Modeling of thermal storage systems in MILP distributed energy resource models

Steen, David; Stadler, Michael; Cardoso, Gonçalo; Groissböck, Markus; DeForest, Nicholas; Marnay, Chris

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.07.036

Title: Modeling of thermal storage systems in MILP distributed energy resource models

Abstract

Thermal energy storage (TES) and distributed generation technologies, such as combined heat and power (CHP) or photovoltaics (PV), can be used to reduce energy costs and decrease CO₂ emissions from buildings by shifting energy consumption to times with less emissions and/or lower energy prices. To determine the feasibility of investing in TES in combination with other distributed energy resources (DER), mixed integer linear programming (MILP) can be used. Such a MILP model is the well-established Distributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM); however, it currently uses only a simplified TES model to guarantee linearity and short run-times. Loss calculations are based only on the energy contained in the storage. This paper presents a new DER-CAM TES model that allows improved tracking of losses based on ambient and storage temperatures, and compares results with the previous version. A multi-layer TES model is introduced that retains linearity and avoids creating an endogenous optimization problem. The improved model increases the accuracy of the estimated storage losses and enables use of heat pumps for low temperature storage charging. Ultimately,results indicate that the previous model overestimates the attractiveness of TES investments for cases without possibility to invest in heat pumps and underestimates it for somemore »« less

Authors:

Steen, David ^[1]; Stadler, Michael ^[2]; Cardoso, Gonçalo ^[3]; Groissböck, Markus ^[2]; DeForest, Nicholas ^[4]; Marnay, Chris ^[4]

Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Goteborg (Sweden)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Center for Energy and Innovative Technologies(CET), Hofamt Priel (Austria)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. of Lisbon (Portugal)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Publication Date:: Mon Aug 04 00:00:00 EDT 2014

Research Org.:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Electricity (OE)

OSTI Identifier:: 1163653

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1247566

Report Number(s):: LBNL-6757E
Journal ID: ISSN 0306-2619

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Applied Energy

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 137; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0306-2619

Publisher:: Elsevier

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 25 ENERGY STORAGE; 54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; 99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS; Distributed energy resources; Investment planning; Renewables; Energy optimization; Thermal energy storage

Citation Formats


                    Steen, David, Stadler, Michael, Cardoso, Gonçalo, Groissböck, Markus, DeForest, Nicholas, and Marnay, Chris. Modeling of thermal storage systems in MILP distributed energy resource models.  United States: N. p., 2014. 
Web.  doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.07.036.

Copy to clipboard


                    Steen, David, Stadler, Michael, Cardoso, Gonçalo, Groissböck, Markus, DeForest, Nicholas, & Marnay, Chris. Modeling of thermal storage systems in MILP distributed energy resource models.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.07.036

Copy to clipboard


                    Steen, David, Stadler, Michael, Cardoso, Gonçalo, Groissböck, Markus, DeForest, Nicholas, and Marnay, Chris. Mon .  
"Modeling of thermal storage systems in MILP distributed energy resource models".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.07.036.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1163653.

Copy to clipboard


                    
@article{osti_1163653,

  title        = {Modeling of thermal storage systems in MILP distributed energy resource models},

  author       = {Steen, David and Stadler, Michael and Cardoso, Gonçalo and Groissböck, Markus and DeForest, Nicholas and Marnay, Chris},

  abstractNote = {Thermal energy storage (TES) and distributed generation technologies, such as combined heat and power (CHP) or photovoltaics (PV), can be used to reduce energy costs and decrease CO2 emissions from buildings by shifting energy consumption to times with less emissions and/or lower energy prices. To determine the feasibility of investing in TES in combination with other distributed energy resources (DER), mixed integer linear programming (MILP) can be used. Such a MILP model is the well-established Distributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM); however, it currently uses only a simplified TES model to guarantee linearity and short run-times. Loss calculations are based only on the energy contained in the storage. This paper presents a new DER-CAM TES model that allows improved tracking of losses based on ambient and storage temperatures, and compares results with the previous version. A multi-layer TES model is introduced that retains linearity and avoids creating an endogenous optimization problem. The improved model increases the accuracy of the estimated storage losses and enables use of heat pumps for low temperature storage charging. Ultimately,results indicate that the previous model overestimates the attractiveness of TES investments for cases without possibility to invest in heat pumps and underestimates it for some locations when heat pumps are allowed. Despite a variation in optimal technology selection between the two models, the objective function value stays quite stable, illustrating the complexity of optimal DER sizing problems in buildings and microgrids.},

  doi          = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.07.036},

  journal      = {Applied Energy},

  number       = C,

  volume       = 137,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Aug 04 00:00:00 EDT 2014},

  month        = {Mon Aug 04 00:00:00 EDT 2014}

}

Copy to clipboard

Journal Article:

Free Publicly Available Full Text

Accepted Manuscript (Publisher)

Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Publisher's Version of Record

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.07.036

Other availability

Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 111 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Save / Share:

Export Metadata

Save to My Library

Works referenced in this record:

Distributed energy resources and benefits to the environment
journal, February 2010

Akorede, Mudathir Funsho; Hizam, Hashim; Pouresmaeil, Edris
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 14, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.025

Distributed generation, storage, demand response and energy efficiency as alternatives to grid capacity enhancement
journal, April 2014

Poudineh, Rahmatallah; Jamasb, Tooraj
Energy Policy, Vol. 67
DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.11.073

Harmonic interactions of multiple distributed energy resources in power distribution networks
journal, December 2013

Arghandeh, Reza; Onen, Ahmet; Jung, Jaesung
Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 105
DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2013.07.018

Energy storage for mitigating the variability of renewable electricity sources: An updated review
journal, December 2010

Beaudin, Marc; Zareipour, Hamidreza; Schellenberglabe, Anthony
Energy for Sustainable Development, Vol. 14, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2010.09.007

Effect of obstacles on thermal stratification in hot water storage tanks
journal, October 2005

Altuntop, Necdet; Arslan, Mevlut; Ozceyhan, Veysel
Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 25, Issue 14-15
DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2004.12.013

Implications of the modelling of stratified hot water storage tanks in the simulation of CHP plants
journal, August 2011

Campos Celador, A.; Odriozola, M.; Sala, J. M.
Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 52, Issue 8-9
DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2011.04.015

A review of potential materials for thermal energy storage in building applications
journal, February 2013

Tatsidjodoung, Parfait; Le Pierrès, Nolwenn; Luo, Lingai
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 18
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.025

Energy conservation in buildings: cogeneration and cogeneration coupled with thermal energy storage
journal, January 2004

Khan, K. H.; Rasul, M. G.; Khan, M. M. K.
Applied Energy, Vol. 77, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/S0306-2619(03)00100-4

Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications
journal, February 2009

Sharma, Atul; Tyagi, V. V.; Chen, C. R.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 13, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2007.10.005

Solar cooling and heating plants: An energy and economic analysis of liquid sensible vs phase change material (PCM) heat storage
journal, March 2014

Noro, M.; Lazzarin, R. M.; Busato, F.
International Journal of Refrigeration, Vol. 39
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2013.07.022

Review on thermal energy storage with phase change: materials, heat transfer analysis and applications
journal, February 2003

Zalba, Belén; Marı́n, José Ma; Cabeza, Luisa F.
Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 23, Issue 3, p. 251-283
DOI: 10.1016/S1359-4311(02)00192-8

Thermal stability of phase change materials used in latent heat energy storage systems: A review
journal, February 2013

Rathod, Manish K.; Banerjee, Jyotirmay
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 18
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.022

Optimal operation of thermal energy storage units based on stratified and fully mixed water tanks
journal, October 2004

Badescu, Viorel
Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 24, Issue 14-15
DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2004.02.009

A Second Law analysis of the optimum design and operation of thermal energy storage systems
journal, January 1987

Krane, Robert J.
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 30, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/0017-9310(87)90059-7

Modelling of thermal energy storage in industrial energy systems the method development of MIND
journal, August 2002

Heidari Tari, Mehrdad; Söderström, Mats
Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 22, Issue 11
DOI: 10.1016/S1359-4311(02)00044-3

Cost optimization of the design of CHCP (combined heat, cooling and power) systems under legal constraints
journal, February 2010

Lozano, Miguel A.; Ramos, Jose C.; Serra, Luis M.
Energy, Vol. 35, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2009.08.022

A MILP model for integrated plan and evaluation of distributed energy systems
journal, March 2010

Ren, Hongbo; Gao, Weijun
Applied Energy, Vol. 87, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.09.023

Performance analysis of small capacity absorption chillers by using different modeling methods
journal, September 2013

Labus, Jerko; Bruno, Joan Carles; Coronas, Alberto
Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 58, Issue 1-2
DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.04.032

Integrated assessment of dispersed energy resources deployment
report, June 2000

Marnay, Chris; Blanco, Raquel; Hamachi, Kristina S.
DOI: 10.2172/776601

Control of greenhouse gas emissions by optimal DER technology investment and energy management in zero-net-energy buildings
journal, March 2011

Stadler, Michael; Siddiqui, Afzal; Marnay, Chris
European Transactions on Electrical Power, Vol. 21, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1002/etep.418

Effects of Carbon Tax on Microgrid Combined Heat and Power Adoption
journal, April 2005

Siddiqui, Afzal S.; Marnay, Chris; Edwards, Jennifer L.
Journal of Energy Engineering, Vol. 131, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9402(2005)131:1(2)

Optimal deployment of thermal energy storage under diverse economic and climate conditions
journal, April 2014

DeForest, Nicholas; Mendes, Gonçalo; Stadler, Michael
Applied Energy, Vol. 119
DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.01.047

Stochastic programming of vehicle to building interactions with uncertainty in PEVs driving for a medium office building
conference, November 2013

Cardoso, G.; Stadler, M.; Chehreghani Bozchalui, M.
IECON 2013 - 39th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society
DOI: 10.1109/IECON.2013.6700407

Microgrid reliability modeling and battery scheduling using stochastic linear programming
journal, October 2013

Cardoso, G.; Stadler, M.; Siddiqui, A.
Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 103
DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2013.05.005

The CO2 Abatement Potential of California's Mid-Sized Commercial Buildings
report, December 2009

Stadler, Michael; Marnay, Chris; Cardoso, Goncalo
DOI: 10.2172/972651

Optimal Technology Selection and Operation of Commercial-Building Microgrids
journal, August 2008

Marnay, C.; Venkataramanan, G.; Stadler, M.
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 23, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2008.922654

Electric storage in California’s commercial buildings
journal, April 2013

Stadler, M.; Kloess, M.; Groissböck, M.
Applied Energy, Vol. 104
DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.11.033

Inverse neural network based control strategy for absorption chillers
journal, March 2012

Labus, J.; Hernández, J. A.; Bruno, J. C.
Renewable Energy, Vol. 39, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2011.08.036

Energy conservation options for residential water heaters
journal, April 1978

Wilson, R. P.
Energy, Vol. 3, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1016/0360-5442(78)90067-1

A review of heat pump water heating systems
journal, August 2009

Hepbasli, Arif; Kalinci, Yildiz
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 13, Issue 6-7
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2008.08.002

Encouraging Combined Heat and Power in California Buildings
report, February 2013

Stadler, Michael; Groissbock, Markus; Cardoso, Goncalo
DOI: 10.2172/1171490

Optimal operation of thermal energy storage units based on stratified and fully mixed water tanks
journal, October 2004

Badescu, Viorel
Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 24, Issue 14-15
DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2004.02.009

Works referencing / citing this record:

Thermal Energy Storage for Grid Applications: Current Status and Emerging Trends
journal, January 2020

Enescu, Diana; Chicco, Gianfranco; Porumb, Radu
Energies, Vol. 13, Issue 2
DOI: 10.3390/en13020340

Grid-based multi-energy systems—modelling, assessment, open source modelling frameworks and challenges
journal, November 2018

Kriechbaum, Lukas; Scheiber, Gerhild; Kienberger, Thomas
Energy, Sustainability and Society, Vol. 8, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1186/s13705-018-0176-x

A Comprehensive Methodology for the Integrated Optimal Sizing and Operation of Cogeneration Systems with Thermal Energy Storage
journal, March 2019

Urbanucci, Luca; D’Ettorre, Francesco; Testi, Daniele
Energies, Vol. 12, Issue 5
DOI: 10.3390/en12050875

A multiperiod multiobjective framework for the synthesis of trigeneration systems in tertiary sector buildings
journal, November 2019

Pina, Eduardo A.; Lozano, Miguel A.; Serra, Luis M.
International Journal of Energy Research, Vol. 44, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1002/er.5006

Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

Effect of Heat and Electricity Storage and Reliability on Microgrid Viability:A Study of Commercial Buildings in California and New York States

Technical Report Stadler, Michael ; Marnay, Chris ; Siddiqui, Afzal ; ...

In past work, Berkeley Lab has developed the Distributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM). Given end-use energy details for a facility, a description of its economic environment and a menu of available equipment, DER-CAM finds the optimal investment portfolio and its operating schedule which together minimize the cost of meeting site service, e.g., cooling, heating, requirements. Past studies have considered combined heat and power (CHP) technologies. Methods and software have been developed to solve this problem, finding optimal solutions which take simultaneity into account. This project aims to extend on those prior capabilities in two key dimensions. In thismore »« less
https://doi.org/10.2172/945361

Full Text Available
The potential for distributed generation in Japanese prototype buildings: A DER-CAM analysis of policy, tariff design, building energy use, and technology development (English Version)

Technical Report Zhou, Nan ; Marnay, Chris ; Firestone, Ryan ; ...

The August 2003 blackout of the northeastern U.S. and CANADA caused great economic losses and inconvenience to New York City and other affected areas. The blackout was a warning to the rest of the world that the ability of conventional power systems to meet growing electricity demand is questionable. Failure of large power systems can lead to serious emergencies. Introduction of on-site generation, renewable energy such as solar and wind power and the effective utilization of exhaust heat is needed, to meet the growing energy demands of the residential and commercial sectors. Additional benefit can be achieved by integrating thesemore »« less
https://doi.org/10.2172/837812

Full Text Available
Distributed Energy Resources On-Site Optimization for Commercial Buildings with Electric and Thermal Storage Technologies

Conference Lacommare, Kristina S H ; Stadler, Michael ; Aki, Hirohisa ; ...

The addition of storage technologies such as flow batteries, conventional batteries, and heat storage can improve the economic as well as environmental attractiveness of on-site generation (e.g., PV, fuel cells, reciprocating engines or microturbines operating with or without CHP) and contribute to enhanced demand response. In order to examine the impact of storage technologies on demand response and carbon emissions, a microgrid's distributed energy resources (DER) adoption problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program that has the minimization of annual energy costs as its objective function. By implementing this approach in the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS), the problemmore »« less
Full Text Available
The Influence of a CO2 Pricing Scheme on Distributed Energy Resources in California's Commercial Buildings

Conference Stadler, Michael ; Marnay, Chris ; Lai, Judy ; ...

The Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) is working with the California Energy Commission (CEC) to determine the potential role of commercial-sector distributed energy resources (DER) with combined heat and power (CHP) in greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) reductions. Historically, relatively little attention has been paid to the potential of medium-sized commercial buildings with peak electric loads ranging from 100 kW to 5 MW. In our research, we examine how these medium-sized commercial buildings might implement DER and CHP. The buildings are able to adopt and operate various technologies, e.g., photovoltaics (PV), on-site thermal generation, heat exchangers, solar thermal collectors,more »« less
Full Text Available
Encouraging Combined Heat and Power in California Buildings

Technical Report Stadler, Michael ; Groissbock, Markus ; Cardoso, Goncalo ; ...

Governor Brown’s research priorities include an additional 6.5 GW of combined heat and power (CHP) by 2030. As of 2009, roughly 0.25 GW of small natural gas and biogas fired CHP is documented by the Self-Generation Incentive Program (SGIP) database. The SGIP is set to expire, and the anticipated grid de-carbonization based on the development of 20 GW of renewable energy will influence the CHP adoption. Thus, an integrated optimization approach for this analysis was chosen that allows optimizing the adoption of distributed energy resources (DER) such as photovoltaics (PV), CHP, storage technologies, etc. in the California commercial sector frommore »« less
https://doi.org/10.2172/1171490

Full Text Available

Similar Records

Title: Modeling of thermal storage systems in MILP distributed energy resource models

Abstract

Citation Formats

Distributed energy resources and benefits to the environment journal, February 2010

Distributed generation, storage, demand response and energy efficiency as alternatives to grid capacity enhancement journal, April 2014

Harmonic interactions of multiple distributed energy resources in power distribution networks journal, December 2013

Energy storage for mitigating the variability of renewable electricity sources: An updated review journal, December 2010

Effect of obstacles on thermal stratification in hot water storage tanks journal, October 2005

Implications of the modelling of stratified hot water storage tanks in the simulation of CHP plants journal, August 2011

A review of potential materials for thermal energy storage in building applications journal, February 2013

Energy conservation in buildings: cogeneration and cogeneration coupled with thermal energy storage journal, January 2004

Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications journal, February 2009

Solar cooling and heating plants: An energy and economic analysis of liquid sensible vs phase change material (PCM) heat storage journal, March 2014

Review on thermal energy storage with phase change: materials, heat transfer analysis and applications journal, February 2003

Thermal stability of phase change materials used in latent heat energy storage systems: A review journal, February 2013

Optimal operation of thermal energy storage units based on stratified and fully mixed water tanks journal, October 2004

A Second Law analysis of the optimum design and operation of thermal energy storage systems journal, January 1987

Modelling of thermal energy storage in industrial energy systems the method development of MIND journal, August 2002

Cost optimization of the design of CHCP (combined heat, cooling and power) systems under legal constraints journal, February 2010

A MILP model for integrated plan and evaluation of distributed energy systems journal, March 2010

Performance analysis of small capacity absorption chillers by using different modeling methods journal, September 2013

Integrated assessment of dispersed energy resources deployment report, June 2000

Control of greenhouse gas emissions by optimal DER technology investment and energy management in zero-net-energy buildings journal, March 2011

Effects of Carbon Tax on Microgrid Combined Heat and Power Adoption journal, April 2005

Optimal deployment of thermal energy storage under diverse economic and climate conditions journal, April 2014

Stochastic programming of vehicle to building interactions with uncertainty in PEVs driving for a medium office building conference, November 2013

Microgrid reliability modeling and battery scheduling using stochastic linear programming journal, October 2013

The CO2 Abatement Potential of California's Mid-Sized Commercial Buildings report, December 2009

Optimal Technology Selection and Operation of Commercial-Building Microgrids journal, August 2008

Electric storage in California’s commercial buildings journal, April 2013

Inverse neural network based control strategy for absorption chillers journal, March 2012

Energy conservation options for residential water heaters journal, April 1978

A review of heat pump water heating systems journal, August 2009

Encouraging Combined Heat and Power in California Buildings report, February 2013

Optimal operation of thermal energy storage units based on stratified and fully mixed water tanks journal, October 2004

Thermal Energy Storage for Grid Applications: Current Status and Emerging Trends journal, January 2020

Grid-based multi-energy systems—modelling, assessment, open source modelling frameworks and challenges journal, November 2018

A Comprehensive Methodology for the Integrated Optimal Sizing and Operation of Cogeneration Systems with Thermal Energy Storage journal, March 2019

A multiperiod multiobjective framework for the synthesis of trigeneration systems in tertiary sector buildings journal, November 2019

Distributed energy resources and benefits to the environment
journal, February 2010

Distributed generation, storage, demand response and energy efficiency as alternatives to grid capacity enhancement
journal, April 2014

Harmonic interactions of multiple distributed energy resources in power distribution networks
journal, December 2013

Energy storage for mitigating the variability of renewable electricity sources: An updated review
journal, December 2010

Effect of obstacles on thermal stratification in hot water storage tanks
journal, October 2005

Implications of the modelling of stratified hot water storage tanks in the simulation of CHP plants
journal, August 2011

A review of potential materials for thermal energy storage in building applications
journal, February 2013

Energy conservation in buildings: cogeneration and cogeneration coupled with thermal energy storage
journal, January 2004

Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications
journal, February 2009

Solar cooling and heating plants: An energy and economic analysis of liquid sensible vs phase change material (PCM) heat storage
journal, March 2014

Review on thermal energy storage with phase change: materials, heat transfer analysis and applications
journal, February 2003

Thermal stability of phase change materials used in latent heat energy storage systems: A review
journal, February 2013

Optimal operation of thermal energy storage units based on stratified and fully mixed water tanks
journal, October 2004

A Second Law analysis of the optimum design and operation of thermal energy storage systems
journal, January 1987

Modelling of thermal energy storage in industrial energy systems the method development of MIND
journal, August 2002

Cost optimization of the design of CHCP (combined heat, cooling and power) systems under legal constraints
journal, February 2010

A MILP model for integrated plan and evaluation of distributed energy systems
journal, March 2010

Performance analysis of small capacity absorption chillers by using different modeling methods
journal, September 2013

Integrated assessment of dispersed energy resources deployment
report, June 2000

Control of greenhouse gas emissions by optimal DER technology investment and energy management in zero-net-energy buildings
journal, March 2011

Effects of Carbon Tax on Microgrid Combined Heat and Power Adoption
journal, April 2005

Optimal deployment of thermal energy storage under diverse economic and climate conditions
journal, April 2014

Stochastic programming of vehicle to building interactions with uncertainty in PEVs driving for a medium office building
conference, November 2013

Microgrid reliability modeling and battery scheduling using stochastic linear programming
journal, October 2013

The CO2 Abatement Potential of California's Mid-Sized Commercial Buildings
report, December 2009

Optimal Technology Selection and Operation of Commercial-Building Microgrids
journal, August 2008

Electric storage in California’s commercial buildings
journal, April 2013

Inverse neural network based control strategy for absorption chillers
journal, March 2012

Energy conservation options for residential water heaters
journal, April 1978

A review of heat pump water heating systems
journal, August 2009

Encouraging Combined Heat and Power in California Buildings
report, February 2013

Optimal operation of thermal energy storage units based on stratified and fully mixed water tanks
journal, October 2004

Thermal Energy Storage for Grid Applications: Current Status and Emerging Trends
journal, January 2020

Grid-based multi-energy systems—modelling, assessment, open source modelling frameworks and challenges
journal, November 2018

A Comprehensive Methodology for the Integrated Optimal Sizing and Operation of Cogeneration Systems with Thermal Energy Storage
journal, March 2019

A multiperiod multiobjective framework for the synthesis of trigeneration systems in tertiary sector buildings
journal, November 2019