Measurement of muon annual modulation and muon-induced phosphorescence in NaI(Tl) crystals with DM-Ice17
Abstract
We report the measurement of muons and muon-induced phosphorescence in DM-Ice17, a NaI(Tl) direct detection dark matter experiment at the South Pole. Muon interactions in the crystal are identified by their observed pulse shape and large energy depositions. The measured muon rate in DM-Ice17 is 2.93±0.04 μ/crystal/day with a modulation amplitude of 12.3±1.7%, consistent with expectation. Following muon interactions, we observe long-lived phosphorescence in the NaI(Tl) crystals with a decay time of 5.5±0.5 s. The prompt energy deposited by a muon is correlated to the amount of delayed phosphorescence, the brightest of which consist of tens of millions of photons. These photons are distributed over tens of seconds with a rate and arrival timing that do not mimic a scintillation signal above 2 keVee. Furthermore, while the properties of phosphorescence vary among individual crystals, the annually modulating signal observed by DAMA cannot be accounted for by phosphorescence with the characteristics observed in DM-Ice17.
- Authors:
-
more »
- Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, Stoughton, WI (United States)
- Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB (Canada)
- Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)
- Yale Univ., New Haven, CT (United States)
- Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)
- Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States); Yale Univ., New Haven, CT (United States)
- Univ. of Sheffield, Sheffield (United Kingdom)
- STFC Boulby Underground Science Facility, Cleveland (United Kingdom)
- Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP); USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
- Contributing Org.:
- DM-Ice
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1249199
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1236545
- Report Number(s):
- FERMILAB-PUB-15-531-AE; arXiv:1509.02486
Journal ID: ISSN 2470-0010; PRVDAQ; 1392437
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-07CH11359; FC52-08NA28752
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Physical Review D
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 93; Journal Issue: 4; Journal ID: ISSN 2470-0010
- Publisher:
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; 46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS; DM-Ice; sodium iodide; muons; phosphorescence; annual modulation; dark matter; direct detection; WIMP; South Pole; IceCube
Citation Formats
Cherwinka, J., Grant, D., Halzen, F., Heeger, K. M., Hsu, L., A. J. F. Hubbard, Karle, A., Kauer, M., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Lim, K. E., Macdonald, C., Maruyama, R. H., Paling, S., Pettus, W., Pierpoint, Z. P., Reilly, B. N., Robinson, M., Sandstrom, P., N. J.C. Spooner, Telfer, S., and Yang, L. Measurement of muon annual modulation and muon-induced phosphorescence in NaI(Tl) crystals with DM-Ice17. United States: N. p., 2016.
Web. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.93.042001.
Cherwinka, J., Grant, D., Halzen, F., Heeger, K. M., Hsu, L., A. J. F. Hubbard, Karle, A., Kauer, M., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Lim, K. E., Macdonald, C., Maruyama, R. H., Paling, S., Pettus, W., Pierpoint, Z. P., Reilly, B. N., Robinson, M., Sandstrom, P., N. J.C. Spooner, Telfer, S., & Yang, L. Measurement of muon annual modulation and muon-induced phosphorescence in NaI(Tl) crystals with DM-Ice17. United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.93.042001
Cherwinka, J., Grant, D., Halzen, F., Heeger, K. M., Hsu, L., A. J. F. Hubbard, Karle, A., Kauer, M., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Lim, K. E., Macdonald, C., Maruyama, R. H., Paling, S., Pettus, W., Pierpoint, Z. P., Reilly, B. N., Robinson, M., Sandstrom, P., N. J.C. Spooner, Telfer, S., and Yang, L. Mon .
"Measurement of muon annual modulation and muon-induced phosphorescence in NaI(Tl) crystals with DM-Ice17". United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.93.042001. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1249199.
@article{osti_1249199,
title = {Measurement of muon annual modulation and muon-induced phosphorescence in NaI(Tl) crystals with DM-Ice17},
author = {Cherwinka, J. and Grant, D. and Halzen, F. and Heeger, K. M. and Hsu, L. and A. J. F. Hubbard and Karle, A. and Kauer, M. and Kudryavtsev, V. A. and Lim, K. E. and Macdonald, C. and Maruyama, R. H. and Paling, S. and Pettus, W. and Pierpoint, Z. P. and Reilly, B. N. and Robinson, M. and Sandstrom, P. and N. J.C. Spooner and Telfer, S. and Yang, L.},
abstractNote = {We report the measurement of muons and muon-induced phosphorescence in DM-Ice17, a NaI(Tl) direct detection dark matter experiment at the South Pole. Muon interactions in the crystal are identified by their observed pulse shape and large energy depositions. The measured muon rate in DM-Ice17 is 2.93±0.04 μ/crystal/day with a modulation amplitude of 12.3±1.7%, consistent with expectation. Following muon interactions, we observe long-lived phosphorescence in the NaI(Tl) crystals with a decay time of 5.5±0.5 s. The prompt energy deposited by a muon is correlated to the amount of delayed phosphorescence, the brightest of which consist of tens of millions of photons. These photons are distributed over tens of seconds with a rate and arrival timing that do not mimic a scintillation signal above 2 keVee. Furthermore, while the properties of phosphorescence vary among individual crystals, the annually modulating signal observed by DAMA cannot be accounted for by phosphorescence with the characteristics observed in DM-Ice17.},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.93.042001},
journal = {Physical Review D},
number = 4,
volume = 93,
place = {United States},
year = {Mon Feb 01 00:00:00 EST 2016},
month = {Mon Feb 01 00:00:00 EST 2016}
}
Web of Science
Works referenced in this record:
Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters
journal, October 2014
- Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N.; Armitage-Caplan, C.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 571
Cosmological constraints on the properties of weakly interacting massive particles
journal, January 1985
- Steigman, Gary; Turner, Michael S.
- Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 253
Particle dark matter: evidence, candidates and constraints
journal, January 2005
- Bertone, Gianfranco; Hooper, Dan; Silk, Joseph
- Physics Reports, Vol. 405, Issue 5-6
Detectability of certain dark-matter candidates
journal, June 1985
- Goodman, Mark W.; Witten, Edward
- Physical Review D, Vol. 31, Issue 12
Detecting cold dark-matter candidates
journal, June 1986
- Drukier, Andrzej K.; Freese, Katherine; Spergel, David N.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 33, Issue 12
Colloquium : Annual modulation of dark matter
journal, November 2013
- Freese, Katherine; Lisanti, Mariangela; Savage, Christopher
- Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 85, Issue 4
Final model independent result of DAMA/LIBRA–phase1
journal, November 2013
- Bernabei, R.; Belli, P.; Cappella, F.
- The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 73, Issue 12
First Results from the LUX Dark Matter Experiment at the Sanford Underground Research Facility
journal, March 2014
- Akerib, D. S.; Araújo, H. M.; Bai, X.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 112, Issue 9
Combined limits on WIMPs from the CDMS and EDELWEISS experiments
journal, July 2011
- Ahmed, Z.; Akerib, D. S.; Armengaud, E.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 84, Issue 1
Dark Matter Results from 225 Live Days of XENON100 Data
journal, November 2012
- Aprile, E.; Alfonsi, M.; Arisaka, K.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 109, Issue 18
Search for Low-Mass Weakly Interacting Massive Particles with SuperCDMS
journal, June 2014
- Agnese, R.; Anderson, A. J.; Asai, M.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 112, Issue 24
Results on low mass WIMPs using an upgraded CRESST-II detector
journal, December 2014
- Angloher, G.; Bento, A.; Bucci, C.
- The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 74, Issue 12
Low-mass dark matter search results from full exposure of the PandaX-I experiment
journal, September 2015
- Xiao, Xiang; Chen, Xun; Tan, Andi
- Physical Review D, Vol. 92, Issue 5
Dark Matter Search Results from the PICO-2L Bubble Chamber
journal, June 2015
- Amole, C.; Ardid, M.; Asner, D. M.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 114, Issue 23
Constraints on low-mass WIMP interactions on 19F from PICASSO
journal, May 2012
- Archambault, S.; Behnke, E.; Bhattacharjee, P.
- Physics Letters B, Vol. 711, Issue 2
First dark matter search results from a 4-kg bubble chamber operated in a deep underground site
journal, September 2012
- Behnke, E.; Behnke, J.; Brice, S. J.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 86, Issue 5
The SIMPLE Phase II dark matter search
journal, April 2014
- Felizardo, M.; Girard, T. A.; Morlat, T.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 89, Issue 7
A search for the dark matter annual modulation in South Pole ice
journal, June 2012
- Cherwinka, J.; Co, R.; Cowen, D. F.
- Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 35, Issue 11
From ANAIS-25 towards ANAIS-250
journal, January 2015
- Amaré, J.; Cebrián, S.; Cuesta, C.
- Physics Procedia, Vol. 61
Tests on NaI(Tl) crystals for WIMP search at the Yangyang Underground Laboratory
journal, March 2015
- Kim, K. W.; Kang, W. G.; Oh, S. Y.
- Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 62
SABRE: A New NaI(T1) Dark Matter Direct Detection Experiment
journal, January 2015
- Shields, Emily; Xu, Jingke; Calaprice, Frank
- Physics Procedia, Vol. 61
KamLAND-PICO Dark Mater Search Project
journal, January 2015
- Fushimi, K.; Awatani, Y.; Ejiri, H.
- Physics Procedia, Vol. 61
Fitting the Annual Modulation in DAMA with Neutrons from Muons and Neutrinos
journal, August 2014
- Davis, Jonathan H.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 113, Issue 8
No role for muons in the DAMA annual modulation results
journal, July 2012
- Bernabei, R.; Belli, P.; Cappella, F.
- The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 72, Issue 7
DAMA/LIBRA at Gran Sasso
journal, January 2012
- Bernabei, R.; Belli, P.; Di Marco, A.
- Physics Procedia, Vol. 37
No role for neutrons, muons and solar neutrinos in the DAMA annual modulation results
journal, December 2014
- Bernabei, R.; Belli, P.; Cappella, F.
- The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 74, Issue 12
The Gran Sasso muon puzzle
journal, July 2012
- Fernandez-Martinez, Enrique; Mahbubani, Rakhi
- Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2012, Issue 07
Muon-Induced Neutrons Do Not Explain the DAMA Data
journal, April 2015
- Klinger, J.; Kudryavtsev, V. A.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 114, Issue 15
The expected background spectrum in NaI dark matter detectors and the DAMA result
journal, March 2010
- Kudryavtsev, V. A.; Robinson, M.; Spooner, N. J. C.
- Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 33, Issue 2
Seasonal variations in the underground muon intensity as seen by MACRO
journal, June 1997
- Ambrosio, M.; Antolini, R.; Auriemma, G.
- Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 7, Issue 1-2
Observation of muon intensity variations by season with the MINOS far detector
journal, January 2010
- Adamson, P.; Andreopoulos, C.; Arms, K. E.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 81, Issue 1
Cosmic-muon flux and annual modulation in Borexino at 3800 m water-equivalent depth
journal, May 2012
- Bellini, G.; Benziger, J.; Bick, D.
- Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2012, Issue 05
IceCube
journal, October 2014
- Gaisser, Thomas; Halzen, Francis
- Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, Vol. 64, Issue 1
Evidence for Astrophysical Muon Neutrinos from the Northern Sky with IceCube
journal, August 2015
- Aartsen, M. G.; Abraham, K.; Ackermann, M.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 115, Issue 8
First Observation of PeV-Energy Neutrinos with IceCube
journal, July 2013
- Aartsen, M. G.; Abbasi, R.; Abdou, Y.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 111, Issue 2
Evidence for High-Energy Extraterrestrial Neutrinos at the IceCube Detector
journal, November 2013
- Collaboration, IceCube
- Science, Vol. 342, Issue 6161
The IceCube data acquisition system: Signal capture, digitization, and timestamping
journal, April 2009
- Abbasi, R.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.
- Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 601, Issue 3
Seasonal Variation of Atmospheric Leptons as a Probe of Charm
journal, September 2010
- Desiati, Paolo; Gaisser, Thomas K.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 105, Issue 12
The DAMA/LIBRA apparatus
journal, July 2008
- Bernabei, R.; Belli, P.; Bussolotti, A.
- Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 592, Issue 3
Slow scintillation time constants in NaI(Tl) for different interacting particles
journal, December 2013
- Cuesta, C.; Oliván, M. A.; Amaré, J.
- Optical Materials, Vol. 36, Issue 2
Muon flux at the geographical South Pole
journal, July 2006
- Bai, X.; Gaisser, T. K.; Karle, A.
- Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 25, Issue 6
Muon simulation codes MUSIC and MUSUN for underground physics
journal, March 2009
- Kudryavtsev, V. A.
- Computer Physics Communications, Vol. 180, Issue 3
Bulk NaI(Tl) scintillation low energy events selection with the ANAIS-0 module
journal, November 2014
- Cuesta, C.; Amaré, J.; Cebrián, S.
- The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 74, Issue 11
The Luminescent Decay of Various Crystals for Particles of Different Ionization Density
journal, March 1961
- Robertson, J. C.; Lynch, J. G.
- Proceedings of the Physical Society, Vol. 77, Issue 3
The investigation of the 0.15s phosphorescent component of NaI(Tl) and its application in scintillation counting
journal, April 1973
- Koički, S.; Koički, A.; Ajdačić, V.
- Nuclear Instruments and Methods, Vol. 108, Issue 2
Long-wave excitation of phosphorescence in NaI(Tl) and CsI(Tl)
journal, August 1971
- Froňka, O.
- Physica Status Solidi (a), Vol. 6, Issue 2
The Long-Lived Phosphorescent Components of Thallium-Activated Sodium Iodide
journal, March 1954
- Emigh, C. R.; Megill, L. R.
- Physical Review, Vol. 93, Issue 6
Long-lived phosphorescent components in NaI(T1) and CsI(T1)
journal, February 1968
- Delaney, C. F. G.; Lamki, A. M.
- The International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. 19, Issue 2
Kinetics of the diffusion of self-trapped holes in alkali halide scintillators
journal, July 1972
- Dietrich, H. B.; Murray, R. B.
- Journal of Luminescence, Vol. 5, Issue 3
Scintillations de luminescence dans les iodures d'alcalins
text, January 1952
- Rossel, J.; Bonanomi, J.
- Birkhäuser
Combined limits on WIMPs from the CDMS and EDELWEISS experiments
text, January 2011
- Z., Ahmed,; S., Akerib, D.; E., Armengaud,
- American Physical Society
Limits on spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon cross sections from 225 live days of XENON100 data
text, January 2013
- Collaboration, Xenon; Al, Et; Baudis, L.
- American Physical Society
Evidence for High-Energy Extraterrestrial Neutrinos at the IceCube Detector
text, January 2013
- Ackermann, Markus
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
Search for Dark Matter Annihilations in the Sun with the 79-String IceCube Detector
text, January 2013
- Aartsen, M. G.; Abbasi, R.; Abdou, Y.
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
First Observation of PeV-Energy Neutrinos with IceCube
text, January 2013
- Aartsen, M. G.; Abbasi, R.; Abdou, Y.
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
Dark matter results from 225 live days of XENON100 data
text, January 2012
- Collaboration, Xenon100; Baudis, L.; Behrens, A.
- American Physical Society
The expected background spectrum in NaI dark matter detectors and the DAMA result
journal, January 2010
- Kudryavtsev, V. A.; Robinson, M.; Spooner, N. J. C.
- Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 203
Observation of muon intensity variations by season with the MINOS far detector
text, January 2009
- Collaboration, The MINOS
- arXiv
The expected background spectrum in NaI dark matter detectors and the DAMA result
text, January 2009
- Kudryavtsev, V. A.; Robinson, M.; Spooner, N. J. C.
- arXiv
Seasonal variation of atmospheric leptons as a probe of charm
text, January 2010
- Desiati, Paolo; Gaisser, Thomas K.
- arXiv
No role for muons in the DAMA annual modulation results
text, January 2012
- Bernabei, R.; Belli, P.; Cappella, F.
- arXiv
New Limits on Interactions between Weakly Interacting Massive Particles and Nucleons Obtained with CsI(Tl) Crystal Detectors
text, January 2012
- Kim, S. C.; Bhang, H.; Choi, J. H.
- arXiv
Search for dark matter annihilations in the Sun with the 79-string IceCube detector
text, January 2012
- Collaboration, IceCube; Aartsen, M. G.; Abbasi, R.
- arXiv
Limits on spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon cross sections from 225 live days of XENON100 data
text, January 2013
- Collaboration, Xenon100; Aprile, E.; Alfonsi, M.
- arXiv
Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters
text, January 2013
- Collaboration, Planck; Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N.
- arXiv
Final model independent result of DAMA/LIBRA-phase1
text, January 2013
- Bernabei, R.; Belli, P.; Cappella, F.
- arXiv
Evidence for High-Energy Extraterrestrial Neutrinos at the IceCube Detector
text, January 2013
- Collaboration, IceCube; Aartsen, M. G.; Abbasi, R.
- arXiv
The SIMPLE Phase II Dark Matter Search
text, January 2014
- Felizardo, M.; Girard, Ta; Morlat, T.
- arXiv
Fitting the annual modulation in DAMA with neutrons from muons and neutrinos
text, January 2014
- Davis, Jonathan H.
- arXiv
Results on low mass WIMPs using an upgraded CRESST-II detector
text, January 2014
- Collaboration, Cresst; Angloher, G.; Bento, A.
- arXiv
Bulk NaI(Tl) scintillation low energy events selection with the ANAIS-0 module
text, January 2014
- Cuesta, C.; Amaré, J.; Cebrián, S.
- arXiv
Muon-induced neutrons do not explain the DAMA data
text, January 2015
- Klinger, J.; Kudryavtsev, V. A.
- arXiv
Low-mass dark matter search results from full exposure of PandaX-I experiment
text, January 2015
- Collaboration, PandaX; Xiao, Xiang; Chen, Xun
- arXiv
Muon Flux at the Geographical South Pole
text, January 2006
- Bai, X.; Gaisser, T. K.; Karle, A.
- arXiv
Particle Dark Matter: Evidence, Candidates and Constraints
text, January 2004
- Bertone, Gianfranco; Hooper, Dan; Silk, Joseph
- arXiv
Works referencing / citing this record:
Initial performance of the COSINE-100 experiment
journal, February 2018
- Adhikari, G.; Adhikari, P.; de Souza, E. Barbosa
- The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 78, Issue 2
Performance of ANAIS-112 experiment after the first year of data taking
journal, March 2019
- Amaré, J.; Cebrián, S.; Coarasa, I.
- The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 79, Issue 3
Performance of ANAIS-112 experiment after the first year of data taking
text, January 2018
- Amaré, J.; Cebrián, S.; Coarasa, I.
- arXiv