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(509 K)
Title:
SCIENCE ARTICLE, THE HISTORY AND ETHICS OF THE USE OF HUMAN SUBJECTS IN MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS ( SCIENCE, JULY 2, 1948, VOL. 108 )
Subject Terms:
HREX; ANIMALS; CONSENT ISSUES; ETHICS; EXPERIMENTATION; HUMANS; MEDICAL STATUS; MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE; PATIENTS; PRISONERS
Document Location:
Location - DOE/NNSA NUCLEAR TESTING ARCHIVE Address - P.O. Box 98521 City - Las Vegas State - NV Zip - 89193-8521 Phone - (702)794-5106 Fax - (702)862-4240 Email - NTA@NV.DOE.GOV
Document Type:
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Declassification Status:
Never classified
Accession Number:
NV0700166
Originating Research Org.:
Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)
OpenNet Entry Date:
1994 Aug 27
OpenNet Modified Date:
2012 May 14
Description/Abstract:
THIS ARTICLE PERTAINS TO THE ETHICS OF USING HUMAN SUBJECTS IN MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS. PRINCIPLES OF ETHICS WHICH HAVE BEEN IN FORCE BY COMMON UNDERSTANDING AND PRACTICE MAY BE SUMMARIZED AS FOLLOWS: 1) CONSENT OF THE HUMAN SUBJECT HAS BEEN OBTAINED. 2) THE EXPERIMENT TO BE PERFORMED HAS BEEN BASED ON THE RESULTS OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION. 3) THE EXPERIMENT MUST BE CONDUCTED ONLY BY SCIENTIFICALLY QUALIFIED PERSONS. SOME EXPERIMENTATION WAS CARRIED OUT ON PRISONERS IN THE EARLY 1900'S AS A PARTIAL BUT FAVORABLE REASON FOR THEIR PAROLE. THE ETHICS CONSIDERED IN THE CASE OF PRISONER VOLUNTEERS INCLUDED: (1) THE PUNITIVE; (2) THE EXPIATIVE; (3) THE EXEMPLARY OR DETERRENT, WHICH ATTEMPTS TO PREVENT CRIME BY EXAMPLE; (4) THE WISH TO PROTECT SOCIETY FROM DANGEROUS CRIMINALS; (5) THE REFORMATIVE, WHICH ATTEMPTS TO REFORM PRISONERS. AS A CONCLUSION, A PRISONER WHO HAS COMMITTED A NOTORIOUS OR HEINOUS CRIME SHOULD NOT BE CONSIDERED AN ACCEPTABLE VOLUNTEER FOR A MEDICAL EXPERIMENT.