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Title: Direct-drive inertial confinement fusion: A review

Abstract

In this study, the direct-drive, laser-based approach to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is reviewed from its inception following the demonstration of the first laser to its implementation on the present generation of high-power lasers. The review focuses on the evolution of scientific understanding gained from target-physics experiments in many areas, identifying problems that were demonstrated and the solutions implemented. The review starts with the basic understanding of laser–plasma interactions that was obtained before the declassification of laser-induced compression in the early 1970s and continues with the compression experiments using infrared lasers in the late 1970s that produced thermonuclear neutrons. The problem of suprathermal electrons and the target preheat that they caused, associated with the infrared laser wavelength, led to lasers being built after 1980 to operate at shorter wavelengths, especially 0.35 um—the third harmonic of the Nd:glass laser—and 0.248 um (the KrF gas laser). The main physics areas relevant to direct drive are reviewed. The primary absorption mechanism at short wavelengths is classical inverse bremsstrahlung. Nonuniformities imprinted on the target by laser irradiation have been addressed by the development of a number of beam-smoothing techniques and imprint-mitigation strategies. The effects of hydrodynamic instabilities are mitigated by a combination of imprintmore » reduction and target designs that minimize the instability growth rates. Several coronal plasma physics processes are reviewed. The two-plasmon–decay instability, stimulated Brillouin scattering (together with cross-beam energy transfer), and (possibly) stimulated Raman scattering are identified as potential concerns, placing constraints on the laser intensities used in target designs, while other processes (self-focusing and filamentation, the parametric decay instability, and magnetic fields), once considered important, are now of lesser concern for mainline direct-drive target concepts. Filamentation is largely suppressed by beam smoothing. Thermal transport modeling, important to the interpretation of experiments and to target design, has been found to be non-local in nature. Advances in shock timing and equation-of-state measurements relevant to direct-drive ICF are reported. Room-temperature implosions have provided an increased understanding of the importance of stability and uniformity. The evolution of cryogenic implosion capabilities, leading to an extensive series carried out on the 60-beam OMEGA laser [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)], is reviewed together with major advances in cryogenic target formation. A polar-drive concept has been developed that will enable direct-drive–ignition experiments to be performed on the National Ignition Facility [C. A. Haynam et al., Appl. Opt. 46 (16), 3276 (2007)]. The advantages offered by the alternative approaches of fast ignition and shock ignition and the issues associated with these concepts are described. The lessons learned from target-physics and implosion experiments are taken into account in ignition and high-gain target designs for laser wavelengths of 1/3 μm and 1/4 μm. Substantial advances in direct-drive inertial fusion reactor concepts are reviewed. Overall, the progress in scientific understanding over the past five decades has been enormous, to the point that inertial fusion energy using direct drive shows significant promise as a future environmentally attractive energy source.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [2];  [2];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [3];  [4];  [1];  [1];  [1] more »;  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1] « less
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Univ. of Rochester, Rochester, NY (United States)
  2. Naval Research Lab. (NRL), Washington, DC (United States)
  3. Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
  4. Osaka Univ., Osaka (Japan)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Univ. of Rochester, NY (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE
OSTI Identifier:
1227898
Grant/Contract Number:  
NA0001944
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Physics of Plasmas
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 22; Journal Issue: 11; Journal ID: ISSN 1070-664X
Publisher:
American Institute of Physics (AIP)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY

Citation Formats

Craxton, R. S., Anderson, K. S., Boehly, T. R., Goncharov, V. N., Harding, D. R., Knauer, J. P., McCrory, R. L., McKenty, P. W., Meyerhofer, D. D., Myatt, J. F., Schmitt, A. J., Sethian, J. D., Short, R. W., Skupsky, S., Theobald, W., Kruer, W. L., Tanaka, K., Betti, R., Collins, T. J. B., Delettrez, J. A., Hu, S. X., Marozas, J. A., Maximov, A. V., Michel, D. T., Radha, P. B., Regan, S. P., Sangster, T. C., Seka, W., Solodov, A. A., Soures, J. M., Stoeckl, C., and Zuegel, J. D. Direct-drive inertial confinement fusion: A review. United States: N. p., 2015. Web. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4934714.
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Craxton, R. S., Anderson, K. S., Boehly, T. R., Goncharov, V. N., Harding, D. R., Knauer, J. P., McCrory, R. L., McKenty, P. W., Meyerhofer, D. D., Myatt, J. F., Schmitt, A. J., Sethian, J. D., Short, R. W., Skupsky, S., Theobald, W., Kruer, W. L., Tanaka, K., Betti, R., Collins, T. J. B., Delettrez, J. A., Hu, S. X., Marozas, J. A., Maximov, A. V., Michel, D. T., Radha, P. B., Regan, S. P., Sangster, T. C., Seka, W., Solodov, A. A., Soures, J. M., Stoeckl, C., & Zuegel, J. D. Direct-drive inertial confinement fusion: A review. United States. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4934714
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Craxton, R. S., Anderson, K. S., Boehly, T. R., Goncharov, V. N., Harding, D. R., Knauer, J. P., McCrory, R. L., McKenty, P. W., Meyerhofer, D. D., Myatt, J. F., Schmitt, A. J., Sethian, J. D., Short, R. W., Skupsky, S., Theobald, W., Kruer, W. L., Tanaka, K., Betti, R., Collins, T. J. B., Delettrez, J. A., Hu, S. X., Marozas, J. A., Maximov, A. V., Michel, D. T., Radha, P. B., Regan, S. P., Sangster, T. C., Seka, W., Solodov, A. A., Soures, J. M., Stoeckl, C., and Zuegel, J. D. Wed . "Direct-drive inertial confinement fusion: A review". United States. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4934714. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1227898.
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@article{osti_1227898,
title = {Direct-drive inertial confinement fusion: A review},
author = {Craxton, R. S. and Anderson, K. S. and Boehly, T. R. and Goncharov, V. N. and Harding, D. R. and Knauer, J. P. and McCrory, R. L. and McKenty, P. W. and Meyerhofer, D. D. and Myatt, J. F. and Schmitt, A. J. and Sethian, J. D. and Short, R. W. and Skupsky, S. and Theobald, W. and Kruer, W. L. and Tanaka, K. and Betti, R. and Collins, T. J. B. and Delettrez, J. A. and Hu, S. X. and Marozas, J. A. and Maximov, A. V. and Michel, D. T. and Radha, P. B. and Regan, S. P. and Sangster, T. C. and Seka, W. and Solodov, A. A. and Soures, J. M. and Stoeckl, C. and Zuegel, J. D.},
abstractNote = {In this study, the direct-drive, laser-based approach to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is reviewed from its inception following the demonstration of the first laser to its implementation on the present generation of high-power lasers. The review focuses on the evolution of scientific understanding gained from target-physics experiments in many areas, identifying problems that were demonstrated and the solutions implemented. The review starts with the basic understanding of laser–plasma interactions that was obtained before the declassification of laser-induced compression in the early 1970s and continues with the compression experiments using infrared lasers in the late 1970s that produced thermonuclear neutrons. The problem of suprathermal electrons and the target preheat that they caused, associated with the infrared laser wavelength, led to lasers being built after 1980 to operate at shorter wavelengths, especially 0.35 um—the third harmonic of the Nd:glass laser—and 0.248 um (the KrF gas laser). The main physics areas relevant to direct drive are reviewed. The primary absorption mechanism at short wavelengths is classical inverse bremsstrahlung. Nonuniformities imprinted on the target by laser irradiation have been addressed by the development of a number of beam-smoothing techniques and imprint-mitigation strategies. The effects of hydrodynamic instabilities are mitigated by a combination of imprint reduction and target designs that minimize the instability growth rates. Several coronal plasma physics processes are reviewed. The two-plasmon–decay instability, stimulated Brillouin scattering (together with cross-beam energy transfer), and (possibly) stimulated Raman scattering are identified as potential concerns, placing constraints on the laser intensities used in target designs, while other processes (self-focusing and filamentation, the parametric decay instability, and magnetic fields), once considered important, are now of lesser concern for mainline direct-drive target concepts. Filamentation is largely suppressed by beam smoothing. Thermal transport modeling, important to the interpretation of experiments and to target design, has been found to be non-local in nature. Advances in shock timing and equation-of-state measurements relevant to direct-drive ICF are reported. Room-temperature implosions have provided an increased understanding of the importance of stability and uniformity. The evolution of cryogenic implosion capabilities, leading to an extensive series carried out on the 60-beam OMEGA laser [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)], is reviewed together with major advances in cryogenic target formation. A polar-drive concept has been developed that will enable direct-drive–ignition experiments to be performed on the National Ignition Facility [C. A. Haynam et al., Appl. Opt. 46 (16), 3276 (2007)]. The advantages offered by the alternative approaches of fast ignition and shock ignition and the issues associated with these concepts are described. The lessons learned from target-physics and implosion experiments are taken into account in ignition and high-gain target designs for laser wavelengths of 1/3 μm and 1/4 μm. Substantial advances in direct-drive inertial fusion reactor concepts are reviewed. Overall, the progress in scientific understanding over the past five decades has been enormous, to the point that inertial fusion energy using direct drive shows significant promise as a future environmentally attractive energy source.},
doi = {10.1063/1.4934714},
journal = {Physics of Plasmas},
number = 11,
volume = 22,
place = {United States},
year = {2015},
month = {11}
}
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  • Drake, R. P.; Williams, E. A.; Young, P. E.
  • Physics of Fluids B: Plasma Physics, Vol. 1, Issue 11
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Stimulated Raman scattering, two-plasmon decay, and hot electron generation from underdense plasmas at 0.35 μm
journal, January 1984

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Evidence for Collisional Damping in High-Energy Raman-Scattering Experiments at 0.26 μm
journal, April 1985

Stimulated Raman scattering in self-focused light filaments in laser-produced plasmas
journal, January 1987

  • Short, R. W.; Seka, W.; Bahr, R.
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Reduction of Raman Scattering in a Plasma to Convective Levels Using Induced Spatial Incoherence
journal, February 1989

Suppression of Instabilities in a Long-Scalelength Preformed Plasma
journal, September 1989

Nonlinear laser–matter interaction processes in long‐scale‐length plasmas
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Experimental studies of stimulated Raman scattering in reactor‐size, laser‐produced plasmas
journal, June 1991

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Filamentation and trapping of electromagnetic radiation in plasmas
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Thermal Self-Focusing of Electromagnetic Waves in Plasmas
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Kinetic theory of laser filamentation in plasmas
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Direct Evidence of Ponderomotive Filamentation in a Laser-Produced Plasma
journal, November 1988

Initial development of ponderomotive filaments in plasma from intense hot spots produced by a random phase plate
journal, September 1993

  • Rose, Harvey A.; DuBois, D. F.
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Self-Trapping of Optical Beams.
journal, June 1965

Two‐dimensional ray‐trace calculations of thermal whole beam self‐focusing
journal, January 1985

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Numerical simulation of filamentation in laser-plasma interactions
journal, May 1986

The effects of optical smoothing techniques on filamentation in laser plasmas
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Numerical simulations of induced spatial incoherence laser light self‐focusing
journal, December 1989

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  • Physics of Fluids B: Plasma Physics, Vol. 1, Issue 12
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Three‐dimensional filamentation of light in laser plasmas
journal, January 1991

  • Schmitt, Andrew J.
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Theory and three‐dimensional simulation of light filamentation in laser‐produced plasma
journal, July 1993

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Time-dependent filamentation and stimulated Brillouin forward scattering in inertial confinement fusion plasmas
journal, February 1998

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On the dominant and subdominant behavior of stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering driven by nonuniform laser beams
journal, December 1998

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SBS reflectivity from spatially smoothed laser beams: Random phase plates versus polarization smoothing
journal, July 1998

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Measurements of electron density evolution and beam self-focusing in a laser-produced plasma
journal, March 1974

Fine-Scale Structures in Plasmas Stimulated by a C O 2 Laser
journal, December 1978

Direct observation of laser beam filamentation in an underdense plasma
journal, January 1982

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Optical probe observations of nonuniformities in laser-produced plasmas
journal, September 1981

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Filamentation on laser irradiated spherical targets
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Evidence of localized heating in CO2‐laser‐produced plasmas
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Filamentation of an annular laser beam in a short wavelength laser produced plasma
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Evidence from X-Ray, 3 2 ω 0 , and 2 ω 0 Emission for Laser Filamentation in a Plasma
journal, February 1981

Unusual Structures Observed in X-ray Emission from Laser-Irradiated Targets
journal, November 1981

Evidence in the second-harmonic emission for self-focusing of a laser pulse in a plasma
journal, January 1985

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Evidence for beam self-focusing in the corona of laser-irradiated spherical targets
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Experimental study of filamentation in laser–plasma interactions
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Direct observations of filamentation and self-focusing in a large underdense plasma
journal, October 1989

Experimental Observations of Thermal Whole Beam Self-Focusing
journal, October 1990

Study of instabilities in long scale‐length plasmas with and without laser‐beam‐smoothing techniques
journal, June 1990

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Evidence of stimulated Raman scattering occurring in laser filaments in long‐scale‐length plasmas
journal, May 1992

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Interactions between Light Waves in a Nonlinear Dielectric
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Radiation-Induced Instability of Electron Plasma Oscillations
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Parametric plasmon-photon interaction
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Parametric Coupling Between Electron-Plasma and Ion-Acoustic Oscillations
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Parametrically Excited Plasma Fluctuations
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Parametric Excitation of Coupled Waves. II. Parametric Plasmon-Photon Interaction
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Anomalous High-Frequency Resistivity and Heating of a Plasma
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Parametric Effects of an Alternating Field on Inhomogeneous Plasmas
journal, February 1969

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Anomalous High-Frequency Resistivity of a Plasma
journal, January 1972

Electron Heating due to S -Polarized Microwave (Laser) Driven Parametric Instabilities
journal, January 1984

Investigations of the Angular Distribution of Parametrically Driven Ion Acoustic Waves
journal, May 1986

Investigation of ion-acoustic-decay-instability thresholds in laser-plasma interactions
journal, July 1990

Direct Measurements of the Ion Acoustic Decay Instability in a Laser-Produced, Large-Scale, Hot Plasma
journal, November 1994

Spontaneous Magnetic Fields in Laser-Produced Plasmas
journal, April 1971

Cosmic Radiation and Cosmic Magnetic Fields. II. Origin of Cosmic Magnetic Fields
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Magnetic-field generation in laser fusion and hot-electron transport
journal, August 1986

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Review on spontaneous magnetic fields in laser-produced plasmas: Phenomena and measurements
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Faraday-Rotation Measurements of Megagauss Magnetic Fields in Laser-Produced Plasmas
journal, January 1975

Megagauss Magnetic Field Profiles in Laser-Produced Plasmas
journal, October 1978

Studies of Spontaneous Magnetic Fields in Laser-Produced Plasmas by Faraday Rotation
journal, May 1978

Dependence of spontaneous magnetic fields in laser produced plasmas on target size and structure
journal, October 1979

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Megagauss magnetic fields on laser irradiated spherical targets
journal, April 1981

Observation of magnetic fields in laser-produced plasma using the Zeeman effect
journal, January 1984

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Experimental Evidence for Self-Generated Magnetic Fields and Remote Energy Deposition in Laser-Irradiated Targets
journal, December 1982

Magnetic-Field-Induced Surface Transport on Laser-Irradiated Foils
journal, June 1982

Magnetic Field Generation by the Rayleigh-Taylor Instability
journal, December 1978

First Measurements of Rayleigh-Taylor-Induced Magnetic Fields in Laser-Produced Plasmas
journal, June 2012

Rayleigh-Taylor-induced magnetic fields in laser-irradiated plastic foils
journal, August 2012

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Magnetic Field Generation by the Rayleigh-Taylor Instability in Laser-Driven Planar Plastic Targets
journal, September 2012

Observation of Self-Similarity in the Magnetic Fields Generated by the Ablative Nonlinear Rayleigh-Taylor Instability
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Transport Phenomena in a Completely Ionized Gas
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Dynamical Properties of Stellar Coronas and Stellar Winds. II. Integration of the Heat-Flow Equation.
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Application of the Theory of Heat Conduction to the Absorption of Blackbody Radiation
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The applicability of Fourier's theory of heat conduction on laser produced plasmas
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Thermal electron transport in direct-drive laser fusion
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Occurrence of high-energy electrons and surface expansion in laser-heated target plasmas
journal, January 1973

Thermal conduction limitations in laser fusion
journal, June 1973

Instabilities associated with heat conduction in the solar wind and their consequences
journal, January 1970

Anomalous electron transport equations for ion sound and related turbulent spectra
journal, January 1978

Indications of Strongly Flux-Limited Electron Thermal Conduction in Laser-Target Experiments
journal, March 1975

Re-examination of strongly flux limited thermal conduction in laser produced plasmas
journal, January 1979

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Observation of Severe Heat-Flux Limitation and Ion-Acoustic Turbulence in a Laser-Heated Plasma
journal, November 1977

Measurement of Thermal Conductivity in a Laser-Heated Plasma
journal, August 1975

Elecron Energy Transport in Steep Temperature Gradients in Laser-Produced Plasmas
journal, January 1981

Self-Consistent Reduction of the Spitzer-Härm Electron Thermal Heat Flux in Steep Temperature Gradients in Laser-Produced Plasmas
journal, July 1981

Thermal heat flux in a plasma for arbitrary collisionality
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Kinetic-theory description of electron heat transfer in a plasma
journal, January 1981

  • Shirazian, Mohammad H.
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Electron Heat Transport down Steep Temperature Gradients
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Laser Absorption and Heat Transport by Non-Maxwell-Boltzmann Electron Distributions
journal, June 1983

Electron Heat Flow with Inverse Bremsstrahlung and Ion Motion
journal, October 1984

Nonlocal Heat Transport Due to Steep Temperature Gradients
journal, October 1983

Electron energy transport in ion waves and its relevance to laser-produced plasmas
journal, January 1983

Quasistatic heat front and delocalized heat flux
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Evidence for large heat fluxes from the mass ablation rate of laser-irradiated spherical targets
journal, January 1982

Analysis of plasma density profiles and thermal transport in laser-irradiated spherical targets
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Kinetic simulations of laser filamentation in plasmas
journal, November 1991

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Kinetic effects of electron thermal conduction on implosion hydrodynamics
journal, February 1992

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Study of flux limiter using Fokker–Planck and fluid simulations of planar laser-driven ablation
journal, June 2010

A Model for Collision Processes in Gases. I. Small Amplitude Processes in Charged and Neutral One-Component Systems
journal, May 1954

Validation of Thermal-Transport Modeling with Direct-Drive, Planar-Foil Acceleration Experiments on OMEGA
journal, July 2008

A nonlocal electron conduction model for multidimensional radiation hydrodynamics codes
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Time-Dependent Electron Thermal Flux Inhibition in Direct-Drive Laser Implosions
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Comparison for non-local hydrodynamic thermal conduction models
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The development of a Krook model for nonlocal transport in laser produced plasmas. I. Basic theory
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Krook model for nonthermal electron energy transport. III. Spherical configurations
journal, June 2009

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Spontaneously Growing Transverse Waves in a Plasma Due to an Anisotropic Velocity Distribution
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Return current instability in laser heated plasmas
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Ion-acoustic turbulence and anomalous transport
journal, July 1988

Nonlinear Inverse Bremsstrahlung and Heated-Electron Distributions
journal, March 1980

2D Fokker-Planck simulations of short-pulse laser-plasma interactions
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Accurate measurement of laser-driven shock trajectories with velocity interferometry
journal, September 1998

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Shock timing technique for the National Ignition Facility
journal, May 2001

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Line-imaging velocimeter for shock diagnostics at the OMEGA laser facility
journal, November 2004

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Streaked optical pyrometer system for laser-driven shock-wave experiments on OMEGA
journal, March 2007

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Laser interferometer for measuring high velocities of any reflecting surface
journal, November 1972

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Optically recording interferometer for velocity measurements with subnanosecond resolution
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Demonstration of the shock-timing technique for ignition targets on the National Ignition Facility
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Velocity and Timing of Multiple Spherically Converging Shock Waves in Liquid Deuterium
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Multiple spherically converging shock waves in liquid deuterium
journal, September 2011

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Shock timing experiments on the National Ignition Facility: Initial results and comparison with simulation
journal, April 2012

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Measurement of High-Pressure Shock Waves in Cryogenic Deuterium-Tritium Ice Layered Capsule Implosions on NIF
journal, August 2013

Early time implosion symmetry from two-axis shock-timing measurements on indirect drive NIF experiments
journal, September 2014

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Equation of state and phase diagram of dense hydrogen
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A new quotidian equation of state (QEOS) for hot dense matter
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Molecular-dynamics modeling of the Hugoniot of shocked liquid deuterium
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Quantum molecular dynamics simulations of hot, dense hydrogen
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Density-functional calculation of the Hugoniot of shocked liquid deuterium
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Dynamical and optical properties of warm dense hydrogen
journal, April 2001

Ab initio study of deuterium in the dissociating regime: Sound speed and transport properties
journal, November 2001

Ab initio simulations of dense liquid deuterium: Comparison with gas-gun shock-wave experiments
journal, January 2004

Thermophysical properties of warm dense hydrogen using quantum molecular dynamics simulations
journal, May 2008

Density-functional calculations of the liquid deuterium Hugoniot, reshock, and reverberation timing
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Molecular Dissociation in Hot, Dense Hydrogen
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Path Integral Monte Carlo Calculation of the Deuterium Hugoniot
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Calculation of a Deuterium Double Shock Hugoniot from Ab Initio Simulations
journal, December 2001

Characterization of the State of Hydrogen at High Temperature and Density
journal, January 1999

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Monte Carlo results for the hydrogen Hugoniot
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Calculation of the Shock Hugoniot of Deuterium at Pressures above 1 Mbar by the Path-Integral Monte Carlo Method
journal, January 2005

Multiphase equation of state of hydrogen from ab initio calculations in the range 0.2 to 5 g/cc up to 10 eV
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Ab initio calculations of the equation of state of hydrogen in a regime relevant for inertial fusion applications
journal, March 2012

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First-principles equation-of-state table of deuterium for inertial confinement fusion applications
journal, December 2011

Strong Coupling and Degeneracy Effects in Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions
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Change in Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions upon Using an Ab Initio Multiphase DT Equation of State
journal, September 2011

Coupling static and dynamic compressions: first measurements in dense hydrogen
journal, January 2004

Achieving high-density states through shock-wave loading of precompressed samples
journal, May 2007

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Taking Thin Diamonds to Their Limit: Coupling Static-Compression and Laser-Shock Techniques to Generate Dense Water
conference, January 2002

  • Lee, Kanani K. M.
  • Shock Compression of Condensed Matter - 2001: 12th APS Topical Conference, AIP Conference Proceedings
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Laser-driven shock experiments on precompressed water: Implications for “icy” giant planets
journal, July 2006

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Laser-Driven Plasma Loader for Shockless Compression and Acceleration of Samples in the Solid State
journal, February 2004

Quasi-isentropic compression by ablative laser loading: Response of materials to dynamic loading on nanosecond time scales
journal, June 2005

Shock formation and the ideal shape of ramp compression waves
journal, December 2008

Refractive index of lithium fluoride ramp compressed to 800 GPa
journal, June 2011

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The direct measurement of ablation pressure driven by 351-nm laser radiation
journal, October 2011

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  • Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 110, Issue 7
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Diamond at 800 GPa
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Powder diffraction from solids in the terapascal regime
journal, November 2012

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Equation of State Measurements in Liquid Deuterium to 70 GPa
journal, November 2001

Determination of pressure and density of shocklessly compressed beryllium from x-ray radiography of a magnetically driven cylindrical liner implosion
conference, January 2012

  • Lemke, R. W.; Martin, Matthew R.; McBride, Ryan D.
  • SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER - 2011: Proceedings of the Conference of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter, AIP Conference Proceedings
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Shock-Wave Exploration of the High-Pressure Phases of Carbon
journal, December 2008

Absolute Equation of State Measurements on Shocked Liquid Deuterium up to 200 GPa (2 Mbar)
journal, January 1997

Equation of state measurements of hydrogen isotopes on Nova
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Reflected Shock Experiments on the Equation-of-State Properties of Liquid Deuterium at 100–600 GPa (1–6 Mbar)
journal, October 2000

Reflected shock experiments on the equation-of-state properties of liquid deuterium at 100–600 GPa (1–6 Mbar)
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Properties of fluid deuterium under double-shock compression to several Mbar
journal, September 2004

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Erratum: Laser-driven single shock compression of fluid deuterium from 45 to 220 GPa [Phys. Rev. B 79 , 014112 (2009)]
journal, March 2012

Linear-mixing model for shock-compressed liquid deuterium
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Shock compressibility of polystyrene of variable initial density
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Absolute measurements of the equations of state of low-Z materials in the multi-Mbar regime using laser-driven shocks
journal, May 1997

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Equation-of-state measurements for polystyrene at multi-TPa pressures in laser direct-drive experiments
journal, December 2005

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Shock Hugoniot and temperature data for polystyrene obtained with quartz standard
journal, June 2009

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High-precision measurements of the equation of state of hydrocarbons at 1–10 Mbar using laser-driven shock waves
journal, May 2010

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Precision equation-of-state measurements on National Ignition Facility ablator materials from 1 to 12 Mbar using laser-driven shock waves
journal, May 2012

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X-ray preheating of window materials in direct-drive shock-wave timing experiments
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