Snowpack-climate manipulation using infrared heaters in subalpine forests of the Southern Rocky Mountains, USA
Abstract
Effects of infrared heaters on snow accumulation, snowmelt, and snow–atmosphere energy exchange were examined at Niwot Ridge, Colorado (CO) and compared to a naturally warmer, but otherwise similar subalpine site in the Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico (NM). Observed snow accumulation was 30% lower on average and snow melted out 16 days earlier in the heated plots compared to the controls. Soil temperature during snowmelt was 3 °C greater on average and soil moisture was 4% lower on average in heated plots compared to controls. In NM, snow accumulation was 23% lower, snow melted 23 days earlier, soil temperature was 0.6 °C greater, and soil moisture was 13% lower on average relative to CO controls. In order to estimate differences in energy and mass balance fluxes at the snow–atmosphere interface in control versus warmer plots, the 1-D, physically based snowmelt model, SNOWPACK, was used. Model results indicated that heaters alter radiative, turbulent and mass fluxes by amounts comparable to the differences between CO and NM fluxes. The proportion of the energy flux associated with latent heat exchange during snowmelt was 9–27% of the total energy flux in heated models and 19–22% of NM models compared to 3–7% in controlmore »
- Authors:
-
- Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States). Inst. of Arctic and Alpine Research
- Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States). Dept. of Geography, Inst. of Arctic and Alpine Research; California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), La Canada Flintridge, CA (United States). Jet Propulsion Lab.
- Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States). Dept. of Geography
- Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK (Canada)
- Univ. of California, Merced, CA (United States). Sierra Nevada Research Inst.
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1512184
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1249757
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-05CH11231
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 203; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0168-1923
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; Snow; Subalpine; Modeling; Climate change; Climate manipulation experiment; IR heaters
Citation Formats
Meromy, Leah, Molotch, Noah P., Williams, Mark W., Musselman, Keith N., and Kueppers, Lara M. Snowpack-climate manipulation using infrared heaters in subalpine forests of the Southern Rocky Mountains, USA. United States: N. p., 2015.
Web. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.12.015.
Meromy, Leah, Molotch, Noah P., Williams, Mark W., Musselman, Keith N., & Kueppers, Lara M. Snowpack-climate manipulation using infrared heaters in subalpine forests of the Southern Rocky Mountains, USA. United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.12.015
Meromy, Leah, Molotch, Noah P., Williams, Mark W., Musselman, Keith N., and Kueppers, Lara M. Tue .
"Snowpack-climate manipulation using infrared heaters in subalpine forests of the Southern Rocky Mountains, USA". United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.12.015. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1512184.
@article{osti_1512184,
title = {Snowpack-climate manipulation using infrared heaters in subalpine forests of the Southern Rocky Mountains, USA},
author = {Meromy, Leah and Molotch, Noah P. and Williams, Mark W. and Musselman, Keith N. and Kueppers, Lara M.},
abstractNote = {Effects of infrared heaters on snow accumulation, snowmelt, and snow–atmosphere energy exchange were examined at Niwot Ridge, Colorado (CO) and compared to a naturally warmer, but otherwise similar subalpine site in the Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico (NM). Observed snow accumulation was 30% lower on average and snow melted out 16 days earlier in the heated plots compared to the controls. Soil temperature during snowmelt was 3 °C greater on average and soil moisture was 4% lower on average in heated plots compared to controls. In NM, snow accumulation was 23% lower, snow melted 23 days earlier, soil temperature was 0.6 °C greater, and soil moisture was 13% lower on average relative to CO controls. In order to estimate differences in energy and mass balance fluxes at the snow–atmosphere interface in control versus warmer plots, the 1-D, physically based snowmelt model, SNOWPACK, was used. Model results indicated that heaters alter radiative, turbulent and mass fluxes by amounts comparable to the differences between CO and NM fluxes. The proportion of the energy flux associated with latent heat exchange during snowmelt was 9–27% of the total energy flux in heated models and 19–22% of NM models compared to 3–7% in control models. Thus, sublimation loss to the atmosphere was greater in both experimentally and naturally warmer cases relative to the control case. We conclude that IR heaters can provide alterations to the timing and magnitude of snow accumulation and snowmelt consistent with conditions observed at a warmer analog site and with climate and hydrology model projections. Finally, impacts of IR heating on energy partitioning and sublimation should be considered when designing manipulations of the snowpack, as reductions in snowmelt water may alter biological or ecological processes.},
doi = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.12.015},
journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
number = C,
volume = 203,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 EST 2015},
month = {Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 EST 2015}
}
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Cited by: 17 works
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Figures / Tables:
Fig. 1: Niwot Ridge, CO and Valles Caldera National Preserve, NM site locations.
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Observations and simulations of the seasonal evolution of snowpack cold content and its relation to snowmelt and the snowpack energy budget
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- Jennings, Keith S.; Kittel, Timothy G. F.; Molotch, Noah P.
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