Electrical Tuning of Exciton Binding Energies in Monolayer WS2

Chernikov, Alexey; van der Zande, Arend M.; Hill, Heather M.; Rigosi, Albert F.; Velauthapillai, Ajanth; Hone, James; Heinz, Tony F.

doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.126802

Title: Electrical Tuning of Exciton Binding Energies in Monolayer ${WS}_{2}$

Abstract

We demonstrate continuous tuning of the exciton binding energy in monolayer WS₂ by means of an externally applied voltage in a field-effect transistor device. Using optical spectroscopy, we monitor the ground and excited excitonic states as a function of gate voltage and track the evolution of the quasiparticle band gap. Here, the observed decrease of the exciton binding energy over the range of about 100 meV, accompanied by the renormalization of the quasiparticle band gap, is associated with screening of the Coulomb interaction by the electrically injected free charge carriers at densities up to 8 × 10¹² cm^–2. Complete ionization of the excitons due to the electrical doping is estimated to occur at a carrier density of several 10¹³ cm^–2.

Authors:

Chernikov, Alexey ^[1]; van der Zande, Arend M. ^[2]; Hill, Heather M. ^[1]; Rigosi, Albert F. ^[1]; Velauthapillai, Ajanth ^[3]; Hone, James ^[1]; Heinz, Tony F. ^[4]

Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States)
Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States); Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL (United States)
Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States); Philipps-Univ. Marburg (Germany)
Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States); Stanford Univ., CA (United States); SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Publication Date:: Wed Sep 16 00:00:00 EDT 2015

Research Org.:: Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Re-Defining Photovoltaic Efficiency Through Molecule Scale Control (RPEMSC)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division; National Science Foundation (NSF)

OSTI Identifier:: 1370372

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1215790

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0001085; DMR-1124894; DGE-106924; DGE-1144155

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Physical Review Letters

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 115; Journal Issue: 12; Related Information: RPEMSC partners with Columbia University (lead); Brookhaven National Laboratory; Purdue University; Journal ID: ISSN 0031-9007

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 42 ENGINEERING

Citation Formats


                    Chernikov, Alexey, van der Zande, Arend M., Hill, Heather M., Rigosi, Albert F., Velauthapillai, Ajanth, Hone, James, and Heinz, Tony F. Electrical Tuning of Exciton Binding Energies in Monolayer WS2.  United States: N. p., 2015. 
Web.  doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.126802.

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                    Chernikov, Alexey, van der Zande, Arend M., Hill, Heather M., Rigosi, Albert F., Velauthapillai, Ajanth, Hone, James, & Heinz, Tony F. Electrical Tuning of Exciton Binding Energies in Monolayer WS2.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.126802

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                    Chernikov, Alexey, van der Zande, Arend M., Hill, Heather M., Rigosi, Albert F., Velauthapillai, Ajanth, Hone, James, and Heinz, Tony F. Wed .  
"Electrical Tuning of Exciton Binding Energies in Monolayer WS2".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.126802.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1370372.

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@article{osti_1370372,

  title        = {Electrical Tuning of Exciton Binding Energies in Monolayer WS2},

  author       = {Chernikov, Alexey and van der Zande, Arend M. and Hill, Heather M. and Rigosi, Albert F. and Velauthapillai, Ajanth and Hone, James and Heinz, Tony F.},

  abstractNote = {We demonstrate continuous tuning of the exciton binding energy in monolayer WS2 by means of an externally applied voltage in a field-effect transistor device. Using optical spectroscopy, we monitor the ground and excited excitonic states as a function of gate voltage and track the evolution of the quasiparticle band gap. Here, the observed decrease of the exciton binding energy over the range of about 100 meV, accompanied by the renormalization of the quasiparticle band gap, is associated with screening of the Coulomb interaction by the electrically injected free charge carriers at densities up to 8 × 1012 cm–2. Complete ionization of the excitons due to the electrical doping is estimated to occur at a carrier density of several 1013 cm–2.},

  doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.126802},

  journal      = {Physical Review Letters},

  number       = 12,

  volume       = 115,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Wed Sep 16 00:00:00 EDT 2015},

  month        = {Wed Sep 16 00:00:00 EDT 2015}

}

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Hwang, Jeongwoon; Zhang, Chenxi; Cho, Kyeongjae
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Park, Soohyung; Mutz, Niklas; Schultz, Thorsten
2D Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 2
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Bernal-Villamil, Ivan; Berghäuser, Gunnar; Selig, Malte
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Le Quang, T.; Nogajewski, K.; Potemski, M.
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Wu, Shudong; Cheng, Liwen; Wang, Qiang
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Exciton routing in the heterostructure of a transition metal dichalcogenide monolayer on a paraelectric substrate
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Shahnazaryan, V.; Kyriienko, O.; Rostami, H.
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Berghäuser, Gunnar; Steinleitner, Philipp; Merkl, Philipp
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Chernikov, Alexey; Raja, Archana; Chaves, Andrey
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Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 114, Issue 23
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Coulomb engineering of the bandgap and excitons in two-dimensional materials
text, January 2017

Raja, Archana; Chaves, Andrey; Yu, Jaeeun
Universität Regensburg
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Fermi polaron-polaritons in charge-tunable atomically thin semiconductors
text, January 2016

Sidler, Meinrad; Back, Patrick; Cotlet, Ovidiu
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text, January 2016

Van Tuan, Dinh; Scharf, Benedikt; Wang, Zefang
arXiv
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The interplay between excitons and trions in a monolayer of MoSe$_2$
text, January 2017

Lundt, N.; Cherotchenko, E.; Iff, O.
arXiv
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Magneto-spectroscopy of exciton Rydberg states in a CVD grown WSe2 monolayer
text, January 2019

Delhomme, A.; Butseraen, G.; Zheng, B.
arXiv
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Imaging Nanoscale Inhomogeneities and Edge Delamination in As-Grown MoS2 Using Tip-Enhanced Photoluminescence
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Rodriguez, Alvaro; Verhagen, Tim; Kalbac, Martin
arXiv
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Gate tunable optical absorption and band structure of twisted bilayer graphene
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Yu, Kwangnam; Nguyen, Van Luan; Kim, Tae Soo
arXiv
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Mapping of the dark exciton landscape in transition metal dichalcogenides
text, January 2018

Berghäuser, Gunnar; Steinleitner, Philipp; Merkl, Philipp
Universität Regensburg
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Marrying Excitons and Plasmons in Monolayer Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides
text, January 2017

Van Tuan, Dinh; Scharf, Benedikt; Žutić, Igor
Universität Regensburg
DOI: 10.5283/epub.39560

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Title: Electrical Tuning of Exciton Binding Energies in Monolayer WS 2

Abstract

Citation Formats

Quantum Theory of the Optical and Electronic Properties of Semiconductors book, January 2009

Coupled Spin and Valley Physics in Monolayers of MoS 2 and Other Group-VI Dichalcogenides journal, May 2012

Analytical approach to excitonic properties of MoS 2 journal, March 2014

Breaking of Valley Degeneracy by Magnetic Field in Monolayer MoSe 2 journal, January 2015

Carrier and Polarization Dynamics in Monolayer MoS 2 journal, January 2014

Semiconductor Optics book, March 2007

Emerging Photoluminescence in Monolayer MoS2 journal, April 2010

Observation of Excitonic Rydberg States in Monolayer MoS 2 and WS 2 by Photoluminescence Excitation Spectroscopy journal, April 2015

Band-Edge Electroabsorption in Quantum Well Structures: The Quantum-Confined Stark Effect journal, November 1984

Influence of Excited Carriers on the Optical and Electronic Properties of MoS 2 journal, June 2014

Valley-selective optical Stark effect in monolayer WS2 journal, December 2014

k · p theory for two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors journal, April 2015

Direct Imaging of Band Profile in Single Layer MoS 2 on Graphite: Quasiparticle Energy Gap, Metallic Edge States, and Edge Band Bending journal, April 2014

Three-band tight-binding model for monolayers of group-VIB transition metal dichalcogenides journal, August 2013

Optical Spectrum of MoS 2 : Many-Body Effects and Diversity of Exciton States journal, November 2013

Absorption of light by excitons and trions in monolayers of metal dichalcogenide Mo S 2 : Experiments and theory journal, May 2014

Probing excitonic dark states in single-layer tungsten disulphide journal, August 2014

Atomically Thin MoS2 A New Direct-Gap Semiconductor journal, September 2010

Analytical closed form expressions for the effective band edges in shallow quantum wells journal, May 1994

The valley Hall effect in MoS2 transistors journal, June 2014

Large excitonic effects in monolayers of molybdenum and tungsten dichalcogenides journal, September 2012

Electrical control of neutral and charged excitons in a monolayer semiconductor journal, February 2013

Valley-selective circular dichroism of monolayer molybdenum disulphide journal, January 2012

Effect of spin-orbit interaction on the optical spectra of single-layer, double-layer, and bulk MoS 2 journal, July 2013

Oscillator strength of trion states in ZnSe-based quantum wells journal, October 2000

Spin-Orbit Coupling, Quantum Dots, and Qubits in Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenides journal, March 2014

Giant bandgap renormalization and excitonic effects in a monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductor journal, August 2014

Photoluminescence from Chemically Exfoliated MoS2 journal, December 2011

Optical manipulation of the exciton charge state in single-layer tungsten disulfide journal, December 2013

Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Alloys: Stability and Electronic Properties journal, November 2012

Two-dimensional material nanophotonics journal, November 2014

Transient nonlinear optical response from excitation induced dephasing in GaAs journal, August 1993

Microscopic theory of optical dephasing in semiconductors journal, November 2000

Band offsets and heterostructures of two-dimensional semiconductors journal, January 2013

Giant Enhancement of the Optical Second-Harmonic Emission of WSe 2 Monolayers by Laser Excitation at Exciton Resonances journal, March 2015

Dimensionality of exciton-state renormalization in highly excited semiconductors journal, April 1995

Optical generation of excitonic valley coherence in monolayer WSe2 journal, August 2013

Photoluminescence of freestanding single- and few-layer MoS 2 journal, March 2014

Size, Dimensionality, and Strong Electron Correlation in Nanoscience journal, August 2014

Tightly Bound Excitons in Monolayer WSe 2 journal, July 2014

Photoluminescence emission and Raman response of monolayer MoS_2, MoSe_2, and WSe_2 journal, January 2013

Exciton Binding Energy of Monolayer WS2 journal, March 2015

Electronic properties of the MoS 2 -WS 2 heterojunction journal, February 2013

Two-dimensional atomic crystals journal, July 2005

Coherent Electronic Coupling in Atomically Thin MoSe 2 journal, May 2014

Resonant internal quantum transitions and femtosecond radiative decay of excitons in monolayer WSe2 journal, July 2015

Ultrafast generation of pseudo-magnetic field for valley excitons in WSe 2 monolayers journal, December 2014

Strong light–matter coupling in two-dimensional atomic crystals journal, December 2014

Tightly bound trions in monolayer MoS2 journal, December 2012

How dielectric screening in two-dimensional crystals affects the convergence of excited-state calculations: Monolayer MoS 2 journal, December 2013

Observation of biexcitons in monolayer WSe2 journal, May 2015

Valley Zeeman effect in elementary optical excitations of monolayer WSe2 journal, January 2015

Measurement of high exciton binding energy in the monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides WS2 and WSe2 journal, February 2015

Exciton Binding Energy and Nonhydrogenic Rydberg Series in Monolayer WS 2 journal, August 2014

Quasiparticle band structures and optical properties of strained monolayer MoS 2 and WS 2 journal, April 2013

Theory of neutral and charged excitons in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides journal, July 2013

Measurement of the optical dielectric function of monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides: MoS 2 , Mo S e 2 , WS 2 , and WS e 2 journal, November 2014

Magnetic control of valley pseudospin in monolayer WSe2 journal, January 2015

Quasiparticle band structure calculation of monolayer, bilayer, and bulk MoS 2 journal, May 2012

Control of valley polarization in monolayer MoS2 by optical helicity journal, June 2012

Low-frequency Raman modes and electronic excitations in atomically thin MoS 2 films journal, December 2012

The negative ion of hydrogen journal, December 1996

Trions in GaAs Quantum Wells: Photoluminescence Lineshape Analysis journal, March 2000

Semiconductor Optics book, January 2005

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Two-Dimensional Material Nanophotonics text, January 2018

Twist-tailoring Coulomb correlations in van der Waals homobilayers text, January 2020

Resonant internal Quantum transitions and femtosecond radiative decay of excitons in monolayer WSe2 text, January 2015

Semiconductor Optics book, January 2012

Optical Generation of Excitonic Valley Coherence in Monolayer WSe2 text, January 2013

Theory of Neutral and Charged Excitons in Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenides text, January 2013

Probing Excitonic Dark States in Single-layer Tungsten Disulfide text, January 2014

Valley-selective optical Stark effect in monolayer WS2 text, January 2014

Valley Zeeman Effect in Elementary Optical Excitations of a Monolayer WSe2 text, January 2014

k.p theory for two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors text, January 2014

Engineering Bandgaps of Monolayer MoS 2 and WS 2 on Fluoropolymer Substrates by Electrostatically Tuned Many-Body Effects journal, May 2016

Theory and Ab Initio Calculation of Optically Excited States—Recent Advances in 2D Materials journal, December 2019

Title: Electrical Tuning of Exciton Binding Energies in Monolayer ${WS}_{2}$

Quantum Theory of the Optical and Electronic Properties of Semiconductors
book, January 2009

Coupled Spin and Valley Physics in Monolayers of ${MoS}_{2}$ and Other Group-VI Dichalcogenides
journal, May 2012

Analytical approach to excitonic properties of MoS $_{2}$
journal, March 2014

Breaking of Valley Degeneracy by Magnetic Field in Monolayer ${MoSe}_{2}$
journal, January 2015

Carrier and Polarization Dynamics in Monolayer ${MoS}_{2}$
journal, January 2014

Semiconductor Optics
book, March 2007

Emerging Photoluminescence in Monolayer MoS₂
journal, April 2010

Observation of Excitonic Rydberg States in Monolayer MoS ₂ and WS ₂ by Photoluminescence Excitation Spectroscopy
journal, April 2015

Band-Edge Electroabsorption in Quantum Well Structures: The Quantum-Confined Stark Effect
journal, November 1984

Influence of Excited Carriers on the Optical and Electronic Properties of MoS ₂
journal, June 2014

Valley-selective optical Stark effect in monolayer WS2
journal, December 2014

k · p theory for two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors
journal, April 2015

Direct Imaging of Band Profile in Single Layer MoS ₂ on Graphite: Quasiparticle Energy Gap, Metallic Edge States, and Edge Band Bending
journal, April 2014

Three-band tight-binding model for monolayers of group-VIB transition metal dichalcogenides
journal, August 2013

Optical Spectrum of ${MoS}_{2}$ : Many-Body Effects and Diversity of Exciton States
journal, November 2013

Absorption of light by excitons and trions in monolayers of metal dichalcogenide $Mo S_{2}$ : Experiments and theory
journal, May 2014

Probing excitonic dark states in single-layer tungsten disulphide
journal, August 2014

Atomically Thin ${MoS}_{2}$ A New Direct-Gap Semiconductor
journal, September 2010

Analytical closed form expressions for the effective band edges in shallow quantum wells
journal, May 1994

The valley Hall effect in MoS2 transistors
journal, June 2014

Large excitonic effects in monolayers of molybdenum and tungsten dichalcogenides
journal, September 2012

Electrical control of neutral and charged excitons in a monolayer semiconductor
journal, February 2013

Valley-selective circular dichroism of monolayer molybdenum disulphide
journal, January 2012

Effect of spin-orbit interaction on the optical spectra of single-layer, double-layer, and bulk MoS $_{2}$
journal, July 2013

Oscillator strength of trion states in ZnSe-based quantum wells
journal, October 2000

Spin-Orbit Coupling, Quantum Dots, and Qubits in Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
journal, March 2014

Giant bandgap renormalization and excitonic effects in a monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductor
journal, August 2014

Photoluminescence from Chemically Exfoliated MoS₂
journal, December 2011

Optical manipulation of the exciton charge state in single-layer tungsten disulfide
journal, December 2013

Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Alloys: Stability and Electronic Properties
journal, November 2012

Two-dimensional material nanophotonics
journal, November 2014

Transient nonlinear optical response from excitation induced dephasing in GaAs
journal, August 1993

Microscopic theory of optical dephasing in semiconductors
journal, November 2000

Band offsets and heterostructures of two-dimensional semiconductors
journal, January 2013

Giant Enhancement of the Optical Second-Harmonic Emission of ${WSe}_{2}$ Monolayers by Laser Excitation at Exciton Resonances
journal, March 2015

Dimensionality of exciton-state renormalization in highly excited semiconductors
journal, April 1995

Optical generation of excitonic valley coherence in monolayer WSe2
journal, August 2013

Photoluminescence of freestanding single- and few-layer ${MoS}_{2}$
journal, March 2014

Size, Dimensionality, and Strong Electron Correlation in Nanoscience
journal, August 2014

Tightly Bound Excitons in Monolayer ${WSe}_{2}$
journal, July 2014

Photoluminescence emission and Raman response of monolayer MoS_2, MoSe_2, and WSe_2
journal, January 2013

Exciton Binding Energy of Monolayer WS2
journal, March 2015

Electronic properties of the MoS $_{2}$ -WS $_{2}$ heterojunction
journal, February 2013

Two-dimensional atomic crystals
journal, July 2005

Coherent Electronic Coupling in Atomically Thin ${MoSe}_{2}$
journal, May 2014

Resonant internal quantum transitions and femtosecond radiative decay of excitons in monolayer WSe2
journal, July 2015

Ultrafast generation of pseudo-magnetic field for valley excitons in WSe ₂ monolayers
journal, December 2014

Strong light–matter coupling in two-dimensional atomic crystals
journal, December 2014

Tightly bound trions in monolayer MoS2
journal, December 2012

How dielectric screening in two-dimensional crystals affects the convergence of excited-state calculations: Monolayer MoS $_{2}$
journal, December 2013

Observation of biexcitons in monolayer WSe2
journal, May 2015

Valley Zeeman effect in elementary optical excitations of monolayer WSe2
journal, January 2015

Measurement of high exciton binding energy in the monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides WS2 and WSe2
journal, February 2015

Exciton Binding Energy and Nonhydrogenic Rydberg Series in Monolayer ${WS}_{2}$
journal, August 2014

Quasiparticle band structures and optical properties of strained monolayer MoS $_{2}$ and WS $_{2}$
journal, April 2013

Theory of neutral and charged excitons in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides
journal, July 2013

Measurement of the optical dielectric function of monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides: ${MoS}_{2}$ , $Mo S e_{2}$ , ${WS}_{2}$ , and $WS e_{2}$
journal, November 2014

Magnetic control of valley pseudospin in monolayer WSe2
journal, January 2015

Quasiparticle band structure calculation of monolayer, bilayer, and bulk MoS $_{2}$
journal, May 2012

Control of valley polarization in monolayer MoS2 by optical helicity
journal, June 2012

Low-frequency Raman modes and electronic excitations in atomically thin MoS $_{2}$ films
journal, December 2012

The negative ion of hydrogen
journal, December 1996

Trions in GaAs Quantum Wells: Photoluminescence Lineshape Analysis
journal, March 2000

Semiconductor Optics
book, January 2005

Tuning layer-hybridized moiré excitons by the quantum-confined Stark effect
journal, November 2020

Two-Dimensional Material Nanophotonics
text, January 2018

Twist-tailoring Coulomb correlations in van der Waals homobilayers
text, January 2020

Resonant internal Quantum transitions and femtosecond radiative decay of excitons in monolayer WSe2
text, January 2015

Semiconductor Optics
book, January 2012

Optical Generation of Excitonic Valley Coherence in Monolayer WSe2
text, January 2013

Theory of Neutral and Charged Excitons in Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
text, January 2013

Probing Excitonic Dark States in Single-layer Tungsten Disulfide
text, January 2014

Valley-selective optical Stark effect in monolayer WS2
text, January 2014

Valley Zeeman Effect in Elementary Optical Excitations of a Monolayer WSe2
text, January 2014

k.p theory for two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors
text, January 2014

Engineering Bandgaps of Monolayer MoS ₂ and WS ₂ on Fluoropolymer Substrates by Electrostatically Tuned Many-Body Effects
journal, May 2016

Theory and Ab Initio Calculation of Optically Excited States—Recent Advances in 2D Materials
journal, December 2019

Light Emission Properties of 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: Fundamentals and Applications
journal, August 2018

Electrically Tuneable Exciton‐Polaritons through Free Electron Doping in Monolayer WS ₂ Microcavities
journal, May 2019