Abstract
The human alteration of the nitrogen cycle has evolved from minimal in the mid-19th century to extensive in the present time. The consequences to human and environmental health are significant. While much attention has been given to the extent and impacts of the alteration, little attention has been given to those entities (i.e., consumers, institutions) that use the resources that result in extensive reactive nitrogen (Nr) creation. One strategy for assessment is the use of nitrogen footprint tools. A nitrogen footprint is generally defined as the total amount of Nr released to the environment as a result of an entity’s consumption patterns. This paper reviews a number of nitrogen footprint tools (N-Calculator, N-Institution, N-Label, N-Neutrality, N-Indicator) that are designed to provide that attention. It reviews N-footprint tools for consumers as a function of the country that they live in (N-Calculator, N-Indicator) and the products they buy (N-Label), for the institutions that people work in and are educated in (N-Institution), and for events and decision-making regarding offsets (N-Neutrality). N footprint tools provide a framework for people to make decisions about their resource use and show them how offsets can be coupled with behavior change to decrease consumer/institution contributions to N-related problems.
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Galloway, James N;
Leach, Allison M;
[1]
Winiwarter, Wilfried;
[2]
Leip, Adrian;
[3]
Bleeker, Albert;
[4]
Erisman, Jan Willem, E-mail: jng@virginia.edu [Louis Bolk Institute, Hoofdstraat 24, 3972 LA Driebergen (Netherlands);
Department of Earth Sciences, Earth and Climate cluster, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam (Netherlands)]
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, 291 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22904 (United States)
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg (Austria)
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra (Italy)
- Energy Research Center of the Netherlands, ECN, PO Box 1, 1755ZG Petten (Netherlands)
Citation Formats
Galloway, James N, Leach, Allison M, Winiwarter, Wilfried, Leip, Adrian, Bleeker, Albert, Erisman, Jan Willem, E-mail: jng@virginia.edu [Louis Bolk Institute, Hoofdstraat 24, 3972 LA Driebergen (Netherlands), and Department of Earth Sciences, Earth and Climate cluster, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam (Netherlands)].
Nitrogen footprints: past, present and future.
United Kingdom: N. p.,
2014.
Web.
doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/11/115003.
Galloway, James N, Leach, Allison M, Winiwarter, Wilfried, Leip, Adrian, Bleeker, Albert, Erisman, Jan Willem, E-mail: jng@virginia.edu [Louis Bolk Institute, Hoofdstraat 24, 3972 LA Driebergen (Netherlands), & Department of Earth Sciences, Earth and Climate cluster, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam (Netherlands)].
Nitrogen footprints: past, present and future.
United Kingdom.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/11/115003
Galloway, James N, Leach, Allison M, Winiwarter, Wilfried, Leip, Adrian, Bleeker, Albert, Erisman, Jan Willem, E-mail: jng@virginia.edu [Louis Bolk Institute, Hoofdstraat 24, 3972 LA Driebergen (Netherlands), and Department of Earth Sciences, Earth and Climate cluster, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam (Netherlands)].
2014.
"Nitrogen footprints: past, present and future."
United Kingdom.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/11/115003.
@misc{etde_22480581,
title = {Nitrogen footprints: past, present and future}
author = {Galloway, James N, Leach, Allison M, Winiwarter, Wilfried, Leip, Adrian, Bleeker, Albert, Erisman, Jan Willem, E-mail: jng@virginia.edu [Louis Bolk Institute, Hoofdstraat 24, 3972 LA Driebergen (Netherlands), and Department of Earth Sciences, Earth and Climate cluster, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam (Netherlands)]}
abstractNote = {The human alteration of the nitrogen cycle has evolved from minimal in the mid-19th century to extensive in the present time. The consequences to human and environmental health are significant. While much attention has been given to the extent and impacts of the alteration, little attention has been given to those entities (i.e., consumers, institutions) that use the resources that result in extensive reactive nitrogen (Nr) creation. One strategy for assessment is the use of nitrogen footprint tools. A nitrogen footprint is generally defined as the total amount of Nr released to the environment as a result of an entity’s consumption patterns. This paper reviews a number of nitrogen footprint tools (N-Calculator, N-Institution, N-Label, N-Neutrality, N-Indicator) that are designed to provide that attention. It reviews N-footprint tools for consumers as a function of the country that they live in (N-Calculator, N-Indicator) and the products they buy (N-Label), for the institutions that people work in and are educated in (N-Institution), and for events and decision-making regarding offsets (N-Neutrality). N footprint tools provide a framework for people to make decisions about their resource use and show them how offsets can be coupled with behavior change to decrease consumer/institution contributions to N-related problems. (paper)}
doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/9/11/115003}
journal = []
issue = {11}
volume = {9}
journal type = {AC}
place = {United Kingdom}
year = {2014}
month = {Nov}
}
title = {Nitrogen footprints: past, present and future}
author = {Galloway, James N, Leach, Allison M, Winiwarter, Wilfried, Leip, Adrian, Bleeker, Albert, Erisman, Jan Willem, E-mail: jng@virginia.edu [Louis Bolk Institute, Hoofdstraat 24, 3972 LA Driebergen (Netherlands), and Department of Earth Sciences, Earth and Climate cluster, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam (Netherlands)]}
abstractNote = {The human alteration of the nitrogen cycle has evolved from minimal in the mid-19th century to extensive in the present time. The consequences to human and environmental health are significant. While much attention has been given to the extent and impacts of the alteration, little attention has been given to those entities (i.e., consumers, institutions) that use the resources that result in extensive reactive nitrogen (Nr) creation. One strategy for assessment is the use of nitrogen footprint tools. A nitrogen footprint is generally defined as the total amount of Nr released to the environment as a result of an entity’s consumption patterns. This paper reviews a number of nitrogen footprint tools (N-Calculator, N-Institution, N-Label, N-Neutrality, N-Indicator) that are designed to provide that attention. It reviews N-footprint tools for consumers as a function of the country that they live in (N-Calculator, N-Indicator) and the products they buy (N-Label), for the institutions that people work in and are educated in (N-Institution), and for events and decision-making regarding offsets (N-Neutrality). N footprint tools provide a framework for people to make decisions about their resource use and show them how offsets can be coupled with behavior change to decrease consumer/institution contributions to N-related problems. (paper)}
doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/9/11/115003}
journal = []
issue = {11}
volume = {9}
journal type = {AC}
place = {United Kingdom}
year = {2014}
month = {Nov}
}