Quantifying sources of black carbon in western North America using observationally based analysis and an emission tagging technique in the Community Atmosphere Model
Abstract
The Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5), equipped with a technique to tag black carbon (BC) emissions by source regions and types, has been employed to establish source–receptor relationships for atmospheric BC and its deposition to snow over western North America. The CAM5 simulation was conducted with meteorological fields constrained by reanalysis for year 2013 when measurements of BC in both near-surface air and snow are available for model evaluation. We find that CAM5 has a significant low bias in predicted mixing ratios of BC in snow but only a small low bias in predicted atmospheric concentrations over northwestern USA and western Canada. Even with a strong low bias in snow mixing ratios, radiative transfer calculations show that the BC-in-snow darkening effect is substantially larger than the BC dimming effect at the surface by atmospheric BC. Local sources contribute more to near-surface atmospheric BC and to deposition than distant sources, while the latter are more important in the middle and upper troposphere where wet removal is relatively weak. Fossil fuel (FF) is the dominant source type for total column BC burden over the two regions. FF is also the dominant local source type for BC column burden, deposition, and near-surface BC, whilemore »
- Authors:
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States). Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1226386
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1227599
- Report Number(s):
- PNNL-SA-108978
Journal ID: ISSN 1680-7324
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC05-76RLO1830; AC05-76RL01830
- Resource Type:
- Published Article
- Journal Name:
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Online)
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Online) Journal Volume: 15 Journal Issue: 22; Journal ID: ISSN 1680-7324
- Publisher:
- Copernicus Publications, EGU
- Country of Publication:
- Germany
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
Citation Formats
Zhang, R., Wang, H., Hegg, D. A., Qian, Y., Doherty, S. J., Dang, C., Ma, P.-L., Rasch, P. J., and Fu, Q. Quantifying sources of black carbon in western North America using observationally based analysis and an emission tagging technique in the Community Atmosphere Model. Germany: N. p., 2015.
Web. doi:10.5194/acp-15-12805-2015.
Zhang, R., Wang, H., Hegg, D. A., Qian, Y., Doherty, S. J., Dang, C., Ma, P.-L., Rasch, P. J., & Fu, Q. Quantifying sources of black carbon in western North America using observationally based analysis and an emission tagging technique in the Community Atmosphere Model. Germany. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12805-2015
Zhang, R., Wang, H., Hegg, D. A., Qian, Y., Doherty, S. J., Dang, C., Ma, P.-L., Rasch, P. J., and Fu, Q. Wed .
"Quantifying sources of black carbon in western North America using observationally based analysis and an emission tagging technique in the Community Atmosphere Model". Germany. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12805-2015.
@article{osti_1226386,
title = {Quantifying sources of black carbon in western North America using observationally based analysis and an emission tagging technique in the Community Atmosphere Model},
author = {Zhang, R. and Wang, H. and Hegg, D. A. and Qian, Y. and Doherty, S. J. and Dang, C. and Ma, P.-L. and Rasch, P. J. and Fu, Q.},
abstractNote = {The Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5), equipped with a technique to tag black carbon (BC) emissions by source regions and types, has been employed to establish source–receptor relationships for atmospheric BC and its deposition to snow over western North America. The CAM5 simulation was conducted with meteorological fields constrained by reanalysis for year 2013 when measurements of BC in both near-surface air and snow are available for model evaluation. We find that CAM5 has a significant low bias in predicted mixing ratios of BC in snow but only a small low bias in predicted atmospheric concentrations over northwestern USA and western Canada. Even with a strong low bias in snow mixing ratios, radiative transfer calculations show that the BC-in-snow darkening effect is substantially larger than the BC dimming effect at the surface by atmospheric BC. Local sources contribute more to near-surface atmospheric BC and to deposition than distant sources, while the latter are more important in the middle and upper troposphere where wet removal is relatively weak. Fossil fuel (FF) is the dominant source type for total column BC burden over the two regions. FF is also the dominant local source type for BC column burden, deposition, and near-surface BC, while for all distant source regions combined the contribution of biomass/biofuel (BB) is larger than FF. An observationally based positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of the snow-impurity chemistry is conducted to quantitatively evaluate the CAM5 BC source-type attribution. Furthermore, while CAM5 is qualitatively consistent with the PMF analysis with respect to partitioning of BC originating from BB and FF emissions, it significantly underestimates the relative contribution of BB. In addition to a possible low bias in BB emissions used in the simulation, the model is likely missing a significant source of snow darkening from local soil found in the observations.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-15-12805-2015},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Online)},
number = 22,
volume = 15,
place = {Germany},
year = {Wed Nov 18 00:00:00 EST 2015},
month = {Wed Nov 18 00:00:00 EST 2015}
}
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12805-2015
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12805-2015
Other availability
Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Cited by: 13 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science
Web of Science
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.
Works referenced in this record:
Black carbon in the Arctic: the underestimated role of gas flaring and residential combustion emissions
journal, January 2013
- Stohl, A.; Klimont, Z.; Eckhardt, S.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 13, Issue 17
Black carbon and other light-absorbing particles in snow of central North America: Black carbon in North American snow
journal, November 2014
- Doherty, Sarah J.; Dang, Cheng; Hegg, Dean A.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 119, Issue 22
Origin and radiative forcing of black carbon transported to the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau
journal, January 2011
- Kopacz, M.; Mauzerall, D. L.; Wang, J.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 11, Issue 6
Toward a Minimal Representation of Aerosols in Climate Models: Comparative Decomposition of Aerosol Direct, Semidirect, and Indirect Radiative Forcing
journal, October 2012
- Ghan, S. J.; Liu, X.; Easter, R. C.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 19
Climate response of fossil fuel and biofuel soot, accounting for soot's feedback to snow and sea ice albedo and emissivity: SOOT CLIMATE EFFECTS THROUGH SNOW/ICE
journal, November 2004
- Jacobson, Mark Z.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 109, Issue D21
Quantifying light absorption by organic carbon in Western North American snow by serial chemical extractions
journal, September 2014
- Dang, Cheng; Hegg, Dean A.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 119, Issue 17
Arctic surface temperature change to emissions of black carbon within Arctic or midlatitudes: ARCTIC CLIMATE RESPONSE TO BLACK CARBON
journal, July 2013
- Sand, Maria; Berntsen, Terje Koren; Seland, Øyvind
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 118, Issue 14
Export efficiency of black carbon aerosol in continental outflow: Global implications
journal, January 2005
- Park, Rokjin J.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 110, Issue D11
Black soot and the survival of Tibetan glaciers
journal, December 2009
- Xu, Baiqing; Cao, Junji; Hansen, James
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 106, Issue 52
The IMPROVE_A Temperature Protocol for Thermal/Optical Carbon Analysis: Maintaining Consistency with a Long-Term Database
journal, September 2007
- Chow, Judith C.; Watson, John G.; Chen, L. -W. Antony
- Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vol. 57, Issue 9
Dust radiative forcing in snow of the Upper Colorado River Basin: 1. A 6 year record of energy balance, radiation, and dust concentrations: DUST RADIATIVE FORCING ENERGY BALANCE
journal, July 2012
- Painter, Thomas H.; Skiles, S. McKenzie; Deems, Jeffrey S.
- Water Resources Research, Vol. 48, Issue 7
Springtime warming and reduced snow cover from carbonaceous particles
journal, January 2009
- Flanner, M. G.; Zender, C. S.; Hess, P. G.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 9, Issue 7
Cost-effective control of air quality and greenhouse gases in Europe: Modeling and policy applications
journal, December 2011
- Amann, Markus; Bertok, Imrich; Borken-Kleefeld, Jens
- Environmental Modelling & Software, Vol. 26, Issue 12
Carbonaceous aerosols recorded in a southeastern Tibetan glacier: analysis of temporal variations and model estimates of sources and radiative forcing
journal, January 2015
- Wang, M.; Xu, B.; Cao, J.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 3
Variations and sources of the equivalent black carbon in the high Arctic revealed by long-term observations at Alert and Barrow: 1989–2003
journal, January 2006
- Sharma, S.; Andrews, E.; Barrie, L. A.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 111, Issue D14
Trans-pacific dust transport: integrated analysis of NASA/CALIPSO and a global aerosol transport model
journal, January 2009
- Eguchi, K.; Uno, I.; Yumimoto, K.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 9, Issue 9
Light absorption from particulate impurities in snow and ice determined by spectrophotometric analysis of filters
journal, January 2011
- Grenfell, Thomas C.; Doherty, Sarah J.; Clarke, Antony D.
- Applied Optics, Vol. 50, Issue 14
Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment: BLACK CARBON IN THE CLIMATE SYSTEM
journal, June 2013
- Bond, T. C.; Doherty, S. J.; Fahey, D. W.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 118, Issue 11
Source Attribution of Black Carbon in Arctic Snow
journal, June 2009
- Hegg, Dean A.; Warren, Stephen G.; Grenfell, Thomas C.
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 43, Issue 11
The role of circulation features on black carbon transport into the Arctic in the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5): BC TRANSPORT IN OFF-LINE CAM5
journal, May 2013
- Ma, Po-Lun; Rasch, Philip J.; Wang, Hailong
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 118, Issue 10
An AeroCom assessment of black carbon in Arctic snow and sea ice
journal, January 2014
- Jiao, C.; Flanner, M. G.; Balkanski, Y.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 5
Optical properties of aged Asian aerosols observed over the U.S. Pacific Northwest
journal, January 2010
- Fischer, E. V.; Jaffe, D. A.; Marley, N. A.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 115, Issue D20
A Model for the Spectral Albedo of Snow. II: Snow Containing Atmospheric Aerosols
journal, December 1980
- Warren, Stephen G.; Wiscombe, Warren J.
- Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 37, Issue 12
Black carbon in seasonal snow across northern Xinjiang in northwestern China
journal, October 2012
- Ye, Hao; Zhang, Rudong; Shi, Jinsen
- Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 4
MERRA: NASA’s Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications
journal, July 2011
- Rienecker, Michele M.; Suarez, Max J.; Gelaro, Ronald
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 24, Issue 14
Assessing Single Particle Soot Photometer and Integrating Sphere/Integrating Sandwich Spectrophotometer measurement techniques for quantifying black carbon concentration in snow
journal, January 2012
- Schwarz, J. P.; Doherty, S. J.; Li, F.
- Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 5, Issue 11
Arctic Air Pollution: Origins and Impacts
journal, March 2007
- Law, K. S.; Stohl, A.
- Science, Vol. 315, Issue 5818
Black carbon and other light-absorbing impurities in snow across Northern China: LIGHT-ABSORBING IMPURITIES IN SNOW
journal, February 2013
- Wang, Xin; Doherty, Sarah J.; Huang, Jianping
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 118, Issue 3
A novel back-trajectory analysis of the origin of black carbon transported to the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau during 1996-2010: ORIGIN OF BLACK CARBON ON THE THIRD POLE
journal, January 2012
- Lu, Zifeng; Streets, David G.; Zhang, Qiang
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 39, Issue 1
Sensitivity of remote aerosol distributions to representation of cloud–aerosol interactions in a global climate model
journal, January 2013
- Wang, H.; Easter, R. C.; Rasch, P. J.
- Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 6, Issue 3
A sensitivity study on modeling black carbon in snow and its radiative forcing over the Arctic and Northern China
journal, May 2014
- Qian, Yun; Wang, Hailong; Zhang, Rudong
- Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 9, Issue 6
Transport of Asian air pollution to North America
journal, March 1999
- Jaffe, Dan; Anderson, Theodore; Covert, Dave
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 26, Issue 6
Source attribution of insoluble light-absorbing particles in seasonal snow across northern China
journal, January 2013
- Zhang, R.; Hegg, D. A.; Huang, J.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 13, Issue 12
Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997–2009)
journal, January 2010
- van der Werf, G. R.; Randerson, J. T.; Giglio, L.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 23
Long-term trends of black carbon and sulphate aerosol in the Arctic: changes in atmospheric transport and source region emissions
journal, January 2010
- Hirdman, D.; Burkhart, J. F.; Sodemann, H.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 19
Historical (1850–2000) gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols: methodology and application
journal, January 2010
- Lamarque, J. -F.; Bond, T. C.; Eyring, V.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 15
Evaluation of preindustrial to present-day black carbon and its albedo forcing from Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP)
journal, January 2013
- Lee, Y. H.; Lamarque, J. -F.; Flanner, M. G.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 13, Issue 5
Evaluating the climate and air quality impacts of short-lived pollutants
journal, January 2015
- Stohl, A.; Aamaas, B.; Amann, M.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 18
Sources of carbonaceous aerosols and deposited black carbon in the Arctic in winter-spring: implications for radiative forcing
journal, January 2011
- Wang, Q.; Jacob, D. J.; Fisher, J. A.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 11, Issue 23
Relative contributions of anthropogenic emissions to black carbon aerosol in the Arctic
journal, January 2010
- Huang, L.; Gong, S. L.; Jia, C. Q.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 115, Issue D19
Short-term effects of controlling fossil-fuel soot, biofuel soot and gases, and methane on climate, Arctic ice, and air pollution health
journal, January 2010
- Jacobson, Mark Z.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 115, Issue D14
Soot climate forcing via snow and ice albedos
journal, December 2003
- Hansen, J.; Nazarenko, L.
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 101, Issue 2
Climate response to regional radiative forcing during the twentieth century
journal, March 2009
- Shindell, Drew; Faluvegi, Greg
- Nature Geoscience, Vol. 2, Issue 4
Simulating black carbon and dust and their radiative forcing in seasonal snow: a case study over North China with field campaign measurements
journal, January 2014
- Zhao, C.; Hu, Z.; Qian, Y.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 20
Using an explicit emission tagging method in global modeling of source-receptor relationships for black carbon in the Arctic: Variations, sources, and transport pathways: Source attribution of BC in the Arctic
journal, November 2014
- Wang, Hailong; Rasch, Philip J.; Easter, Richard C.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 119, Issue 22
Sensitivity studies on the impacts of Tibetan Plateau snowpack pollution on the Asian hydrological cycle and monsoon climate
journal, January 2011
- Qian, Y.; Flanner, M. G.; Leung, L. R.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 11, Issue 5
Black carbon in soils and sediments: Analysis, distribution, implications, and current challenges
journal, September 2000
- Schmidt, Michael W. I.; Noack, Angela G.
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 14, Issue 3
Soot in the Arctic snowpack: a cause for perturbations in radiative transfer
journal, January 1985
- Clarke, Antony D.; Noone, Kevin J.
- Atmospheric Environment (1967), Vol. 19, Issue 12
Light-absorbing impurities in Arctic snow
journal, January 2010
- Doherty, S. J.; Warren, S. G.; Grenfell, T. C.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 23
Asian aerosols in North America: Extracting the chemical composition and mass concentration of the Asian continental aerosol plume from long-term aerosol records in the western United States
journal, January 2003
- VanCuren, Richard A.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 108, Issue D20
Black carbon record based on a shallow Himalayan ice core and its climatic implications
journal, January 2008
- Ming, J.; Cachier, H.; Xiao, C.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 8, Issue 5
Hemispheric Aerosol Vertical Profiles: Anthropogenic Impacts on Optical Depth and Cloud Nuclei
journal, September 2010
- Clarke, A.; Kapustin, V.
- Science, Vol. 329, Issue 5998
Present-day springtime high-latitude surface albedo as a predictor of simulated climate sensitivity
journal, January 2007
- Levis, Samuel; Bonan, Gordon B.; Lawrence, Peter J.
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 34, Issue 17
Present-day climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow
journal, January 2007
- Flanner, Mark G.; Zender, Charles S.; Randerson, James T.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 112, Issue D11
Spatial and seasonal trends in particle concentration and optical extinction in the United States
journal, January 1994
- Malm, William C.; Sisler, James F.; Huffman, Dale
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 99, Issue D1
Emissions of primary aerosol and precursor gases in the years 2000 and 1750 prescribed data-sets for AeroCom
journal, January 2006
- Dentener, F.; Kinne, S.; Bond, T.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 6, Issue 12
Modeling historical long-term trends of sulfate, ammonium, and elemental carbon over Europe: A comparison with ice core records in the Alps
journal, January 2007
- Fagerli, Hilde; Legrand, Michel; Preunkert, Susanne
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 112, Issue D23
Evaluation of black carbon estimations in global aerosol models
journal, January 2009
- Koch, D.; Schulz, M.; Kinne, S.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 9, Issue 22
Black carbon in the atmosphere and snow, from pre-industrial times until present
journal, January 2011
- Skeie, R. B.; Berntsen, T.; Myhre, G.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 11, Issue 14
Observed vertical redistribution of black carbon and other insoluble light-absorbing particles in melting snow: MELT REDISTRIBUTION OF BC IN SNOW
journal, June 2013
- Doherty, Sarah J.; Grenfell, Thomas C.; Forsström, Sanja
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 118, Issue 11
Characteristics of atmospheric transport into the Arctic troposphere
journal, January 2006
- Stohl, A.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 111, Issue D11
Transpacific transport of Asian anthropogenic aerosols and its impact on surface air quality in the United States
journal, January 2006
- Heald, Colette L.; Jacob, Daniel J.; Park, Rokjin J.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 111, Issue D14
Trans-Pacific transport of black carbon and fine aerosols ( D < 2.5 μ m) into North America
journal, January 2007
- Hadley, O. L.; Ramanathan, V.; Carmichael, G. R.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 112, Issue D5
Dust and Black Carbon in Seasonal Snow Across Northern China
journal, February 2011
- Huang, Jianping; Fu, Qiang; Zhang, Wu
- Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 92, Issue 2
Continental scale Antarctic deposition of sulphur and black carbon from anthropogenic and volcanic sources
journal, January 2010
- Graf, H. -F.; Shirsat, S. V.; Oppenheimer, C.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 5
A climatologically significant aerosol longwave indirect effect in the Arctic
journal, January 2006
- Lubin, Dan; Vogelmann, Andrew M.
- Nature, Vol. 439, Issue 7075
Sources of light-absorbing aerosol in arctic snow and their seasonal variation
journal, January 2010
- Hegg, Dean A.; Warren, Stephen G.; Grenfell, Thomas C.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 22
The dri thermal/optical reflectance carbon analysis system: description, evaluation and applications in U.S. Air quality studies
journal, June 1993
- Chow, Judith C.; Watson, John G.; Pritchett, Lyle C.
- Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics, Vol. 27, Issue 8
Aerosols from Overseas Rival Domestic Emissions over North America
journal, August 2012
- Yu, H.; Remer, L. A.; Chin, M.
- Science, Vol. 337, Issue 6094
Quantifying sources, transport, deposition, and radiative forcing of black carbon over the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau
journal, January 2015
- Zhang, R.; Wang, H.; Qian, Y.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 11
Biomass burning contribution to black carbon in the Western United States Mountain Ranges
journal, January 2011
- Mao, Y. H.; Li, Q. B.; Zhang, L.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 11, Issue 21
Source identification of short-lived air pollutants in the Arctic using statistical analysis of measurement data and particle dispersion model output
journal, January 2010
- Hirdman, D.; Sodemann, H.; Eckhardt, S.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 2
A multi-model assessment of pollution transport to the Arctic
journal, January 2008
- Shindell, D. T.; Chin, M.; Dentener, F.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 8, Issue 17
Intercontinental transport of pollution and dust aerosols: implications for regional air quality
journal, January 2007
- Chin, Mian; Diehl, T.; Ginoux, P.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 7, Issue 21
16-year simulation of Arctic black carbon: Transport, source contribution, and sensitivity analysis on deposition: 16 YR TRANSPORT OF BC TO THE ARCTIC
journal, January 2013
- Sharma, S.; Ishizawa, M.; Chan, D.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 118, Issue 2
A multimodel assessment of the influence of regional anthropogenic emission reductions on aerosol direct radiative forcing and the role of intercontinental transport: AEROSOL INTERCONTINENTAL TRANSPORT
journal, January 2013
- Yu, Hongbin; Chin, Mian; West, J. Jason
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 118, Issue 2
Use of Soil Properties to Determine the Historical Extent of Two Western Washington Prairies
journal, July 2011
- Hegarty, Joshua; Zabowski, Darlene; Bakker, Jonathan D.
- Northwest Science, Vol. 85, Issue 2
Light-absorbing particles in snow and ice: Measurement and modeling of climatic and hydrological impact
journal, November 2014
- Qian, Yun; Yasunari, Teppei J.; Doherty, Sarah J.
- Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 32, Issue 1
Response of Colorado River runoff to dust radiative forcing in snow
journal, September 2010
- Painter, T. H.; Deems, J. S.; Belnap, J.
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 107, Issue 40