Abstract
Removal of SO{sub 2} and NO{sub x} from flue gases in fossil-fueled power plants by irradiation with accelerated electrons was first investigated in Japan more than 30 years ago. This process has since been extensively evaluated in several pilot facilities in Japan, the USA, Germany, Poland, Bulgaria and China. Recently, it has advanced to the demonstration plant stage in Poland, Japan and China. Except for the initial research facility in Japan, which had a 5.5 MeV microwave linear accelerator, these facilities have used relatively low-energy dc accelerators rated from 0.3 MeV to 0.8 MeV. An attractive feature of such accelerators is their high electrical efficiency, which can exceed 90%. However, the electron beam power dissipated in the two titanium beam windows, the first on the accelerator and the second on the flue gas duct, and in the air space between the windows must also be taken into account. These beam power losses have been calculated as 54% at 0.50 MeV and 28% at 0.75 MeV, but they decrease further to 17% at 1.0 MeV, 9.3% at 1.5 MeV, 6.7% at 2.0 MeV, 5.2% at 2.5 MeV and 4.6% at 3.0 MeV. The use of accelerators providing electron energies higher than
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Cleland, M. R.;
Galloway, R. A.;
[1]
Stichelbaut, F.;
Abs, M.
[2]
- IBA Industrial, Inc., Edgewood, NY (United States)
- IBA Industrial, Inc., Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium)
Citation Formats
Cleland, M. R., Galloway, R. A., Stichelbaut, F., and Abs, M.
Technical aspects of flue gas irradiation.
IAEA: N. p.,
2011.
Web.
Cleland, M. R., Galloway, R. A., Stichelbaut, F., & Abs, M.
Technical aspects of flue gas irradiation.
IAEA.
Cleland, M. R., Galloway, R. A., Stichelbaut, F., and Abs, M.
2011.
"Technical aspects of flue gas irradiation."
IAEA.
@misc{etde_22258270,
title = {Technical aspects of flue gas irradiation}
author = {Cleland, M. R., Galloway, R. A., Stichelbaut, F., and Abs, M.}
abstractNote = {Removal of SO{sub 2} and NO{sub x} from flue gases in fossil-fueled power plants by irradiation with accelerated electrons was first investigated in Japan more than 30 years ago. This process has since been extensively evaluated in several pilot facilities in Japan, the USA, Germany, Poland, Bulgaria and China. Recently, it has advanced to the demonstration plant stage in Poland, Japan and China. Except for the initial research facility in Japan, which had a 5.5 MeV microwave linear accelerator, these facilities have used relatively low-energy dc accelerators rated from 0.3 MeV to 0.8 MeV. An attractive feature of such accelerators is their high electrical efficiency, which can exceed 90%. However, the electron beam power dissipated in the two titanium beam windows, the first on the accelerator and the second on the flue gas duct, and in the air space between the windows must also be taken into account. These beam power losses have been calculated as 54% at 0.50 MeV and 28% at 0.75 MeV, but they decrease further to 17% at 1.0 MeV, 9.3% at 1.5 MeV, 6.7% at 2.0 MeV, 5.2% at 2.5 MeV and 4.6% at 3.0 MeV. The use of accelerators providing electron energies higher than 0.75 MeV could facilitate the generation and delivery of the high beam current and beam power requirements for large electric power plants, which are about 1% to 2% of the electrical power output of the plant. Most of the pilot and demonstration facilities have used ammonia gas to neutralize the acid vapors produced during the irradiation process. The resulting by-products are ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate, which have value as agricultural fertilizers. On the other hand, two pilot facilities, one in the USA and the other in Japan, have shown that slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) is a possible alternative to ammonia. The resulting by-products in this case are calcium sulfate and calcium nitrate, which can be used as soil amendments or to make gypsum board (drywall) for interior construction in homes and industrial buildings. In contrast to ammonia, slaked lime gives somewhat different results from the irradiation process. It is more effective in removing nitrogen oxides, whereas ammonia is more effective in removing sulfur dioxide. For power plants which are already equipped with wet limestone scrubbers for sulfur dioxide, the addition of an electron beam facility with lime neutralization could be a more attractive way to remove the residual nitrogen oxides than selective catalytic reduction. The calcium nitrate so produced would be a safer by-product than ammonium nitrate with a low concentration of ammonium sulfate, which could be mixed with fuel oil to make an explosive material. (author)}
place = {IAEA}
year = {2011}
month = {Jul}
}
title = {Technical aspects of flue gas irradiation}
author = {Cleland, M. R., Galloway, R. A., Stichelbaut, F., and Abs, M.}
abstractNote = {Removal of SO{sub 2} and NO{sub x} from flue gases in fossil-fueled power plants by irradiation with accelerated electrons was first investigated in Japan more than 30 years ago. This process has since been extensively evaluated in several pilot facilities in Japan, the USA, Germany, Poland, Bulgaria and China. Recently, it has advanced to the demonstration plant stage in Poland, Japan and China. Except for the initial research facility in Japan, which had a 5.5 MeV microwave linear accelerator, these facilities have used relatively low-energy dc accelerators rated from 0.3 MeV to 0.8 MeV. An attractive feature of such accelerators is their high electrical efficiency, which can exceed 90%. However, the electron beam power dissipated in the two titanium beam windows, the first on the accelerator and the second on the flue gas duct, and in the air space between the windows must also be taken into account. These beam power losses have been calculated as 54% at 0.50 MeV and 28% at 0.75 MeV, but they decrease further to 17% at 1.0 MeV, 9.3% at 1.5 MeV, 6.7% at 2.0 MeV, 5.2% at 2.5 MeV and 4.6% at 3.0 MeV. The use of accelerators providing electron energies higher than 0.75 MeV could facilitate the generation and delivery of the high beam current and beam power requirements for large electric power plants, which are about 1% to 2% of the electrical power output of the plant. Most of the pilot and demonstration facilities have used ammonia gas to neutralize the acid vapors produced during the irradiation process. The resulting by-products are ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate, which have value as agricultural fertilizers. On the other hand, two pilot facilities, one in the USA and the other in Japan, have shown that slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) is a possible alternative to ammonia. The resulting by-products in this case are calcium sulfate and calcium nitrate, which can be used as soil amendments or to make gypsum board (drywall) for interior construction in homes and industrial buildings. In contrast to ammonia, slaked lime gives somewhat different results from the irradiation process. It is more effective in removing nitrogen oxides, whereas ammonia is more effective in removing sulfur dioxide. For power plants which are already equipped with wet limestone scrubbers for sulfur dioxide, the addition of an electron beam facility with lime neutralization could be a more attractive way to remove the residual nitrogen oxides than selective catalytic reduction. The calcium nitrate so produced would be a safer by-product than ammonium nitrate with a low concentration of ammonium sulfate, which could be mixed with fuel oil to make an explosive material. (author)}
place = {IAEA}
year = {2011}
month = {Jul}
}