Modeling the impact of agricultural land use and management on US carbon budgets
Abstract
Cultivation of the terrestrial land surface can create either a source or sink of atmospheric CO₂, depending on land management practices. The Community Land Model (CLM) provides a useful tool for exploring how land use and management impact the soil carbon pool at regional to global scales. CLM was recently updated to include representation of managed lands growing maize, soybean, and spring wheat. In this study, CLM-Crop is used to investigate the impacts of various management practices, including fertilizer use and differential rates of crop residue removal, on the soil organic carbon (SOC) storage of croplands in the continental United States over approximately a 170-year period. Results indicate that total US SOC stocks have already lost over 8 Pg C (10%) due to land cultivation practices (e.g., fertilizer application, cultivar choice, and residue removal), compared to a land surface composed of native vegetation (i.e., grasslands). After long periods of cultivation, individual subgrids (the equivalent of a field plot) growing maize and soybean lost up to 65% of the carbon stored compared to a grassland site. Crop residue management showed the greatest effect on soil carbon storage, with low and medium residue returns resulting in additional losses of 5 and 3.5%,more »
- Authors:
- Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
- Northern Illinois Univ., DeKalb, IL (United States). Dept. of Geography.
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER) (SC-23), Earth System Modeling; National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1197737
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1201739; OSTI ID: 1396278
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-06CH11357; AC02-05CH11231
- Resource Type:
- Published Article
- Journal Name:
- Biogeosciences (Online)
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: Biogeosciences (Online); Journal Volume: 12; Journal Issue: 7; Journal ID: ISSN 1726-4189
- Publisher:
- European Geosciences Union
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; Agriculture; Biogeochemistry; Soil Organic Carbon; land surface model
Citation Formats
Drewniak, B. A., Mishra, U., Song, J., Prell, J., and Kotamarthi, V. R. Modeling the impact of agricultural land use and management on US carbon budgets. United States: N. p., 2015.
Web. doi:10.5194/bg-12-2119-2015.
Drewniak, B. A., Mishra, U., Song, J., Prell, J., & Kotamarthi, V. R. Modeling the impact of agricultural land use and management on US carbon budgets. United States. doi:10.5194/bg-12-2119-2015.
Drewniak, B. A., Mishra, U., Song, J., Prell, J., and Kotamarthi, V. R. Thu .
"Modeling the impact of agricultural land use and management on US carbon budgets". United States. doi:10.5194/bg-12-2119-2015.
@article{osti_1197737,
title = {Modeling the impact of agricultural land use and management on US carbon budgets},
author = {Drewniak, B. A. and Mishra, U. and Song, J. and Prell, J. and Kotamarthi, V. R.},
abstractNote = {Cultivation of the terrestrial land surface can create either a source or sink of atmospheric CO₂, depending on land management practices. The Community Land Model (CLM) provides a useful tool for exploring how land use and management impact the soil carbon pool at regional to global scales. CLM was recently updated to include representation of managed lands growing maize, soybean, and spring wheat. In this study, CLM-Crop is used to investigate the impacts of various management practices, including fertilizer use and differential rates of crop residue removal, on the soil organic carbon (SOC) storage of croplands in the continental United States over approximately a 170-year period. Results indicate that total US SOC stocks have already lost over 8 Pg C (10%) due to land cultivation practices (e.g., fertilizer application, cultivar choice, and residue removal), compared to a land surface composed of native vegetation (i.e., grasslands). After long periods of cultivation, individual subgrids (the equivalent of a field plot) growing maize and soybean lost up to 65% of the carbon stored compared to a grassland site. Crop residue management showed the greatest effect on soil carbon storage, with low and medium residue returns resulting in additional losses of 5 and 3.5%, respectively, in US carbon storage, while plots with high residue returns stored 2% more carbon. Nitrogenous fertilizer can alter the amount of soil carbon stocks significantly. Under current levels of crop residue return, not applying fertilizer resulted in a 5% loss of soil carbon. Our simulations indicate that disturbance through cultivation will always result in a loss of soil carbon, and management practices will have a large influence on the magnitude of SOC loss.},
doi = {10.5194/bg-12-2119-2015},
journal = {Biogeosciences (Online)},
number = 7,
volume = 12,
place = {United States},
year = {2015},
month = {4}
}
DOI: 10.5194/bg-12-2119-2015
Web of Science
Works referenced in this record:
Can intra-aggregate pore structures affect the aggregate's effectiveness in protecting carbon?
journal, February 2013
- Ananyeva, K.; Wang, W.; Smucker, A. J. M.
- Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 57
Changes in soil organic carbon under biofuel crops
journal, February 2009
- Anderson-Teixeira, Kristina J.; Davis, Sarah C.; Masters, Michael D.
- GCB Bioenergy, Vol. 1, Issue 1
Crop Residue Removal Impacts on Soil Productivity and Environmental Quality
journal, April 2009
- Blanco-Canqui, Humberto; Lal, R.
- Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, Vol. 28, Issue 3
Corn Stover Removal for Expanded Uses Reduces Soil Fertility and Structural Stability
journal, January 2009
- Blanco-Canqui, Humberto; Lal, R.
- Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 73, Issue 2
Landscapes as patches of plant functional types: An integrating concept for climate and ecosystem models: PLANT FUNCTIONAL TYPES AND CLIMATE MODELS
journal, May 2002
- Bonan, Gordon B.; Levis, Samuel; Kergoat, Laurent
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 16, Issue 2
Changing role of cultivated land in the global carbon cycle
journal, July 1998
- Buyanovsky, G. A.; Wagner, G. H.
- Biology and Fertility of Soils, Vol. 27, Issue 3
Tillage and Nitrogen Effects on Soil Organic Matter Fractions in Wheat-based Systems
journal, January 2006
- Dou, Fugen; Hons, Frank M.
- Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 70, Issue 6
Modeling agriculture in the Community Land Model
journal, January 2013
- Drewniak, B.; Song, J.; Prell, J.
- Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 6, Issue 2
Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt
journal, February 2008
- Fargione, J.; Hill, J.; Tilman, D.
- Science, Vol. 319, Issue 5867
Carbon payback times for crop-based biofuel expansion in the tropics: the effects of changing yield and technology
journal, July 2008
- Gibbs, Holly K.; Johnston, Matt; Foley, Jonathan A.
- Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 3, Issue 3
Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen in a Dryland Cropping System
journal, January 1999
- Halvorson, Ardell D.; Reule, Curtis A.; Follett, Ronald F.
- Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 63, Issue 4
Long-term Effects of Tillage and Corn Stalk Return on Soil Carbon Dynamics
journal, January 2005
- Hooker, B. A.; Morris, T. F.; Peters, R.
- Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 69, Issue 1
Corn-Soybean Sequence and Tillage Effects on Soil Carbon Dynamics and Storage
journal, January 2007
- Huggins, D. R.; Allmaras (deceased), R. R.; Clapp, C. E.
- Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 71, Issue 1
The impact of extensive planting of Miscanthus as an energy crop on future CO2 atmospheric concentrations: GLOBAL MISCANTHUS PLANTATION AND ATMOSPHERIC CO2
journal, April 2010
- Hughes, J. K.; Lloyd, A. J.; Huntingford, C.
- GCB Bioenergy, Vol. 2, Issue 2
The Vertical Distribution of soil Organic Carbon and its Relation to Climate and Vegetation
journal, April 2000
- Jobbágy, Esteban G.; Jackson, Robert B.
- Ecological Applications, Vol. 10, Issue 2
Greenhouse gas contributions and mitigation potential of agriculture in the central USA
journal, August 2005
- Johnson, J.; Reicosky, D.; Allmaras, R.
- Soil and Tillage Research, Vol. 83, Issue 1
Impacts of nitrogen fertilization on biomass production of switchgrass (Panicum Virgatum L.) and changes in soil organic carbon in Ohio
journal, October 2011
- Jung, Ji Young; Lal, Rattan
- Geoderma, Vol. 166, Issue 1
The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project
journal, March 1996
- Kalnay, E.; Kanamitsu, M.; Kistler, R.
- Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 77, Issue 3
Crop Residues: The Rest of the Story
journal, November 2009
- Karlen, Douglas L.; Lal, Rattan; Follett, Ronald F.
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 43, Issue 21
Monitoring Soil Quality to Assess the Sustainability of Harvesting Corn Stover
journal, January 2011
- Karlen, Douglas L.; Varvel, Gary E.; Johnson, Jane M. F.
- Agronomy Journal, Vol. 103, Issue 1
Spatial Patterns of Soil Organic Carbon in the Contiguous United States
journal, January 1994
- Kern, Jeffrey S.
- Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 58, Issue 2
The Myth of Nitrogen Fertilization for Soil Carbon Sequestration
journal, January 2007
- Khan, S. A.; Mulvaney, R. L.; Ellsworth, T. R.
- Journal of Environment Quality, Vol. 36, Issue 6
Biofuels, Land Use Change, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Some Unexplored Variables
journal, February 2009
- Kim, Hyungtae; Kim, Seungdo; Dale, Bruce E.
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 43, Issue 3
The effect of vertically resolved soil biogeochemistry and alternate soil C and N models on C dynamics of CLM4
journal, January 2013
- Koven, C. D.; Riley, W. J.; Subin, Z. M.
- Biogeosciences, Vol. 10, Issue 11
Whole-Profile Soil Carbon Stocks: The Danger of Assuming Too Much from Analyses of Too Little
journal, January 2011
- Kravchenko, A. N.; Robertson, G. P.
- Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 75, Issue 1
Integrated BIosphere Simulator (IBIS) Yield and Nitrate Loss Predictions for Wisconsin Maize Receiving Varied Amounts of Nitrogen Fertilizer
journal, January 2003
- Kucharik, Christopher J.; Brye, Kristofor R.
- Journal of Environment Quality, Vol. 32, Issue 1
Soil carbon dynamics in cropland and rangeland
journal, March 2002
- Lal, R.
- Environmental Pollution, Vol. 116, Issue 3
Soil Carbon Sequestration Impacts on Global Climate Change and Food Security
journal, June 2004
- Lal, R.
- Science, Vol. 304, Issue 5677
Soil quality impacts of residue removal for bioethanol production
journal, March 2009
- Lal, R.
- Soil and Tillage Research, Vol. 102, Issue 2
The potential of world cropland soils to sequester C and mitigate the greenhouse effect
journal, May 1999
- Lal, R.; Bruce, J. P.
- Environmental Science & Policy, Vol. 2, Issue 2
Biofuels from crop residues
journal, April 2007
- Lal, R.; Pimentel, D.
- Soil and Tillage Research, Vol. 93, Issue 2
Soil Erosion: A Carbon Sink or Source?
journal, February 2008
- Lal, R.; Pimentel, D.; Van Oost;, K.
- Science, Vol. 319, Issue 5866
Geographic distribution of major crops across the world: GLOBAL CROP DISTRIBUTION
journal, January 2004
- Leff, Billie; Ramankutty, Navin; Foley, Jonathan A.
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 18, Issue 1
Crop residue removal and fertilizer N: Effects on soil organic carbon in a long-term crop rotation experiment on a Udic Boroll
journal, January 2010
- Lemke, R. L.; VandenBygaart, A. J.; Campbell, C. A.
- Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Vol. 135, Issue 1-2
Indirect Emissions from Biofuels: How Important?
journal, October 2009
- Melillo, J. M.; Reilly, J. M.; Kicklighter, D. W.
- Science, Vol. 326, Issue 5958
Predicting the Spatial Variation of the Soil Organic Carbon Pool at a Regional Scale
journal, January 2010
- Mishra, Umakant; Lal, Rattan; Liu, Desheng
- Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 74, Issue 3
Miscanthus biomass productivity within US croplands and its potential impact on soil organic carbon
journal, August 2012
- Mishra, Umakant; Torn, Margaret S.; Fingerman, Kevin
- GCB Bioenergy, Vol. 5, Issue 4
Grand Challenges for Life-Cycle Assessment of Biofuels
journal, March 2011
- McKone, T. E.; Nazaroff, W. W.; Berck, P.
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 45, Issue 5
Set-asides can be better climate investment than corn ethanol
journal, March 2009
- Piñeiro, Gervasio; Jobbágy, Esteban G.; Baker, Justin
- Ecological Applications, Vol. 19, Issue 2
Estimating historical changes in global land cover: Croplands from 1700 to 1992
journal, December 1999
- Ramankutty, Navin; Foley, Jonathan A.
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 13, Issue 4
Nitrogen fertilizer effects on soil carbon balances in Midwestern U.S. agricultural systems
journal, July 2009
- Russell, Ann E.; Cambardella, Cynthia A.; Laird, David A.
- Ecological Applications, Vol. 19, Issue 5
Crop planting dates: an analysis of global patterns: Global crop planting dates
journal, June 2010
- Sacks, William J.; Deryng, Delphine; Foley, Jonathan A.
- Global Ecology and Biogeography
Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change
journal, February 2008
- Searchinger, T.; Heimlich, R.; Houghton, R. A.
- Science, Vol. 319, Issue 5867
Contemporary Evidence of Soil Carbon Loss in the U.S. Corn Belt
journal, January 2009
- Senthilkumar, S.; Basso, B.; Kravchenko, A. N.
- Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 73, Issue 6
Topography Influences Management System Effects on Total Soil Carbon and Nitrogen
journal, January 2009
- Senthilkumar, S.; Kravchenko, A. N.; Robertson, G. P.
- Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 73, Issue 6
Crop residue removal effects on soil carbon: Measured and inter-model comparisons
journal, October 2012
- Smith, W. N.; Grant, B. B.; Campbell, C. A.
- Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Vol. 161
Agricultural Management and Soil Carbon Storage in Surface vs. Deep Layers
journal, January 2011
- Syswerda, S. P.; Corbin, A. T.; Mokma, D. L.
- Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 75, Issue 1
Current and potential sustainable corn stover feedstock for biofuel production in the United States
journal, December 2012
- Tan, Zhengxi; Liu, Shuguang; Bliss, Norman
- Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 47
Ecosystem model spin-up: Estimating steady state conditions in a coupled terrestrial carbon and nitrogen cycle model
journal, November 2005
- Thornton, Peter E.; Rosenbloom, Nan A.
- Ecological Modelling, Vol. 189, Issue 1-2
Changes in soil carbon sequestration, fractionation and soil fertility in response to sugarcane residue retention are site-specific
journal, April 2012
- Thorburn, P. J.; Meier, E. A.; Collins, K.
- Soil and Tillage Research, Vol. 120
Soil C storage as affected by tillage and straw management: An assessment using field measurements and model predictions
journal, January 2011
- van Groenigen, Kees Jan; Hastings, Astley; Forristal, Dermot
- Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Vol. 140, Issue 1-2
Field wind tunnel testing of two silt loam soils on the North American Central High Plains
journal, September 2013
- Scott Van Pelt, R.; Baddock, Matthew C.; Zobeck, Ted M.
- Aeolian Research, Vol. 10
Changes in population and agricultural land in conterminous United States counties, 1790 to 1997: AGRICULTURAL LAND CHANGE
journal, December 2002
- Waisanen, Pamela J.; Bliss, Norman B.
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 16, Issue 4
Global pattern of soil carbon losses due to the conversion of forests to agricultural land
journal, February 2014
- Wei, Xiaorong; Shao, Mingan; Gale, William
- Scientific Reports, Vol. 4, Issue 1
Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration Rates by Tillage and Crop Rotation
journal, January 2002
- West, Tristram O.; Post, Wilfred M.
- Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 66, Issue 6, p. 1930-1946
Crop and Soil Productivity Response to Corn Residue Removal
journal, January 2004
- Wilhelm, W. W.; Johnson, J. M. F.; Hatfield, J. L.
- Agronomy Journal, Vol. 96, Issue 1
Long-Term Corn Residue Effects
journal, January 2004
- Wilts, A. R.; Reicosky, D. C.; Allmaras, R. R.
- Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 68, Issue 4
Works referencing / citing this record:
Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change
journal, February 2008
- Searchinger, T.; Heimlich, R.; Houghton, R. A.
- Science, Vol. 319, Issue 5867
The effect of vertically resolved soil biogeochemistry and alternate soil C and N models on C dynamics of CLM4
journal, January 2013
- Koven, C. D.; Riley, W. J.; Subin, Z. M.
- Biogeosciences, Vol. 10, Issue 11
Soil Erosion: A Carbon Sink or Source?
journal, February 2008
- Lal, R.; Pimentel, D.; Van Oost;, K.
- Science, Vol. 319, Issue 5866
Representing agriculture in Earth System Models: Approaches and priorities for development: AGRICULTURE IN ESMS
journal, September 2017
- McDermid, S. S.; Mearns, L. O.; Ruane, A. C.
- Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 9, Issue 5
Can intra-aggregate pore structures affect the aggregate's effectiveness in protecting carbon?
journal, February 2013
- Ananyeva, K.; Wang, W.; Smucker, A. J. M.
- Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 57
Soil C storage as affected by tillage and straw management: An assessment using field measurements and model predictions
journal, January 2011
- van Groenigen, Kees Jan; Hastings, Astley; Forristal, Dermot
- Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Vol. 140, Issue 1-2
Crop residue removal and fertilizer N: Effects on soil organic carbon in a long-term crop rotation experiment on a Udic Boroll
journal, January 2010
- Lemke, R. L.; VandenBygaart, A. J.; Campbell, C. A.
- Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Vol. 135, Issue 1-2
Grand Challenges for Life-Cycle Assessment of Biofuels
journal, March 2011
- McKone, T. E.; Nazaroff, W. W.; Berck, P.
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 45, Issue 5
Changes in soil carbon sequestration, fractionation and soil fertility in response to sugarcane residue retention are site-specific
journal, April 2012
- Thorburn, P. J.; Meier, E. A.; Collins, K.
- Soil and Tillage Research, Vol. 120
Crop planting dates: an analysis of global patterns: Global crop planting dates
journal, June 2010
- Sacks, William J.; Deryng, Delphine; Foley, Jonathan A.
- Global Ecology and Biogeography
Carbon payback times for crop-based biofuel expansion in the tropics: the effects of changing yield and technology
journal, July 2008
- Gibbs, Holly K.; Johnston, Matt; Foley, Jonathan A.
- Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 3, Issue 3
The U.S. Carbon Budget: Contributions from Land-Use Change
journal, July 1999
- Houghton, R. A.
- Science, Vol. 285, Issue 5427
Topography Influences Management System Effects on Total Soil Carbon and Nitrogen
journal, January 2009
- Senthilkumar, S.; Kravchenko, A. N.; Robertson, G. P.
- Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 73, Issue 6
Soil quality impacts of residue removal for bioethanol production
journal, March 2009
- Lal, R.
- Soil and Tillage Research, Vol. 102, Issue 2
Field wind tunnel testing of two silt loam soils on the North American Central High Plains
journal, September 2013
- Scott Van Pelt, R.; Baddock, Matthew C.; Zobeck, Ted M.
- Aeolian Research, Vol. 10
Monitoring Soil Quality to Assess the Sustainability of Harvesting Corn Stover
journal, January 2011
- Karlen, Douglas L.; Varvel, Gary E.; Johnson, Jane M. F.
- Agronomy Journal, Vol. 103, Issue 1
Whole-Profile Soil Carbon Stocks: The Danger of Assuming Too Much from Analyses of Too Little
journal, January 2011
- Kravchenko, A. N.; Robertson, G. P.
- Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 75, Issue 1
Crop Residues: The Rest of the Story
journal, November 2009
- Karlen, Douglas L.; Lal, Rattan; Follett, Ronald F.
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 43, Issue 21
Global pattern of soil carbon losses due to the conversion of forests to agricultural land
journal, February 2014
- Wei, Xiaorong; Shao, Mingan; Gale, William
- Scientific Reports, Vol. 4, Issue 1
Corn-Soybean Sequence and Tillage Effects on Soil Carbon Dynamics and Storage
journal, January 2007
- Huggins, D. R.; Allmaras (deceased), R. R.; Clapp, C. E.
- Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 71, Issue 1
Biofuels, Land Use Change, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Some Unexplored Variables
journal, February 2009
- Kim, Hyungtae; Kim, Seungdo; Dale, Bruce E.
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 43, Issue 3
Indirect Emissions from Biofuels: How Important?
journal, October 2009
- Melillo, J. M.; Reilly, J. M.; Kicklighter, D. W.
- Science, Vol. 326, Issue 5958
Nitrogen fertilizer effects on soil carbon balances in Midwestern U.S. agricultural systems
journal, July 2009
- Russell, Ann E.; Cambardella, Cynthia A.; Laird, David A.
- Ecological Applications, Vol. 19, Issue 5
Grassland Management And Conversion Into Grassland: Effects On Soil Carbon
journal, April 2001
- Conant, Richard T.; Paustian, Keith; Elliott, Edward T.
- Ecological Applications, Vol. 11, Issue 2, p. 343-355
Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen in a Dryland Cropping System
journal, January 1999
- Halvorson, Ardell D.; Reule, Curtis A.; Follett, Ronald F.
- Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 63, Issue 4
Ecosystem model spin-up: Estimating steady state conditions in a coupled terrestrial carbon and nitrogen cycle model
journal, November 2005
- Thornton, Peter E.; Rosenbloom, Nan A.
- Ecological Modelling, Vol. 189, Issue 1-2
Modeling agriculture in the Community Land Model
journal, January 2013
- Drewniak, B.; Song, J.; Prell, J.
- Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 6, Issue 2
Current and potential sustainable corn stover feedstock for biofuel production in the United States
journal, December 2012
- Tan, Zhengxi; Liu, Shuguang; Bliss, Norman
- Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 47
Agricultural Management and Soil Carbon Storage in Surface vs. Deep Layers
journal, January 2011
- Syswerda, S. P.; Corbin, A. T.; Mokma, D. L.
- Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 75, Issue 1
Set-asides can be better climate investment than corn ethanol
journal, March 2009
- Piñeiro, Gervasio; Jobbágy, Esteban G.; Baker, Justin
- Ecological Applications, Vol. 19, Issue 2
Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration Rates by Tillage and Crop Rotation
journal, January 2002
- West, Tristram O.; Post, Wilfred M.
- Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 66, Issue 6, p. 1930-1946
Long-term Effects of Tillage and Corn Stalk Return on Soil Carbon Dynamics
journal, January 2005
- Hooker, B. A.; Morris, T. F.; Peters, R.
- Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 69, Issue 1
Changing role of cultivated land in the global carbon cycle
journal, July 1998
- Buyanovsky, G. A.; Wagner, G. H.
- Biology and Fertility of Soils, Vol. 27, Issue 3
Soil Carbon Sequestration Impacts on Global Climate Change and Food Security
journal, June 2004
- Lal, R.
- Science, Vol. 304, Issue 5677
Tillage and Nitrogen Effects on Soil Organic Matter Fractions in Wheat-based Systems
journal, January 2006
- Dou, Fugen; Hons, Frank M.
- Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 70, Issue 6
Greenhouse gas contributions and mitigation potential of agriculture in the central USA
journal, August 2005
- Johnson, J.; Reicosky, D.; Allmaras, R.
- Soil and Tillage Research, Vol. 83, Issue 1
Long-Term Corn Residue Effects
journal, January 2004
- Wilts, A. R.; Reicosky, D. C.; Allmaras, R. R.
- Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 68, Issue 4
Crop Residue Removal Impacts on Soil Productivity and Environmental Quality
journal, April 2009
- Blanco-Canqui, Humberto; Lal, R.
- Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, Vol. 28, Issue 3
Integrated BIosphere Simulator (IBIS) Yield and Nitrate Loss Predictions for Wisconsin Maize Receiving Varied Amounts of Nitrogen Fertilizer
journal, January 2003
- Kucharik, Christopher J.; Brye, Kristofor R.
- Journal of Environment Quality, Vol. 32, Issue 1
Biofuels from crop residues
journal, April 2007
- Lal, R.; Pimentel, D.
- Soil and Tillage Research, Vol. 93, Issue 2
Contemporary Evidence of Soil Carbon Loss in the U.S. Corn Belt
journal, January 2009
- Senthilkumar, S.; Basso, B.; Kravchenko, A. N.
- Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 73, Issue 6
Miscanthus biomass productivity within US croplands and its potential impact on soil organic carbon
journal, August 2012
- Mishra, Umakant; Torn, Margaret S.; Fingerman, Kevin
- GCB Bioenergy, Vol. 5, Issue 4
The Myth of Nitrogen Fertilization for Soil Carbon Sequestration
journal, January 2007
- Khan, S. A.; Mulvaney, R. L.; Ellsworth, T. R.
- Journal of Environment Quality, Vol. 36, Issue 6
Crop and Soil Productivity Response to Corn Residue Removal
journal, January 2004
- Wilhelm, W. W.; Johnson, J. M. F.; Hatfield, J. L.
- Agronomy Journal, Vol. 96, Issue 1
Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt
journal, February 2008
- Fargione, J.; Hill, J.; Tilman, D.
- Science, Vol. 319, Issue 5867
Impacts of nitrogen fertilization on biomass production of switchgrass (Panicum Virgatum L.) and changes in soil organic carbon in Ohio
journal, October 2011
- Jung, Ji Young; Lal, Rattan
- Geoderma, Vol. 166, Issue 1
Spatial Patterns of Soil Organic Carbon in the Contiguous United States
journal, January 1994
- Kern, Jeffrey S.
- Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 58, Issue 2
Predicting the Spatial Variation of the Soil Organic Carbon Pool at a Regional Scale
journal, January 2010
- Mishra, Umakant; Lal, Rattan; Liu, Desheng
- Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 74, Issue 3
The impact of extensive planting of Miscanthus as an energy crop on future CO2 atmospheric concentrations: GLOBAL MISCANTHUS PLANTATION AND ATMOSPHERIC CO2
journal, April 2010
- Hughes, J. K.; Lloyd, A. J.; Huntingford, C.
- GCB Bioenergy, Vol. 2, Issue 2
Corn Stover Removal for Expanded Uses Reduces Soil Fertility and Structural Stability
journal, January 2009
- Blanco-Canqui, Humberto; Lal, R.
- Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 73, Issue 2
Crop residue removal effects on soil carbon: Measured and inter-model comparisons
journal, October 2012
- Smith, W. N.; Grant, B. B.; Campbell, C. A.
- Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Vol. 161
Changes in soil organic carbon under biofuel crops
journal, February 2009
- Anderson-Teixeira, Kristina J.; Davis, Sarah C.; Masters, Michael D.
- GCB Bioenergy, Vol. 1, Issue 1