilner, David J.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 865, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aade96

    Discovery of a warm, dusty giant planet around HIP 65426
    text, January 2017

    The evolution of gas giant entropy during formation by runaway accretion
    text, January 2017

    • Berardo, David; Cumming, Andrew; Marleau, Gabriel-Dominique
    • Institute of Physics Publishing IOP
    • DOI: 10.7892/boris.112775

    Evolutionary models of cold and low-mass planets: cooling curves, magnitudes, and detectability
    text, January 2019

    Sulfur Hazes in Giant Exoplanet Atmospheres: Impacts on Reflected Light Spectra
    journal, March 2017

    GPI Spectra of HR 8799 c, d, and e from 1.5 to 2.4 μ m with KLIP Forward Modeling
    journal, May 2018

    • Greenbaum, Alexandra Z.; Pueyo, Laurent; Ruffio, Jean-Baptiste
    • The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 155, Issue 6
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/aabcb8

    An L+T Spectral Binary with Possible AB Doradus Kinematics
    journal, February 2018

    • Gagliuffi, Daniella C. Bardalez; Gagné, Jonathan; Faherty, Jacqueline K.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 854, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaa961

    A chemical survey of exoplanets with ARIEL
    text, January 2018

    • Giovanna, Tinetti,; Pierre, Drossart,; Paul, Eccleston,
    • Springer
    • DOI: 10.5167/uzh-157103

    Imaging Extrasolar Giant Planets
    text, January 2016

    The Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. II. Young Ultracool Field Dwarfs
    text, January 2016

    An L+T Spectral Binary with Possible AB Doradus Kinematics
    text, January 2018

    GPI Spectroscopy of the Mass, Age, and Metallicity Benchmark Brown Dwarf HD 4747 B
    text, January 2018

    Characterization of Exoplanet Atmospheres with the Optical Coronagraph on WFIRST
    text, January 2018

    Spitzer Light Curves of the Young, Planetary-Mass TW Hya Members 2MASS J11193254-1137466AB and WISEA J114724.10-204021.3
    text, January 2018

    SAFARI I: A SPHERE discovery of a super metal-rich M dwarf companion to the star HD 86006
    text, January 2018

    MagAO-X: project status and first laboratory results
    preprint, January 2018

    Constraining Gas-Phase Carbon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen in the IM Lup Protoplanetary Disk
    text, January 2018

    Atmospheric characterization of directly imaged exoplanets with JWST/MIRI
    text, January 2018

    STIM map: detection map for exoplanets imaging beyond asymptotic Gaussian residual speckle noise
    text, January 2018

    Single conjugate adaptive optics for the ELT instrument METIS
    text, January 2018

    The GJ 504 system revisited: Combining interferometric, radial velocity, and high contrast imaging data
    text, January 2018

    Chinese Medicinal Leech: Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Activities
    journal, January 2016

    • Dong, Han; Ren, Ji-Xiang; Wang, Jing-Jing
    • Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Vol. 2016
    • DOI: 10.1155/2016/7895935

    Seeing the unseen of Chinese herbal medicine processing (Paozhi): advances in new perspectives
    journal, January 2018

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