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Title: Direct-drive inertial confinement fusion: A review

Abstract

In this study, the direct-drive, laser-based approach to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is reviewed from its inception following the demonstration of the first laser to its implementation on the present generation of high-power lasers. The review focuses on the evolution of scientific understanding gained from target-physics experiments in many areas, identifying problems that were demonstrated and the solutions implemented. The review starts with the basic understanding of laser–plasma interactions that was obtained before the declassification of laser-induced compression in the early 1970s and continues with the compression experiments using infrared lasers in the late 1970s that produced thermonuclear neutrons. The problem of suprathermal electrons and the target preheat that they caused, associated with the infrared laser wavelength, led to lasers being built after 1980 to operate at shorter wavelengths, especially 0.35 um—the third harmonic of the Nd:glass laser—and 0.248 um (the KrF gas laser). The main physics areas relevant to direct drive are reviewed. The primary absorption mechanism at short wavelengths is classical inverse bremsstrahlung. Nonuniformities imprinted on the target by laser irradiation have been addressed by the development of a number of beam-smoothing techniques and imprint-mitigation strategies. The effects of hydrodynamic instabilities are mitigated by a combination of imprintmore » reduction and target designs that minimize the instability growth rates. Several coronal plasma physics processes are reviewed. The two-plasmon–decay instability, stimulated Brillouin scattering (together with cross-beam energy transfer), and (possibly) stimulated Raman scattering are identified as potential concerns, placing constraints on the laser intensities used in target designs, while other processes (self-focusing and filamentation, the parametric decay instability, and magnetic fields), once considered important, are now of lesser concern for mainline direct-drive target concepts. Filamentation is largely suppressed by beam smoothing. Thermal transport modeling, important to the interpretation of experiments and to target design, has been found to be non-local in nature. Advances in shock timing and equation-of-state measurements relevant to direct-drive ICF are reported. Room-temperature implosions have provided an increased understanding of the importance of stability and uniformity. The evolution of cryogenic implosion capabilities, leading to an extensive series carried out on the 60-beam OMEGA laser [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)], is reviewed together with major advances in cryogenic target formation. A polar-drive concept has been developed that will enable direct-drive–ignition experiments to be performed on the National Ignition Facility [C. A. Haynam et al., Appl. Opt. 46 (16), 3276 (2007)]. The advantages offered by the alternative approaches of fast ignition and shock ignition and the issues associated with these concepts are described. The lessons learned from target-physics and implosion experiments are taken into account in ignition and high-gain target designs for laser wavelengths of 1/3 μm and 1/4 μm. Substantial advances in direct-drive inertial fusion reactor concepts are reviewed. Overall, the progress in scientific understanding over the past five decades has been enormous, to the point that inertial fusion energy using direct drive shows significant promise as a future environmentally attractive energy source.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [2];  [2];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [3];  [4];  [1];  [1];  [1] more »;  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1] « less
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Univ. of Rochester, Rochester, NY (United States)
  2. Naval Research Lab. (NRL), Washington, DC (United States)
  3. Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
  4. Osaka Univ., Osaka (Japan)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Univ. of Rochester, Rochester, NY (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE
OSTI Identifier:
1227898
Grant/Contract Number:  
NA0001944
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Physics of Plasmas
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 22; Journal Issue: 11; Journal ID: ISSN 1070-664X
Publisher:
American Institute of Physics (AIP)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY

Citation Formats

Craxton, R. S., Anderson, K. S., Boehly, T. R., Goncharov, V. N., Harding, D. R., Knauer, J. P., McCrory, R. L., McKenty, P. W., Meyerhofer, D. D., Myatt, J. F., Schmitt, A. J., Sethian, J. D., Short, R. W., Skupsky, S., Theobald, W., Kruer, W. L., Tanaka, K., Betti, R., Collins, T. J. B., Delettrez, J. A., Hu, S. X., Marozas, J. A., Maximov, A. V., Michel, D. T., Radha, P. B., Regan, S. P., Sangster, T. C., Seka, W., Solodov, A. A., Soures, J. M., Stoeckl, C., and Zuegel, J. D. Direct-drive inertial confinement fusion: A review. United States: N. p., 2015. Web. doi:10.1063/1.4934714.
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Craxton, R. S., Anderson, K. S., Boehly, T. R., Goncharov, V. N., Harding, D. R., Knauer, J. P., McCrory, R. L., McKenty, P. W., Meyerhofer, D. D., Myatt, J. F., Schmitt, A. J., Sethian, J. D., Short, R. W., Skupsky, S., Theobald, W., Kruer, W. L., Tanaka, K., Betti, R., Collins, T. J. B., Delettrez, J. A., Hu, S. X., Marozas, J. A., Maximov, A. V., Michel, D. T., Radha, P. B., Regan, S. P., Sangster, T. C., Seka, W., Solodov, A. A., Soures, J. M., Stoeckl, C., & Zuegel, J. D. Direct-drive inertial confinement fusion: A review. United States. doi:10.1063/1.4934714.
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Craxton, R. S., Anderson, K. S., Boehly, T. R., Goncharov, V. N., Harding, D. R., Knauer, J. P., McCrory, R. L., McKenty, P. W., Meyerhofer, D. D., Myatt, J. F., Schmitt, A. J., Sethian, J. D., Short, R. W., Skupsky, S., Theobald, W., Kruer, W. L., Tanaka, K., Betti, R., Collins, T. J. B., Delettrez, J. A., Hu, S. X., Marozas, J. A., Maximov, A. V., Michel, D. T., Radha, P. B., Regan, S. P., Sangster, T. C., Seka, W., Solodov, A. A., Soures, J. M., Stoeckl, C., and Zuegel, J. D. Wed . "Direct-drive inertial confinement fusion: A review". United States. doi:10.1063/1.4934714. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1227898.
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@article{osti_1227898,
title = {Direct-drive inertial confinement fusion: A review},
author = {Craxton, R. S. and Anderson, K. S. and Boehly, T. R. and Goncharov, V. N. and Harding, D. R. and Knauer, J. P. and McCrory, R. L. and McKenty, P. W. and Meyerhofer, D. D. and Myatt, J. F. and Schmitt, A. J. and Sethian, J. D. and Short, R. W. and Skupsky, S. and Theobald, W. and Kruer, W. L. and Tanaka, K. and Betti, R. and Collins, T. J. B. and Delettrez, J. A. and Hu, S. X. and Marozas, J. A. and Maximov, A. V. and Michel, D. T. and Radha, P. B. and Regan, S. P. and Sangster, T. C. and Seka, W. and Solodov, A. A. and Soures, J. M. and Stoeckl, C. and Zuegel, J. D.},
abstractNote = {In this study, the direct-drive, laser-based approach to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is reviewed from its inception following the demonstration of the first laser to its implementation on the present generation of high-power lasers. The review focuses on the evolution of scientific understanding gained from target-physics experiments in many areas, identifying problems that were demonstrated and the solutions implemented. The review starts with the basic understanding of laser–plasma interactions that was obtained before the declassification of laser-induced compression in the early 1970s and continues with the compression experiments using infrared lasers in the late 1970s that produced thermonuclear neutrons. The problem of suprathermal electrons and the target preheat that they caused, associated with the infrared laser wavelength, led to lasers being built after 1980 to operate at shorter wavelengths, especially 0.35 um—the third harmonic of the Nd:glass laser—and 0.248 um (the KrF gas laser). The main physics areas relevant to direct drive are reviewed. The primary absorption mechanism at short wavelengths is classical inverse bremsstrahlung. Nonuniformities imprinted on the target by laser irradiation have been addressed by the development of a number of beam-smoothing techniques and imprint-mitigation strategies. The effects of hydrodynamic instabilities are mitigated by a combination of imprint reduction and target designs that minimize the instability growth rates. Several coronal plasma physics processes are reviewed. The two-plasmon–decay instability, stimulated Brillouin scattering (together with cross-beam energy transfer), and (possibly) stimulated Raman scattering are identified as potential concerns, placing constraints on the laser intensities used in target designs, while other processes (self-focusing and filamentation, the parametric decay instability, and magnetic fields), once considered important, are now of lesser concern for mainline direct-drive target concepts. Filamentation is largely suppressed by beam smoothing. Thermal transport modeling, important to the interpretation of experiments and to target design, has been found to be non-local in nature. Advances in shock timing and equation-of-state measurements relevant to direct-drive ICF are reported. Room-temperature implosions have provided an increased understanding of the importance of stability and uniformity. The evolution of cryogenic implosion capabilities, leading to an extensive series carried out on the 60-beam OMEGA laser [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)], is reviewed together with major advances in cryogenic target formation. A polar-drive concept has been developed that will enable direct-drive–ignition experiments to be performed on the National Ignition Facility [C. A. Haynam et al., Appl. Opt. 46 (16), 3276 (2007)]. The advantages offered by the alternative approaches of fast ignition and shock ignition and the issues associated with these concepts are described. The lessons learned from target-physics and implosion experiments are taken into account in ignition and high-gain target designs for laser wavelengths of 1/3 μm and 1/4 μm. Substantial advances in direct-drive inertial fusion reactor concepts are reviewed. Overall, the progress in scientific understanding over the past five decades has been enormous, to the point that inertial fusion energy using direct drive shows significant promise as a future environmentally attractive energy source.},
doi = {10.1063/1.4934714},
journal = {Physics of Plasmas},
number = 11,
volume = 22,
place = {United States},
year = {2015},
month = {11}
}
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High-Areal-Density Fuel Assembly in Direct-Drive Cryogenic Implosions
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Performance of direct-drive cryogenic targets on OMEGA
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Role of Hot-Electron Preheating in the Compression of Direct-Drive Imploding Targets with Cryogenic D 2 Ablators
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A neutron spectrometer for precise measurements of DT neutrons from 10 to 18 MeV at OMEGA and the National Ignition Facility
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Improving cryogenic deuterium–tritium implosion performance on OMEGA
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Observation of Rayleigh-Taylor-like Structures in a Laser-Accelerated Foil
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Study of Rayleigh–Taylor growth in laser irradiated planar SiO 2 targets at ignition-relevant conditions
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Evidence for Collisional Damping in High-Energy Raman-Scattering Experiments at 0.26 μm
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Stimulated Raman scattering in self-focused light filaments in laser-produced plasmas
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Reduction of Raman Scattering in a Plasma to Convective Levels Using Induced Spatial Incoherence
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Suppression of Instabilities in a Long-Scalelength Preformed Plasma
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Nonlinear laser–matter interaction processes in long‐scale‐length plasmas
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Experimental studies of stimulated Raman scattering in reactor‐size, laser‐produced plasmas
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Filamentation and trapping of electromagnetic radiation in plasmas
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Thermal Self-Focusing of Electromagnetic Waves in Plasmas
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Kinetic theory of laser filamentation in plasmas
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Direct Evidence of Ponderomotive Filamentation in a Laser-Produced Plasma
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Initial development of ponderomotive filaments in plasma from intense hot spots produced by a random phase plate
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Self-Trapping of Optical Beams.
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Two‐dimensional ray‐trace calculations of thermal whole beam self‐focusing
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Numerical simulation of filamentation in laser-plasma interactions
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The effects of optical smoothing techniques on filamentation in laser plasmas
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Numerical simulations of induced spatial incoherence laser light self‐focusing
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Three‐dimensional filamentation of light in laser plasmas
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Theory and three‐dimensional simulation of light filamentation in laser‐produced plasma
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Time-dependent filamentation and stimulated Brillouin forward scattering in inertial confinement fusion plasmas
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On the dominant and subdominant behavior of stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering driven by nonuniform laser beams
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SBS reflectivity from spatially smoothed laser beams: Random phase plates versus polarization smoothing
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Measurements of electron density evolution and beam self-focusing in a laser-produced plasma
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Fine-Scale Structures in Plasmas Stimulated by a C O 2 Laser
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Direct observation of laser beam filamentation in an underdense plasma
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Optical probe observations of nonuniformities in laser-produced plasmas
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Filamentation on laser irradiated spherical targets
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Evidence of localized heating in CO2‐laser‐produced plasmas
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Filamentation of an annular laser beam in a short wavelength laser produced plasma
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Evidence from X-Ray, 3 2 ω 0 , and 2 ω 0 Emission for Laser Filamentation in a Plasma
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Unusual Structures Observed in X-ray Emission from Laser-Irradiated Targets
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Evidence in the second-harmonic emission for self-focusing of a laser pulse in a plasma
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Evidence for beam self-focusing in the corona of laser-irradiated spherical targets
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Experimental study of filamentation in laser–plasma interactions
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Direct observations of filamentation and self-focusing in a large underdense plasma
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Experimental Observations of Thermal Whole Beam Self-Focusing
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Study of instabilities in long scale‐length plasmas with and without laser‐beam‐smoothing techniques
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Evidence of stimulated Raman scattering occurring in laser filaments in long‐scale‐length plasmas
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Radiation-Induced Instability of Electron Plasma Oscillations
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Parametric plasmon-photon interaction
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Parametric Coupling Between Electron-Plasma and Ion-Acoustic Oscillations
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Parametrically Excited Plasma Fluctuations
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Parametric Excitation of Coupled Waves. II. Parametric Plasmon-Photon Interaction
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Anomalous High-Frequency Resistivity and Heating of a Plasma
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Parametric Effects of an Alternating Field on Inhomogeneous Plasmas
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Anomalous High-Frequency Resistivity of a Plasma
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Electron Heating due to S -Polarized Microwave (Laser) Driven Parametric Instabilities
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Investigations of the Angular Distribution of Parametrically Driven Ion Acoustic Waves
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Investigation of ion-acoustic-decay-instability thresholds in laser-plasma interactions
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Direct Measurements of the Ion Acoustic Decay Instability in a Laser-Produced, Large-Scale, Hot Plasma
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Spontaneous Magnetic Fields in Laser-Produced Plasmas
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Cosmic Radiation and Cosmic Magnetic Fields. II. Origin of Cosmic Magnetic Fields
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Magnetic-field generation in laser fusion and hot-electron transport
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Review on spontaneous magnetic fields in laser-produced plasmas: Phenomena and measurements
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Faraday-Rotation Measurements of Megagauss Magnetic Fields in Laser-Produced Plasmas
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Megagauss Magnetic Field Profiles in Laser-Produced Plasmas
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Studies of Spontaneous Magnetic Fields in Laser-Produced Plasmas by Faraday Rotation
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Dependence of spontaneous magnetic fields in laser produced plasmas on target size and structure
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Megagauss magnetic fields on laser irradiated spherical targets
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Observation of magnetic fields in laser-produced plasma using the Zeeman effect
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Experimental Evidence for Self-Generated Magnetic Fields and Remote Energy Deposition in Laser-Irradiated Targets
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Magnetic-Field-Induced Surface Transport on Laser-Irradiated Foils
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Magnetic Field Generation by the Rayleigh-Taylor Instability
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First Measurements of Rayleigh-Taylor-Induced Magnetic Fields in Laser-Produced Plasmas
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Rayleigh-Taylor-induced magnetic fields in laser-irradiated plastic foils
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Magnetic Field Generation by the Rayleigh-Taylor Instability in Laser-Driven Planar Plastic Targets
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Observation of Self-Similarity in the Magnetic Fields Generated by the Ablative Nonlinear Rayleigh-Taylor Instability
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Transport Phenomena in a Completely Ionized Gas
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Dynamical Properties of Stellar Coronas and Stellar Winds. II. Integration of the Heat-Flow Equation.
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Application of the Theory of Heat Conduction to the Absorption of Blackbody Radiation
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The applicability of Fourier's theory of heat conduction on laser produced plasmas
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Thermal electron transport in direct-drive laser fusion
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Occurrence of high-energy electrons and surface expansion in laser-heated target plasmas
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Thermal conduction limitations in laser fusion
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Instabilities associated with heat conduction in the solar wind and their consequences
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Anomalous electron transport equations for ion sound and related turbulent spectra
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Indications of Strongly Flux-Limited Electron Thermal Conduction in Laser-Target Experiments
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Re-examination of strongly flux limited thermal conduction in laser produced plasmas
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Observation of Severe Heat-Flux Limitation and Ion-Acoustic Turbulence in a Laser-Heated Plasma
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Measurement of Thermal Conductivity in a Laser-Heated Plasma
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Elecron Energy Transport in Steep Temperature Gradients in Laser-Produced Plasmas
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Self-Consistent Reduction of the Spitzer-Härm Electron Thermal Heat Flux in Steep Temperature Gradients in Laser-Produced Plasmas
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Thermal heat flux in a plasma for arbitrary collisionality
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Kinetic-theory description of electron heat transfer in a plasma
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Electron Heat Transport down Steep Temperature Gradients
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Laser Absorption and Heat Transport by Non-Maxwell-Boltzmann Electron Distributions
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Electron Heat Flow with Inverse Bremsstrahlung and Ion Motion
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Nonlocal Heat Transport Due to Steep Temperature Gradients
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Electron energy transport in ion waves and its relevance to laser-produced plasmas
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Quasistatic heat front and delocalized heat flux
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Evidence for large heat fluxes from the mass ablation rate of laser-irradiated spherical targets
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Analysis of plasma density profiles and thermal transport in laser-irradiated spherical targets
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Kinetic simulations of laser filamentation in plasmas
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Kinetic effects of electron thermal conduction on implosion hydrodynamics
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Study of flux limiter using Fokker–Planck and fluid simulations of planar laser-driven ablation
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A Model for Collision Processes in Gases. I. Small Amplitude Processes in Charged and Neutral One-Component Systems
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Validation of Thermal-Transport Modeling with Direct-Drive, Planar-Foil Acceleration Experiments on OMEGA
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A nonlocal electron conduction model for multidimensional radiation hydrodynamics codes
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Time-Dependent Electron Thermal Flux Inhibition in Direct-Drive Laser Implosions
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Comparison for non-local hydrodynamic thermal conduction models
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The development of a Krook model for nonlocal transport in laser produced plasmas. I. Basic theory
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Krook model for nonthermal electron energy transport. III. Spherical configurations
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Spontaneously Growing Transverse Waves in a Plasma Due to an Anisotropic Velocity Distribution
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Return current instability in laser heated plasmas
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Ion-acoustic turbulence and anomalous transport
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Nonlinear Inverse Bremsstrahlung and Heated-Electron Distributions
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2D Fokker-Planck simulations of short-pulse laser-plasma interactions
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Accurate measurement of laser-driven shock trajectories with velocity interferometry
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Shock timing technique for the National Ignition Facility
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Line-imaging velocimeter for shock diagnostics at the OMEGA laser facility
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Streaked optical pyrometer system for laser-driven shock-wave experiments on OMEGA
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Laser interferometer for measuring high velocities of any reflecting surface
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Optically recording interferometer for velocity measurements with subnanosecond resolution
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Demonstration of the shock-timing technique for ignition targets on the National Ignition Facility
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Velocity and Timing of Multiple Spherically Converging Shock Waves in Liquid Deuterium
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Multiple spherically converging shock waves in liquid deuterium
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Shock timing experiments on the National Ignition Facility: Initial results and comparison with simulation
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Measurement of High-Pressure Shock Waves in Cryogenic Deuterium-Tritium Ice Layered Capsule Implosions on NIF
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Early time implosion symmetry from two-axis shock-timing measurements on indirect drive NIF experiments
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Equation of state and phase diagram of dense hydrogen
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A new quotidian equation of state (QEOS) for hot dense matter
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Molecular-dynamics modeling of the Hugoniot of shocked liquid deuterium
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Quantum molecular dynamics simulations of hot, dense hydrogen
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Density-functional calculation of the Hugoniot of shocked liquid deuterium
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Dynamical and optical properties of warm dense hydrogen
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Ab initio study of deuterium in the dissociating regime: Sound speed and transport properties
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Ab initio simulations of dense liquid deuterium: Comparison with gas-gun shock-wave experiments
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Thermophysical properties of warm dense hydrogen using quantum molecular dynamics simulations
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Density-functional calculations of the liquid deuterium Hugoniot, reshock, and reverberation timing
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Molecular Dissociation in Hot, Dense Hydrogen
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Characterization of the State of Hydrogen at High Temperature and Density
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Monte Carlo results for the hydrogen Hugoniot
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Calculation of the Shock Hugoniot of Deuterium at Pressures above 1 Mbar by the Path-Integral Monte Carlo Method
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Multiphase equation of state of hydrogen from ab initio calculations in the range 0.2 to 5 g/cc up to 10 eV
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Ab initio calculations of the equation of state of hydrogen in a regime relevant for inertial fusion applications
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First-principles equation-of-state table of deuterium for inertial confinement fusion applications
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Strong Coupling and Degeneracy Effects in Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions
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Change in Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions upon Using an Ab Initio Multiphase DT Equation of State
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Coupling static and dynamic compressions: first measurements in dense hydrogen
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Achieving high-density states through shock-wave loading of precompressed samples
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Taking Thin Diamonds to Their Limit: Coupling Static-Compression and Laser-Shock Techniques to Generate Dense Water
conference, January 2002

  • Lee, Kanani K. M.
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Laser-driven shock experiments on precompressed water: Implications for “icy” giant planets
journal, July 2006

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Laser-Driven Plasma Loader for Shockless Compression and Acceleration of Samples in the Solid State
journal, February 2004

Quasi-isentropic compression by ablative laser loading: Response of materials to dynamic loading on nanosecond time scales
journal, June 2005

Shock formation and the ideal shape of ramp compression waves
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Refractive index of lithium fluoride ramp compressed to 800 GPa
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The direct measurement of ablation pressure driven by 351-nm laser radiation
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Diamond at 800 GPa
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Powder diffraction from solids in the terapascal regime
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Equation of State Measurements in Liquid Deuterium to 70 GPa
journal, November 2001

Determination of pressure and density of shocklessly compressed beryllium from x-ray radiography of a magnetically driven cylindrical liner implosion
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Shock-Wave Exploration of the High-Pressure Phases of Carbon
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Absolute Equation of State Measurements on Shocked Liquid Deuterium up to 200 GPa (2 Mbar)
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Equation of state measurements of hydrogen isotopes on Nova
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Reflected Shock Experiments on the Equation-of-State Properties of Liquid Deuterium at 100–600 GPa (1–6 Mbar)
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Reflected shock experiments on the equation-of-state properties of liquid deuterium at 100–600 GPa (1–6 Mbar)
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Properties of fluid deuterium under double-shock compression to several Mbar
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Erratum: Laser-driven single shock compression of fluid deuterium from 45 to 220 GPa [Phys. Rev. B 79 , 014112 (2009)]
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Linear-mixing model for shock-compressed liquid deuterium
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Shock compressibility of polystyrene of variable initial density
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Absolute measurements of the equations of state of low-Z materials in the multi-Mbar regime using laser-driven shocks
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Equation-of-state measurements for polystyrene at multi-TPa pressures in laser direct-drive experiments
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Shock Hugoniot and temperature data for polystyrene obtained with quartz standard
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High-precision measurements of the equation of state of hydrocarbons at 1–10 Mbar using laser-driven shock waves
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Precision equation-of-state measurements on National Ignition Facility ablator materials from 1 to 12 Mbar using laser-driven shock waves
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X-ray preheating of window materials in direct-drive shock-wave timing experiments
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Technological aspects of cryogenic laser‐fusion targets a)
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Nike direct-drive ICF program
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Design of the NIF Cryogenic Target System
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Cryogenic laser fusion target material design considerations
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Two-dimensional simulations of the neutron yield in cryogenic deuterium-tritium implosions on OMEGA
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Considerations and Requirements for Providing Cryogenic Targets for Direct-Drive Inertial Fusion Implosions at the National Ignition Facility
journal, April 2013

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Beta energy driven uniform deuterium–tritium ice layer in reactor‐size cryogenic inertial fusion targets
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Radioactively induced sublimation in solid tritium
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The effects of exchange gas temperature and pressure on the beta-layering process in solid deuterium-tritium fusion fuel
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Single crystal growth and formation of defects in deuterium-tritium layers for inertial confinement nuclear fusion
journal, February 2009

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Forming Uniform HD Layers in Shells Using Infrared Radiation
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Forming cryogenic targets for direct-drive experiments
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Redistribution of solid fuel in inertial confinement fusion target by plasma
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Heating uniformity of a microwave discharge plasma to redistribute a solid fuel layer inside a cryogenic target for inertial confinement fusion
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Smoothing of deuterium-tritium ice by electrical heating of the saturated vapor
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Plastic deformation of solid hydrogen in fusion targets
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Numerical Raytrace Verification of Optical Diagnostics of Ice Surface Roughness for Inertial Confinement Fusion Experiments
journal, January 2003

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Three-Dimensional Characterization of Cryogenic Target Ice Layers Using Multiple Shadowgraph Views
journal, May 2006

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Characterization of National Ignitition Facility cryogenic beryllium capsules using x-ray phase contrast imaging
journal, October 2004

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X-ray imaging of cryogenic deuterium-tritium layers in a beryllium shell
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Characterization of inertial confinement fusion targets.
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The Cryogenic Target for Ignition on the LMJ: Useful Tools to Achieve Nominal Temperature and Roughness Conditions of the DT Solid Layer
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Status of cryogenic layering for NIF ignition targets
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Beta-Layering of Solid Deuterium-Tritium in a Spherical Polycarbonate Shell
journal, March 1992

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Effect of experimentally observed hydrogenic fractionation on inertial confinement fusion ignition target performance
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Fast Ignition: Overview and Background
journal, April 2006

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Relativistic Heavy Ions for Fusion Applications
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Ignition and high gain with ultrapowerful lasers
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Gain curves for direct-drive fast ignition at densities around 300g∕cc
journal, October 2006

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Gain curves and hydrodynamic simulations of ignition and burn for direct-drive fast-ignition fusion targets
journal, June 2007

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Review of progress in Fast Ignition
journal, May 2005

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Status of and prospects for the fast ignition inertial fusion concept
journal, May 2007

Fast ignitor target studies for the HiPER project
journal, May 2008

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An empirical model of collective electrostatic effects for laser-beam channeling in long-scale-length relativistic plasmas
journal, August 2011

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Absorption of ultra-intense laser pulses
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Stopping power and range of energetic electrons in dense plasmas of fast-ignition fusion targets
journal, January 2008

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Propagation of Subpicosecond Laser Pulses through a Fully Ionized Plasma
journal, November 1996

Time-Dependent Channel Formation in a Laser-Produced Plasma
journal, August 1995

Experimental Demonstration of Relativistic Self-Channeling of a Multiterawatt Laser Pulse in an Underdense Plasma
journal, April 1995

Evidence of relativistic laser beam filamentation in back-reflected images
journal, August 2000

Relativistic Magnetic Self-Channeling of Light in Near-Critical Plasma: Three-Dimensional Particle-in-Cell Simulation
journal, May 1996

Study of Laser-Hole Boring into Overdense Plasmas
journal, December 1996

Performance comparison of self-focusing with 1053- and 351-nm laser pulses
journal, September 1999

Laser-Hole Boring into Overdense Plasmas Measured with Soft X-Ray Laser Probing
journal, March 2000

Relativistic laser channeling in plasmas for fast ignition
journal, December 2007

High-Power, Kilojoule Class Laser Channeling in Millimeter-Scale Underdense Plasma
journal, March 2011

Laser Channeling in Millimeter-Scale Underdense Plasmas of Fast-Ignition Targets
journal, March 2008

Three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations of laser channeling in fast ignition
journal, April 2011

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Model experiments of fast ignition with coaxial high-power laser beams
conference, April 2001

  • Fujita, Katsumasa; Sunahara, A.; Tanaka, Kazuo A.
  • 26th European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter (ECLIM 2000), SPIE Proceedings
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Petawatt-laser direct heating of uniformly imploded deuterated-polystyrene shell target
journal, January 2005