Role of Ce4+ in the scintillation mechanism of codoped Gd3Ga3Al2O12:Ce

Wu, Yuntao; Meng, Fang; Li, Qi; Koschan, Merry; Melcher, Charles L.

doi:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.2.044009

Title: Role of ${Ce}^{4 +}$ in the scintillation mechanism of codoped ${Gd}_{3} {Ga}_{3} {Al}_{2} O_{12} : Ce$

Abstract

To control the time-response performance of widely used cerium-activated scintillators in cutting-edge medical-imaging devices, such as time-of-flight positron-emission tomography, a comprehensive understanding of the role of Ce valence states, especially stable Ce⁴⁺, in the scintillation mechanism is essential. However, despite some progress made recently, an understanding of the physical processes involving Ce⁴⁺ is still lacking. The aim of this work is to clarify the role of Ce⁴⁺ in scintillators by studying Ca²⁺ codoped Gd₃Ga₃Al₂O1₂∶Ce (GGAG∶Ce). By using a combination of optical absorption spectra and x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopies, the correlation between Ca²⁺codoping content and the Ce⁴⁺ fraction is seen. The energy-level diagrams of Ce³⁺ and Ce⁴⁺ in the Gd₃Ga₃Al₂O₁₂ host are established by using theoretical and experimental methods, which indicate a higher position of the 5d₁ state of Ce⁴⁺ in the forbidden gap in comparison to that of Ce³⁺. Underlying reasons for the decay-time acceleration resulting from Ca²⁺ codoping are revealed, and the physical processes of the Ce⁴⁺-emission model are proposed and further demonstrated by temperature-dependent radioluminescence spectra under x-ray excitation.

Authors:

Wu, Yuntao ^[1]; Meng, Fang ^[2]; Li, Qi ^[3]; Koschan, Merry ^[2]; Melcher, Charles L. ^[2]

Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States); Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai (China)
Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)
Wake Forest Univ., Winston-Salem, NC (United States)

Publication Date:: Fri Oct 17 00:00:00 EDT 2014

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

OSTI Identifier:: 1180297

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH1123

Resource Type:: Publisher's Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Physical Review Applied

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: Physical Review Applied Journal Volume: 2 Journal Issue: 4; Journal ID: ISSN 2331-7019

Publisher:: American Physical Society

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Formats


                    Wu, Yuntao, Meng, Fang, Li, Qi, Koschan, Merry, and Melcher, Charles L. Role of Ce4+ in the scintillation mechanism of codoped Gd3Ga3Al2O12:Ce.  United States: N. p., 2014. 
Web.  doi:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.2.044009.

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                    Wu, Yuntao, Meng, Fang, Li, Qi, Koschan, Merry, & Melcher, Charles L. Role of Ce4+ in the scintillation mechanism of codoped Gd3Ga3Al2O12:Ce.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.2.044009

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                    Wu, Yuntao, Meng, Fang, Li, Qi, Koschan, Merry, and Melcher, Charles L. Fri .  
"Role of Ce4+ in the scintillation mechanism of codoped Gd3Ga3Al2O12:Ce".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.2.044009.

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@article{osti_1180297,

  title        = {Role of Ce4+ in the scintillation mechanism of codoped Gd3Ga3Al2O12:Ce},

  author       = {Wu, Yuntao and Meng, Fang and Li, Qi and Koschan, Merry and Melcher, Charles L.},

  abstractNote = {To control the time-response performance of widely used cerium-activated scintillators in cutting-edge medical-imaging devices, such as time-of-flight positron-emission tomography, a comprehensive understanding of the role of Ce valence states, especially stable Ce4+, in the scintillation mechanism is essential. However, despite some progress made recently, an understanding of the physical processes involving Ce4+ is still lacking. The aim of this work is to clarify the role of Ce4+ in scintillators by studying Ca2+ codoped Gd3Ga3Al2O12∶Ce (GGAG∶Ce). By using a combination of optical absorption spectra and x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopies, the correlation between Ca2+codoping content and the Ce4+ fraction is seen. The energy-level diagrams of Ce3+ and Ce4+ in the Gd3Ga3Al2O12 host are established by using theoretical and experimental methods, which indicate a higher position of the 5d1 state of Ce4+ in the forbidden gap in comparison to that of Ce3+. Underlying reasons for the decay-time acceleration resulting from Ca2+ codoping are revealed, and the physical processes of the Ce4+-emission model are proposed and further demonstrated by temperature-dependent radioluminescence spectra under x-ray excitation.},

  doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevApplied.2.044009},

  journal      = {Physical Review Applied},

  number       = 4,

  volume       = 2,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Fri Oct 17 00:00:00 EDT 2014},

  month        = {Fri Oct 17 00:00:00 EDT 2014}

}

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Title: Role of Ce 4 + in the scintillation mechanism of codoped Gd 3 Ga 3 Al 2 O 12 : Ce

Abstract

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Investigation on charge transfer bands of Ce4+ in Sr2CeO4 blue phosphor journal, March 2008

The traps effect on temperature dependence of luminescence from PbWO4 crystals journal, August 2002

Effect of Ca Co-Doping on the Luminescence Centers in LSO:Ce Single Crystals journal, June 2011

Molecular imaging of cancer with positron emission tomography journal, September 2002

Crystal growth and optical characterization of cerium-doped Lu1.8Y0.2SiO5 journal, December 2000

Electronic structure and bonding in garnet crystals Gd 3 Sc 2 Ga 3 O 12 , Gd 3 Sc 2 Al 3 O 12 , and Gd 3 Ga 3 O 12 compared to Y 3 Al 3 O 12 journal, January 2000

Thermally induced ionization of 5d1 state of Ce3+ ion in Gd3Ga3Al2O12 host journal, June 2013

Electronic structure of yttrium aluminum garnet ( Y 3 Al 5 O 12 ) journal, April 1999

New Method for Calculating the One-Particle Green's Function with Application to the Electron-Gas Problem journal, August 1965

Molecular design of inorganic scintillators: from alkoxides to scintillating materials journal, January 2004

State of the art and challenges of time-of-flight PET journal, March 2009

2 inch diameter single crystal growth and scintillation properties of Ce:Gd3Al2Ga3O12 journal, August 2012

Luminescence of Ce 3+ traces in Pr 3+ -doped LuBO 3+ and YBO 3+ orthoborates journal, March 2006

Electronic structure and optical properties of the lanthanide activated RE3(Al1−xGax)5O12 (RE=Gd, Y, Lu) garnet compounds journal, February 2013

Defect‐property correlations in garnet crystals. VI. The electrical conductivity, defect structure, and optical properties of luminescent calcium and cerium‐doped yttrium aluminum garnet journal, February 1992

Special quasirandom structures journal, July 1990

Cerium oxidation state in LSO:Ce scintillators journal, October 2005

Scintillator-oriented combinatorial search in Ce-doped (Y,Gd)3(Ga,Al)5O12 multicomponent garnet compounds journal, December 2011

Rationale for mixing exact exchange with density functional approximations journal, December 1996

Origin of improved scintillation efficiency in (Lu,Gd) 3 (Ga,Al) 5 O 12 :Ce multicomponent garnets: An X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy study journal, January 2014

Scintillation Response Comparison Among Ce-Doped Aluminum Garnets, Perovskites and Orthosilicates journal, June 2008

Effect of reducing sintering atmosphere on Ce-doped sol–gel silica glasses journal, July 2009

Title: Role of ${Ce}^{4 +}$ in the scintillation mechanism of codoped ${Gd}_{3} {Ga}_{3} {Al}_{2} O_{12} : Ce$

Antisite defect-free Lu3(GaxAl1−x)5O12:Pr scintillator
journal, April 2006

Composition Engineering in Cerium-Doped (Lu,Gd) ₃ (Ga,Al) ₅ O ₁₂ Single-Crystal Scintillators
journal, October 2011

Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple
journal, October 1996

Systematic behaviour in trivalent lanthanide charge transfer energies
journal, November 2003

Structural, electronic, and spectroscopic effects of Ga codoping on Ce-doped yttrium aluminum garnet: First-principles study
journal, November 2010

Effects of $\hbox {Ca}^{2+}$ Co-Doping on the Scintillation Properties of LSO:Ce
journal, June 2008

A comparison of the effect of Ca2+ codoping in cerium doped GSO with that of LSO and YSO
journal, August 2012

The carrier capture and recombination processes in Ln/sup 3+/-activated scintillators
journal, June 1996

Luminescence of F+-type centers in undoped Lu3Al5O12 single crystals
journal, January 2011

ATHENA and ARTEMIS Interactive Graphical Data Analysisusing IFEFFIT
journal, January 2005

Temperature dependence of luminescence characteristics of Lu2(1−x)Y2xSiO5:Ce3+ scintillator grown by the Czochralski method
journal, August 2010

Effect of codoping on scintillation and optical properties of a Ce-doped Gd ₃ Ga ₃ Al ₂ O ₁₂ scintillator
journal, October 2013

Optical-absorption and photoionization measurements from the excited states of ${Ce}^{3 +}$ : $Y_{3}$ ${Al}_{5}$ $O_{12}$
journal, May 1989

From ultrasoft pseudopotentials to the projector augmented-wave method
journal, January 1999

A comprehensive & systematic study of coincidence time resolution and light yield using scintillators of different size, wrapping and doping
conference, October 2011

Time of flight in pet revisited
journal, October 2003

Electron-energy-loss spectra and the structural stability of nickel oxide: An LSDA+U study
journal, January 1998

Air Atmosphere Annealing Effects on LSO:Ce Crystal
journal, June 2010

On the Nature of the Luminescence of Sr[sub 2]CeO[sub 4]
journal, January 2000

First-principles calculations of the electronic structure and spectra of strongly correlated systems: the LDA + U method
journal, January 1997

Absorption and Emission Spectra of Ce ³⁺ in Elpasolite Lattices
journal, October 2003

Cerium-doped lutetium oxyorthosilicate: a fast, efficient new scintillator
journal, January 1992

Ab initiomolecular dynamics for liquid metals
journal, January 1993

Comparison of absorption, luminescence and scintillation characteristics in Lu1.95Y0.05SiO5:Ce,Ca and Y2SiO5:Ce scintillators
journal, July 2013

Effect of Mg ²⁺ co-doping on the scintillation performance of LuAG:Ce ceramics : Effect of Mg
journal, November 2013

Luminescence of Bi ₄ Ge ₃ O ₁₂ : Spectral and decay properties
journal, December 1973

Evidence and Consequences of Ce$^{4+}$ in LYSO:Ce,Ca and LYSO:Ce,Mg Single Crystals for Medical Imaging Applications
journal, August 2013

The effect of Ga-doping on the defect chemistry of RE ₃ Al ₅ O ₁₂ garnets
journal, January 2013

Luminescence of undoped LuAG and YAG crystals
journal, January 2005

Investigation on charge transfer bands of Ce4+ in Sr2CeO4 blue phosphor
journal, March 2008

The traps effect on temperature dependence of luminescence from PbWO4 crystals
journal, August 2002

Effect of Ca Co-Doping on the Luminescence Centers in LSO:Ce Single Crystals
journal, June 2011

Molecular imaging of cancer with positron emission tomography
journal, September 2002

Crystal growth and optical characterization of cerium-doped Lu1.8Y0.2SiO5
journal, December 2000

Electronic structure and bonding in garnet crystals ${Gd}_{3} {Sc}_{2} {Ga}_{3} O_{12},$ ${Gd}_{3} {Sc}_{2} {Al}_{3} O_{12},$ and ${Gd}_{3} {Ga}_{3} O_{12}$ compared to $Y_{3} {Al}_{3} O_{12}$
journal, January 2000

Thermally induced ionization of 5d1 state of Ce3+ ion in Gd3Ga3Al2O12 host
journal, June 2013

Electronic structure of yttrium aluminum garnet $(Y_{3} {Al}_{5} O_{12})$
journal, April 1999

New Method for Calculating the One-Particle Green's Function with Application to the Electron-Gas Problem
journal, August 1965

Molecular design of inorganic scintillators: from alkoxides to scintillating materials
journal, January 2004

State of the art and challenges of time-of-flight PET
journal, March 2009

2 inch diameter single crystal growth and scintillation properties of Ce:Gd₃Al₂Ga₃O₁₂
journal, August 2012

Luminescence of Ce ³⁺ traces in Pr ³⁺ -doped LuBO ₃₊ and YBO ₃₊ orthoborates
journal, March 2006

Electronic structure and optical properties of the lanthanide activated RE3(Al1−xGax)5O12 (RE=Gd, Y, Lu) garnet compounds
journal, February 2013

Defect‐property correlations in garnet crystals. VI. The electrical conductivity, defect structure, and optical properties of luminescent calcium and cerium‐doped yttrium aluminum garnet
journal, February 1992

Special quasirandom structures
journal, July 1990

Cerium oxidation state in LSO:Ce scintillators
journal, October 2005

Scintillator-oriented combinatorial search in Ce-doped (Y,Gd)₃(Ga,Al)₅O₁₂ multicomponent garnet compounds
journal, December 2011

Rationale for mixing exact exchange with density functional approximations
journal, December 1996

Origin of improved scintillation efficiency in (Lu,Gd) ₃ (Ga,Al) ₅ O ₁₂ :Ce multicomponent garnets: An X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy study
journal, January 2014

Scintillation Response Comparison Among Ce-Doped Aluminum Garnets, Perovskites and Orthosilicates
journal, June 2008

Effect of reducing sintering atmosphere on Ce-doped sol–gel silica glasses
journal, July 2009