Abstract
In this report, results are presented based on interviews and literature surveys on the triggers and stoppers for non food crop on contaminated land in Sweden. The report also includes a first estimate of potential marginal land for biofuel production in Sweden. The report is a first step to explore the feasibility of a range of possible approaches to combine risk based land management (RBLM) with non-food crop land-uses and organic matter re-use as appropriate in a Swedish context. The focus of the report is on the treatment of contaminated land by phyto-remediation and on biofuel cultivation. In Sweden, like all other countries in Europe, areas of land have been degraded by past use. Such previously developed land includes areas affected by mining, fallout from industrial processes such as smelting, areas elevated with contaminated dredged sediments, former landfill sites and many other areas where the decline of industrial activity has left a legacy of degraded land and communities. The extent of contamination may not be sufficient to trigger remediation under current regulatory conditions, and there may be little economic incentive to regenerate the affected areas. An ideal solution would be a land management approach that is able to pay for
More>>
Andersson-Skoeld, Yvonne;
Enell, Anja;
Rihm, Thomas;
Haglund, Kristina;
Wik, Ola;
[1]
Blom, Sonja;
Angelbratt, Alexandra;
[2]
Bardos, Paul;
[3]
Track, Thomas;
[4]
Keuning, Sytze
[5]
- Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Linkoeping (Sweden)
- FB Engineering AB, Goeteborg (Sweden)
- r3 Environmental Technology Ltd, Reading (United Kingdom)
- DECHEMA e. V., Frankfurt am Main (Germany)
- Bioclear b.v., Groningen (Netherlands)
Citation Formats
Andersson-Skoeld, Yvonne, Enell, Anja, Rihm, Thomas, Haglund, Kristina, Wik, Ola, Blom, Sonja, Angelbratt, Alexandra, Bardos, Paul, Track, Thomas, and Keuning, Sytze.
Biofuel and other biomass based products from contaminated sites - Potentials and barriers from Swedish perspectives.
Sweden: N. p.,
2009.
Web.
Andersson-Skoeld, Yvonne, Enell, Anja, Rihm, Thomas, Haglund, Kristina, Wik, Ola, Blom, Sonja, Angelbratt, Alexandra, Bardos, Paul, Track, Thomas, & Keuning, Sytze.
Biofuel and other biomass based products from contaminated sites - Potentials and barriers from Swedish perspectives.
Sweden.
Andersson-Skoeld, Yvonne, Enell, Anja, Rihm, Thomas, Haglund, Kristina, Wik, Ola, Blom, Sonja, Angelbratt, Alexandra, Bardos, Paul, Track, Thomas, and Keuning, Sytze.
2009.
"Biofuel and other biomass based products from contaminated sites - Potentials and barriers from Swedish perspectives."
Sweden.
@misc{etde_968857,
title = {Biofuel and other biomass based products from contaminated sites - Potentials and barriers from Swedish perspectives}
author = {Andersson-Skoeld, Yvonne, Enell, Anja, Rihm, Thomas, Haglund, Kristina, Wik, Ola, Blom, Sonja, Angelbratt, Alexandra, Bardos, Paul, Track, Thomas, and Keuning, Sytze}
abstractNote = {In this report, results are presented based on interviews and literature surveys on the triggers and stoppers for non food crop on contaminated land in Sweden. The report also includes a first estimate of potential marginal land for biofuel production in Sweden. The report is a first step to explore the feasibility of a range of possible approaches to combine risk based land management (RBLM) with non-food crop land-uses and organic matter re-use as appropriate in a Swedish context. The focus of the report is on the treatment of contaminated land by phyto-remediation and on biofuel cultivation. In Sweden, like all other countries in Europe, areas of land have been degraded by past use. Such previously developed land includes areas affected by mining, fallout from industrial processes such as smelting, areas elevated with contaminated dredged sediments, former landfill sites and many other areas where the decline of industrial activity has left a legacy of degraded land and communities. The extent of contamination may not be sufficient to trigger remediation under current regulatory conditions, and there may be little economic incentive to regenerate the affected areas. An ideal solution would be a land management approach that is able to pay for itself. Biomass from coppice or other plantations has long been seen as a possible means of achieving this goal. Phyto remediation offers a low cost method for remediation of areas that are not candidates for conventional regeneration. The optimal conditions for phyto remediation are large land areas of low or mediate contamination. Phyto remediation is also suitable to prevent spreading of contaminants, for example in green areas such as in cities, as waste water buffer and small size remediation areas with diffuse spreading. Phyto remediation implies that plants, fungi or algae are used to remediate, control or increase the natural attenuation of contaminants. Depending on the contaminating species and the site conditions the best potential type of phyto remediation method varies. Various phyto remediation methods (remediation, control or increased natural attenuation) are shown together with a brief description of the species convenient for each method. The advantages in using phyto remediation are for example low remediation cost, less transportation, less use of land for landfill, less use of other new resources etc. Phyto remediation can also be a useful complement to more conventional remediation methods. For example very high contaminated masses can be excavated and site areas with lower concentrations are phyto remediated. In this study the maximum arable area of the potential contaminated sites in Sweden was assessed. In this context, arable area is defined as an area that can be used for growing biomass (e.g. for production of biofuels) or that can be phyto-remediated or contained and stabilized through a plantation. The total area of contaminated sites has been estimated to 3000 km2, about 0.7% of the size of Sweden. The total arable area of contaminated sites in Sweden was estimated to almost 800 km2. This is about 0.2% of the size of Sweden and constitutes 26% of the total contaminated area. It has to be noted that this is a first estimate based on several assumptions and should thus be seen just as a first attempt to estimate the maximum arable area of contaminated land in Sweden. Knowledge about phyto remediation methods and projects in Sweden is rare, and the results from the phyto remediation projects are not yet fully available. Consequently, there are no good examples showing the benefits, costs and timescales. The present legislation and praxis is based on total concentrations left in the soil and not based on soil functionality or risk based land management. In Sweden, areas of highest priority for remediation are sites with very high contaminant concentrations. Such sites are in urgent need of remediation and the contamination level is high, and thus there is risk of phyto toxicity. Furthermore, in areas of exploitation interests, i.e. non marginal land areas, other faster solutions than phyto remediation are prioritized due to the time perspective. Another 'stopper' regarding biofuel from waste and contaminated land is the handling and regulations concerning rest-, and co-products such as sludge and ashes. Despite regulations it would be useful to have an increased knowledge about the fate of the contaminants. Many technical challenges remain including the development of better and cheaper catalysts, improvements in current technology for producing high quality biodiesel, use of non-fossil based solvents, conversion of the rest-, and co-products to useful products. Here only the investment costs of biofuel plants have been considered. The investment costs is a barrier, but the biofuel demand may be high enough to reduce this barrier. Not included in this study, are the site owners view on investment costs for biofuel production.}
place = {Sweden}
year = {2009}
month = {Jul}
}
title = {Biofuel and other biomass based products from contaminated sites - Potentials and barriers from Swedish perspectives}
author = {Andersson-Skoeld, Yvonne, Enell, Anja, Rihm, Thomas, Haglund, Kristina, Wik, Ola, Blom, Sonja, Angelbratt, Alexandra, Bardos, Paul, Track, Thomas, and Keuning, Sytze}
abstractNote = {In this report, results are presented based on interviews and literature surveys on the triggers and stoppers for non food crop on contaminated land in Sweden. The report also includes a first estimate of potential marginal land for biofuel production in Sweden. The report is a first step to explore the feasibility of a range of possible approaches to combine risk based land management (RBLM) with non-food crop land-uses and organic matter re-use as appropriate in a Swedish context. The focus of the report is on the treatment of contaminated land by phyto-remediation and on biofuel cultivation. In Sweden, like all other countries in Europe, areas of land have been degraded by past use. Such previously developed land includes areas affected by mining, fallout from industrial processes such as smelting, areas elevated with contaminated dredged sediments, former landfill sites and many other areas where the decline of industrial activity has left a legacy of degraded land and communities. The extent of contamination may not be sufficient to trigger remediation under current regulatory conditions, and there may be little economic incentive to regenerate the affected areas. An ideal solution would be a land management approach that is able to pay for itself. Biomass from coppice or other plantations has long been seen as a possible means of achieving this goal. Phyto remediation offers a low cost method for remediation of areas that are not candidates for conventional regeneration. The optimal conditions for phyto remediation are large land areas of low or mediate contamination. Phyto remediation is also suitable to prevent spreading of contaminants, for example in green areas such as in cities, as waste water buffer and small size remediation areas with diffuse spreading. Phyto remediation implies that plants, fungi or algae are used to remediate, control or increase the natural attenuation of contaminants. Depending on the contaminating species and the site conditions the best potential type of phyto remediation method varies. Various phyto remediation methods (remediation, control or increased natural attenuation) are shown together with a brief description of the species convenient for each method. The advantages in using phyto remediation are for example low remediation cost, less transportation, less use of land for landfill, less use of other new resources etc. Phyto remediation can also be a useful complement to more conventional remediation methods. For example very high contaminated masses can be excavated and site areas with lower concentrations are phyto remediated. In this study the maximum arable area of the potential contaminated sites in Sweden was assessed. In this context, arable area is defined as an area that can be used for growing biomass (e.g. for production of biofuels) or that can be phyto-remediated or contained and stabilized through a plantation. The total area of contaminated sites has been estimated to 3000 km2, about 0.7% of the size of Sweden. The total arable area of contaminated sites in Sweden was estimated to almost 800 km2. This is about 0.2% of the size of Sweden and constitutes 26% of the total contaminated area. It has to be noted that this is a first estimate based on several assumptions and should thus be seen just as a first attempt to estimate the maximum arable area of contaminated land in Sweden. Knowledge about phyto remediation methods and projects in Sweden is rare, and the results from the phyto remediation projects are not yet fully available. Consequently, there are no good examples showing the benefits, costs and timescales. The present legislation and praxis is based on total concentrations left in the soil and not based on soil functionality or risk based land management. In Sweden, areas of highest priority for remediation are sites with very high contaminant concentrations. Such sites are in urgent need of remediation and the contamination level is high, and thus there is risk of phyto toxicity. Furthermore, in areas of exploitation interests, i.e. non marginal land areas, other faster solutions than phyto remediation are prioritized due to the time perspective. Another 'stopper' regarding biofuel from waste and contaminated land is the handling and regulations concerning rest-, and co-products such as sludge and ashes. Despite regulations it would be useful to have an increased knowledge about the fate of the contaminants. Many technical challenges remain including the development of better and cheaper catalysts, improvements in current technology for producing high quality biodiesel, use of non-fossil based solvents, conversion of the rest-, and co-products to useful products. Here only the investment costs of biofuel plants have been considered. The investment costs is a barrier, but the biofuel demand may be high enough to reduce this barrier. Not included in this study, are the site owners view on investment costs for biofuel production.}
place = {Sweden}
year = {2009}
month = {Jul}
}