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Title: Modeling electron emission and surface effects from diamond cathodes

Abstract

We developed modeling capabilities, within the Vorpal particle-in-cell code, for three-dimensional (3D) simulations of surface effects and electron emission from semiconductor photocathodes. They include calculation of emission probabilities using general, piece-wise continuous, space-time dependent surface potentials, effective mass and band bending field effects. We applied these models, in combination with previously implemented capabilities for modeling charge generation and transport in diamond, to investigate the emission dependence on applied electric field in the range from approximately 2 MV/m to 17 MV/m along the [100] direction. The simulation results were compared to experimental data. For the considered parameter regime, conservation of transverse electron momentum (in the plane of the emission surface) allows direct emission from only two (parallel to [100]) of the six equivalent lowest conduction band valleys. When the electron affinity χ is the only parameter varied in the simulations, the value χ = 0.31 eV leads to overall qualitative agreement with the probability of emission deduced from experiments. Including band bending in the simulations improves the agreement with the experimental data, particularly at low applied fields, but not significantly. In this study, using surface potentials with different profiles further allows us to investigate the emission as a function of potentialmore » barrier height, width, and vacuum level position. However, adding surface patches with different levels of hydrogenation, modeled with position-dependent electron affinity, leads to the closest agreement with the experimental data.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [1];  [1];  [2];  [2];  [2];  [2]
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  1. Tech-X Corporation, Boulder, CO (United States)
  2. Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)
OSTI Identifier:
1183839
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1228522
Report Number(s):
BNL-107899-2015-JA
Journal ID: ISSN 0021-8979; JAPIAU; R&D Project: KBCH139; KB0202011; TRN: US1500516
Grant/Contract Number:  
SC00112704; SC0006246; SC0007577
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Journal of Applied Physics
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 117; Journal Issue: 5; Journal ID: ISSN 0021-8979
Publisher:
American Institute of Physics (AIP)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS; diamond; surface charge; elemental semiconductor; effective mass; electron affinities

Citation Formats

Dimitrov, D. A., Smithe, D., Cary, J. R., Ben-Zvi, I., Rao, T., Smedley, J., and Wang, E. Modeling electron emission and surface effects from diamond cathodes. United States: N. p., 2015. Web. doi:10.1063/1.4907393.
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Dimitrov, D. A., Smithe, D., Cary, J. R., Ben-Zvi, I., Rao, T., Smedley, J., & Wang, E. Modeling electron emission and surface effects from diamond cathodes. United States. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4907393
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Dimitrov, D. A., Smithe, D., Cary, J. R., Ben-Zvi, I., Rao, T., Smedley, J., and Wang, E. Thu . "Modeling electron emission and surface effects from diamond cathodes". United States. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4907393. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1183839.
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@article{osti_1183839,
title = {Modeling electron emission and surface effects from diamond cathodes},
author = {Dimitrov, D. A. and Smithe, D. and Cary, J. R. and Ben-Zvi, I. and Rao, T. and Smedley, J. and Wang, E.},
abstractNote = {We developed modeling capabilities, within the Vorpal particle-in-cell code, for three-dimensional (3D) simulations of surface effects and electron emission from semiconductor photocathodes. They include calculation of emission probabilities using general, piece-wise continuous, space-time dependent surface potentials, effective mass and band bending field effects. We applied these models, in combination with previously implemented capabilities for modeling charge generation and transport in diamond, to investigate the emission dependence on applied electric field in the range from approximately 2 MV/m to 17 MV/m along the [100] direction. The simulation results were compared to experimental data. For the considered parameter regime, conservation of transverse electron momentum (in the plane of the emission surface) allows direct emission from only two (parallel to [100]) of the six equivalent lowest conduction band valleys. When the electron affinity χ is the only parameter varied in the simulations, the value χ = 0.31 eV leads to overall qualitative agreement with the probability of emission deduced from experiments. Including band bending in the simulations improves the agreement with the experimental data, particularly at low applied fields, but not significantly. In this study, using surface potentials with different profiles further allows us to investigate the emission as a function of potential barrier height, width, and vacuum level position. However, adding surface patches with different levels of hydrogenation, modeled with position-dependent electron affinity, leads to the closest agreement with the experimental data.},
doi = {10.1063/1.4907393},
journal = {Journal of Applied Physics},
number = 5,
volume = 117,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 EST 2015},
month = {Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 EST 2015}
}
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https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4907393
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