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Title: Polarimetry with the Gemini Planet Imager. Methods, performance at first light, and the circumstellar ring around HR 4796A

Abstract

We present the first results from the polarimetry mode of the Gemini Planet Imager (GPI), which uses a new integral field polarimetry architecture to provide high contrast linear polarimetry with minimal systematic biases between the orthogonal polarizations. We describe the design, data reduction methods, and performance of polarimetry with GPI. Point spread function subtraction via di erential polarimetry suppresses unpolarized starlight by a factor of over 100, and provides sensitivity to circumstellar dust reaching the photon noise limit for these observations. In the case of the circumstellar disk around HR 4796A, GPI's advanced adaptive optics system reveals the disk clearly even prior to PSF subtraction. In polarized light, the disk is seen all the way in to its semi-minor axis for the first time. The disk exhibits surprisingly strong asymmetry in polarized intensity, with the west side ≳ 9 times brighter than the east side despite the fact that the east side is slightly brighter in total intensity. Based on a synthesis of the total and polarized intensities, we now believe that the west side is closer to us, contrary to most prior interpretations. Forward scattering by relatively large silicate dust particles leads to the strong polarized intensity on themore » west side, and the ring must be slightly optically thick in order to explain the lower brightness in total intensity there. These findings suggest that the ring is geometrically narrow and dynamically cold, perhaps shepherded by larger bodies in the same manner as Saturn's F ring.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [3];  [4];  [5];  [6];  [5];  [7];  [8];  [9];  [4];  [10];  [6];  [11];  [12];  [12];  [6];  [9];  [9];  [9] more »;  [13];  [12];  [3];  [4];  [3];  [14];  [12];  [5];  [15];  [16];  [8];  [17];  [8];  [1];  [9];  [9];  [12];  [18];  [1];  [1];  [19];  [20];  [21];  [5];  [22] « less
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD (United States)
  2. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (France); CNRS, Institut de Planetologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, Grenoble (France)
  3. Univ. of Toronto, ON (Canada)
  4. Univ. of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA (United States)
  5. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
  6. Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, CA (United States)
  7. Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Stanford Univ., CA (United States). Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
  8. Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
  9. Gemini Observatory, La Serena (Chile)
  10. Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ (United States). School of Earth and Space Exploration; Univ. of Exeter, Exeter (United Kingdom)
  11. Univ. of Montreal, Quebec (Canada)
  12. National Research Council of Canada Herzberg, Victoria, BC (Canada)
  13. Stanford Univ., CA (United States). Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology; Univ. of Montreal, Quebec (Canada)
  14. SETI Inst., Mountain View, CA (United States). Carl Sagan Center
  15. Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (United States)
  16. American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), New York, NY (United States)
  17. Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ (United States). School of Earth and Space Exploration
  18. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States). Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
  19. Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA (United States)
  20. NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Moffett Field, Mountain View, CA (United States)
  21. California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States). Jet Propulsion Lab.
  22. Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD (United States); Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD (United States). Department of Physics and Astronomy
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE
OSTI Identifier:
1253148
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1249153
Report Number(s):
LLNL-JRNL-663581-DRAFT
Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC52-07NA27344
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal (Online)
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal (Online); Journal Volume: 799; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357
Publisher:
Institute of Physics (IOP)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; 47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION; circumstellar matter; instrumentation: adaptive optics; instrumentation; high angular resolution; instrumentation: polarimeters; polarization; stars; individual (HR 4796A)

Citation Formats

Perrin, Marshall D., Duchene, Gaspard, Millar-Blanchaer, Max, Fitzgerald, Michael P., Graham, James R., Wiktorowicz, Sloane J., Kalas, Paul G., Macintosh, Bruce, Bauman, Brian, Cardwell, Andrew, Chilcote, Jeffrey, De Rosa, Robert J., Dillon, Daren, Doyon, René, Dunn, Jennifer, Erikson, Darren, Gavel, Donald, Goodsell, Stephen, Hartung, Markus, Hibon, Pascale, Ingraham, Patrick, Kerley, Daniel, Konapacky, Quinn, Larkin, James E., Maire, Jérôme, Marchis, Franck, Marois, Christian, Mittal, Tushar, Morzinski, Katie M., Oppenheimer, B. R., Palmer, David W., Patience, Jennifer, Poyneer, Lisa, Pueyo, Laurent, Rantakyrö, Fredrik T., Sadakuni, Naru, Saddlemyer, Leslie, Savransky, Dmitry, Soummer, Rémi, Sivaramakrishnan, Anand, Song, Inseok, Thomas, Sandrine, Wallace, J. Kent, Wang, Jason J., and Wolff, Schuyler G. Polarimetry with the Gemini Planet Imager. Methods, performance at first light, and the circumstellar ring around HR 4796A. United States: N. p., 2015. Web. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/799/2/182.
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Perrin, Marshall D., Duchene, Gaspard, Millar-Blanchaer, Max, Fitzgerald, Michael P., Graham, James R., Wiktorowicz, Sloane J., Kalas, Paul G., Macintosh, Bruce, Bauman, Brian, Cardwell, Andrew, Chilcote, Jeffrey, De Rosa, Robert J., Dillon, Daren, Doyon, René, Dunn, Jennifer, Erikson, Darren, Gavel, Donald, Goodsell, Stephen, Hartung, Markus, Hibon, Pascale, Ingraham, Patrick, Kerley, Daniel, Konapacky, Quinn, Larkin, James E., Maire, Jérôme, Marchis, Franck, Marois, Christian, Mittal, Tushar, Morzinski, Katie M., Oppenheimer, B. R., Palmer, David W., Patience, Jennifer, Poyneer, Lisa, Pueyo, Laurent, Rantakyrö, Fredrik T., Sadakuni, Naru, Saddlemyer, Leslie, Savransky, Dmitry, Soummer, Rémi, Sivaramakrishnan, Anand, Song, Inseok, Thomas, Sandrine, Wallace, J. Kent, Wang, Jason J., & Wolff, Schuyler G. Polarimetry with the Gemini Planet Imager. Methods, performance at first light, and the circumstellar ring around HR 4796A. United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/799/2/182
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Perrin, Marshall D., Duchene, Gaspard, Millar-Blanchaer, Max, Fitzgerald, Michael P., Graham, James R., Wiktorowicz, Sloane J., Kalas, Paul G., Macintosh, Bruce, Bauman, Brian, Cardwell, Andrew, Chilcote, Jeffrey, De Rosa, Robert J., Dillon, Daren, Doyon, René, Dunn, Jennifer, Erikson, Darren, Gavel, Donald, Goodsell, Stephen, Hartung, Markus, Hibon, Pascale, Ingraham, Patrick, Kerley, Daniel, Konapacky, Quinn, Larkin, James E., Maire, Jérôme, Marchis, Franck, Marois, Christian, Mittal, Tushar, Morzinski, Katie M., Oppenheimer, B. R., Palmer, David W., Patience, Jennifer, Poyneer, Lisa, Pueyo, Laurent, Rantakyrö, Fredrik T., Sadakuni, Naru, Saddlemyer, Leslie, Savransky, Dmitry, Soummer, Rémi, Sivaramakrishnan, Anand, Song, Inseok, Thomas, Sandrine, Wallace, J. Kent, Wang, Jason J., and Wolff, Schuyler G. Wed . "Polarimetry with the Gemini Planet Imager. Methods, performance at first light, and the circumstellar ring around HR 4796A". United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/799/2/182. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1253148.
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@article{osti_1253148,
title = {Polarimetry with the Gemini Planet Imager. Methods, performance at first light, and the circumstellar ring around HR 4796A},
author = {Perrin, Marshall D. and Duchene, Gaspard and Millar-Blanchaer, Max and Fitzgerald, Michael P. and Graham, James R. and Wiktorowicz, Sloane J. and Kalas, Paul G. and Macintosh, Bruce and Bauman, Brian and Cardwell, Andrew and Chilcote, Jeffrey and De Rosa, Robert J. and Dillon, Daren and Doyon, René and Dunn, Jennifer and Erikson, Darren and Gavel, Donald and Goodsell, Stephen and Hartung, Markus and Hibon, Pascale and Ingraham, Patrick and Kerley, Daniel and Konapacky, Quinn and Larkin, James E. and Maire, Jérôme and Marchis, Franck and Marois, Christian and Mittal, Tushar and Morzinski, Katie M. and Oppenheimer, B. R. and Palmer, David W. and Patience, Jennifer and Poyneer, Lisa and Pueyo, Laurent and Rantakyrö, Fredrik T. and Sadakuni, Naru and Saddlemyer, Leslie and Savransky, Dmitry and Soummer, Rémi and Sivaramakrishnan, Anand and Song, Inseok and Thomas, Sandrine and Wallace, J. Kent and Wang, Jason J. and Wolff, Schuyler G.},
abstractNote = {We present the first results from the polarimetry mode of the Gemini Planet Imager (GPI), which uses a new integral field polarimetry architecture to provide high contrast linear polarimetry with minimal systematic biases between the orthogonal polarizations. We describe the design, data reduction methods, and performance of polarimetry with GPI. Point spread function subtraction via di erential polarimetry suppresses unpolarized starlight by a factor of over 100, and provides sensitivity to circumstellar dust reaching the photon noise limit for these observations. In the case of the circumstellar disk around HR 4796A, GPI's advanced adaptive optics system reveals the disk clearly even prior to PSF subtraction. In polarized light, the disk is seen all the way in to its semi-minor axis for the first time. The disk exhibits surprisingly strong asymmetry in polarized intensity, with the west side ≳ 9 times brighter than the east side despite the fact that the east side is slightly brighter in total intensity. Based on a synthesis of the total and polarized intensities, we now believe that the west side is closer to us, contrary to most prior interpretations. Forward scattering by relatively large silicate dust particles leads to the strong polarized intensity on the west side, and the ring must be slightly optically thick in order to explain the lower brightness in total intensity there. These findings suggest that the ring is geometrically narrow and dynamically cold, perhaps shepherded by larger bodies in the same manner as Saturn's F ring.},
doi = {10.1088/0004-637x/799/2/182},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal (Online)},
number = 2,
volume = 799,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 EST 2015},
month = {Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 EST 2015}
}
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Cited by: 108 works
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Figures / Tables:

Figure 1 Figure 1: Conceptual cartoons of a traditional AO polarimeter and the integral field polarimetry architecture developed for GPI, indicating the order of the various optical components. These figures are highly simplified, with many optics omitted and others shown as transmissive even though in practice most are reflective. Upper panel: Inmore » a conventional AO polarimeter, the orthogonally polarized PSFs are similar but not identical due to non-common-path wavefront errors and the wavelength dependence of the Wollaston prism’s birefringence; modulation with a rotating waveplate mitigates these differences. The data shown here for the conventional AO polarimeter are observed PSFs from the Lyot Project coronagraph at the AEOS 3.6 m (Hinkley et al. 2009). Lower panel: In an integral field polarimeter, the light is optically divided by the lenslet array prior to any dispersion, largely eliminating sensitivity to non-common-path errors and chromatic birefringence and thus producing a difference image with speckles highly suppressed.« less
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The Gemini NICI planet-finding campaign: The offset ring of HR 4796 A
journal, July 2014

Gemini planet imager observational calibrations VIII: characterization and role of satellite spots
conference, July 2014

  • Wang, Jason J.; Rajan, Abhijith; Graham, James R.
  • SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, SPIE Proceedings
  • DOI: 10.1117/12.2055753

The linear polarization of quasi-stellar radio sources at 3.71 and 11.1 centimeters
journal, December 1974

  • Wardle, J. F. C.; Kronberg, P. P.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 194
  • DOI: 10.1086/153240

Systematic variations in the wavelength dependence of interstellar linear polarization
journal, February 1992

  • Whittet, D. C. B.; Martin, P. G.; Hough, J. H.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 386
  • DOI: 10.1086/171039

Gemini planet imager observational calibrations VII: on-sky polarimetric performance of the Gemini planet imager
conference, July 2014

  • Wiktorowicz, Sloane J.; Millar-Blanchaer, Max; Perrin, Marshall D.
  • SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, SPIE Proceedings
  • DOI: 10.1117/12.2056616

The wavelength dependence of interstellar linear polarization
journal, February 1980

  • Wilking, B. A.; Lebofsky, M. J.; Kemp, J. C.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 235
  • DOI: 10.1086/157694

Protoplanetary Disks and Their Evolution
journal, September 2011

How Observations of Circumstellar Disk Asymmetries Can Reveal Hidden Planets: Pericenter Glow and Its Application to the HR 4796 Disk
journal, December 1999

  • Wyatt, M. C.; Dermott, S. F.; Telesco, C. M.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 527, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1086/308093

Dusty Debris Disks as Signposts of Planets: Implications for Spitzer Space Telescope
journal, March 2004

  • Zuckerman, B.; Song, Inseok
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 603, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1086/381700

Debris disks as signposts of terrestrial planet formation
journal, May 2011

Laser guide star adaptive optics imaging polarimetry of Herbig Ae/Be stars
conference, October 2004

  • Perrin, Marshall D.; Graham, James R.; Kalas, Paul
  • SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, SPIE Proceedings
  • DOI: 10.1117/12.551932

On the stratified dust distribution of the GG Tau circumbinary ring
text, January 2007

Discovery of an extended debris disk around the F2V star HD 15745
text, January 2007

Outer edges of debris discs: how sharp is sharp?
text, January 2008

Complex Organic Materials in the HR 4796A Disk?
text, January 2008

Protoplanetary Disks and Their Evolution
text, January 2011

Deriving Telescope Mueller Matrices Using Daytime Sky Polarization Observations
text, January 2011

Bayesian analysis of polarization measurements
text, January 2012

Mapping H-band Scattered Light Emission in the Mysterious SR21 Transitional Disk
text, January 2013

Modeling Self-Subtraction in Angular Differential Imaging: Application to the HD 32297 Debris Disk
text, January 2013

The Gemini NICI Planet-Finding Campaign: The Offset Ring of HR 4796 A
text, January 2014

Gemini Planet Imager Observational Calibrations I: Overview of the GPI Data Reduction Pipeline
text, January 2014

Gemini Planet Imager One Button Approach
text, January 2014

Near-infrared imaging polarimetry of the GG Tau circumbinary ring
text, January 2000

Imaging Polarimetric Observations of a New Circumstellar Disk System
text, January 2001

The Signature of Primordial Grain Growth in the Polarized Light of the AU Mic Debris Disk
text, January 2006

A dust disk surrounding the young A star HR4796A
text, January 1998

NICMOS Imaging of the HR 4796A Circumstellar Disk
text, January 1999

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    Works referencing / citing this record:

    The SHARDDS survey: First resolved image of the HD 114082 debris disk in the Lower Centaurus Crux with SPHERE
    journal, November 2016

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    Two cold belts in the debris disk around the G-type star NZ Lupi
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    Optical polarised phase function of the HR 4796A dust ring
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    Dust production in the debris disk around HR 4796 A
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    POLICAN: A Near-infrared Imaging Polarimeter at the 2.1m OAGH Telescope
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    Astronomical Polarimetry with the RIT Polarization Imaging Camera
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    ALMA observations of the narrow HR 4796A debris ring
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    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty135

    Automated data processing architecture for the Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey
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    • Wang, Jason J.; Perrin, Marshall D.; Savransky, Dmitry
    • Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems, Vol. 4, Issue 01
    • DOI: 10.1117/1.jatis.4.1.018002

    GPI observational calibrations XIV: polarimetric contrasts and new data reduction techniques
    conference, August 2016

    • Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A.; Perrin, Marshall D.; Hung, Li-Wei
    • SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, SPIE Proceedings
    • DOI: 10.1117/12.2233071

    Gemini Planet Imager observational calibrations XI: pipeline improvements and enhanced calibrations after two years on sky
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    • SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, SPIE Proceedings
    • DOI: 10.1117/12.2233197

    IMAGING AN 80 au RADIUS DUST RING AROUND THE F5V STAR HD 157587
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    • DOI: 10.3847/0004-6256/152/5/128

    Complex Spiral Structure in the HD 100546 Transitional Disk as Revealed by GPI and MagAO
    journal, May 2017

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    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/aa6d85

    The HR 4796A Debris System: Discovery of Extensive Exo-ring Dust Material
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    • The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 155, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/aaa3f3

    Direct Imaging of the HD 35841 Debris Disk: A Polarized Dust Ring from Gemini Planet Imager and an Outer Halo from HST /STIS
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    • Esposito, Thomas M.; Duchêne, Gaspard; Kalas, Paul
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    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/aacbc9

    Performance of the Gemini Planet Imager Non-redundant Mask and Spectroscopy of Two Close-separation Binaries: HR 2690 and HD 142527
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    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab17db

    First Resolved Scattered-light Images of Four Debris Disks in Scorpius-Centaurus with the Gemini Planet Imager
    journal, January 2020

    • Hom, Justin; Patience, Jennifer; Esposito, Thomas M.
    • The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 159, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab5af2

    Imaging the 44 au Kuiper Belt Analog Debris Ring around HD 141569A with GPI Polarimetry
    journal, January 2020

    • Bruzzone, Juan Sebastián; Metchev, Stanimir; Duchêne, Gaspard
    • The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 159, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab5d2e

    Dust Polarization toward Embedded Protostars in Ophiuchus with ALMA. I. VLA 1623
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    • Sadavoy, Sarah I.; Myers, Philip C.; Stephens, Ian W.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 859, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aac21a

    Multiple Spiral Arms in the Disk around Intermediate-mass Binary HD 34700A
    journal, February 2019

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    An Exo–Kuiper Belt with an Extended Halo around HD 191089 in Scattered Light
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    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 882, Issue 1
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    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 888, Issue 1
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    Dust production in the debris disk around HR 4796 A
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    • Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
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    The SHARDDS survey: First resolved image of the HD 114082 debris disk in the Lower Centaurus Crux with SPHERE
    text, January 2016

    • Wahhaj, Z.; Milli, J.; Kennedy, Grant
    • Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
    • DOI: 10.17863/cam.9145

    ALMA observations of the narrow HR 4796A debris ring
    text, January 2018

    • Kennedy, Grant; Marino Estay, Sebastian; Matrà, L.
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    Exocometary gas in the HD 181327 debris ring
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    • Marino, S.; Matrà, L.; Stark, C.
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    Dust production in the debris disk around HR 4796 A
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    Direct imaging of an asymmetric debris disk in the HD 106906 planetary system
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    Imaging an 80 AU Radius Dust Ring Around the F5V Star HD 157587
    text, January 2016

    Astronomical Polarimetry with the RIT Polarization Imaging Camera
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    The HR 4796A Debris System: Discovery of Extensive Exo-Ring Dust Material
    text, January 2017

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    Dust Polarization Toward Embedded Protostars in Ophiuchus with ALMA. I. VLA 1623
    text, January 2018

    Optical polarized phase function of the HR\,4796A dust ring
    text, January 2019

    An Exo-Kuiper Belt and An Extended Halo around HD 191089 in Scattered Light
    text, January 2019

    Dust production in the debris disk around HR 4796 A
    text, January 2019

    Imaging the 44 AU Kuiper Belt-analogue debris ring around HD 141569A with GPI polarimetry
    text, January 2019

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      Table 1 (p. 9)table
      Figure 7 (p. 10)figure
      Figure 8 (p. 11)figure
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      Figure 9 (p. 12)figure
      Figure 11 (p. 13)figure
      Table 2 (p. 15)table
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