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A Review of the Production of ''Special'' Radioisotopes; La Production de Radioisotopes «Spéciaux»; ОБЗОР ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ''СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫХ'' ИЗОТОПОВ; Produccion de Radioisotopos ''Especiales''

Abstract

Six useful characteristics of radioisotopes and advantages which may be taken of them are cited briefly, with examples. The Information Sheet announcing this Seminar listed four advantages of short-lived over long-lived isotopes. Two other reasons why owners of small research reactors should concern themselves with short half- life isotopes are economy and particular suitability for production, the latter being due to the pronounced effect of half-life on the net rate of production. Besides short half-life, type and energy of emitted radiation should be of concern to producers of isotopes. Nine advantages of a nuclear reactor over a particle accelerator for radioisotope production are outlined. Following this general orientation, a survey of unusual or less frequently used production techniques is presented. These include: (n, p) reactions and secondary reactions such as (t, n) and (t, p) induced by thermal neutrons, various techniques for obtaining useful fluxes of fast neutrons with which to effect other reactions, recoil techniques including classic Szilard-Chalmers reactions, use of charged wires to collect short-lived daughters of gaseous parents, parent-daughter milking system, parasitic irradiations, possible use of ''knocked- on'' protons or deuterons (from the moderator) as a means of effecting reactions such as (p,n), (d,n), etc. and the  More>>
Authors:
Stang, Jr., L. G. [1] 
  1. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY (United States)
Publication Date:
Mar 15, 1963
Product Type:
Conference
Resource Relation:
Conference: Seminar on the Practical Applications of Short-Lived Radioisotopes Produced in Small Research Reactors, Vienna (Austria), 5-9 Nov 1962; Other Information: 55 refs.; Related Information: In: Production and Use of Short-Lived Radioisotopes from Reactors Vol. I. Proceedings of a Seminar on the Practical Applications of Short-Lived Radioisotopes Produced in Small Research Reactors| 448 p.
Subject:
07 ISOTOPES AND RADIATION SOURCES; ALUMINIUM 28; DEUTERONS; DYSPROSIUM 155; FAST NEUTRONS; INDIUM 114; ISOTOPE PRODUCTION; MAGNESIUM 28; RESEARCH REACTORS; SCANDIUM 47; SECONDARY REACTIONS; SILVER 110; STABLE ISOTOPES; THERMAL NEUTRONS
OSTI ID:
22173484
Research Organizations:
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria)
Country of Origin:
IAEA
Language:
English
Other Identifying Numbers:
Other: ISSN 0074-1884; TRN: XA13M4225127941
Submitting Site:
INIS
Size:
page(s) 3-29
Announcement Date:
Dec 16, 2013

Citation Formats

Stang, Jr., L. G. A Review of the Production of ''Special'' Radioisotopes; La Production de Radioisotopes «Spéciaux»; ОБЗОР ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ''СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫХ'' ИЗОТОПОВ; Produccion de Radioisotopos ''Especiales''. IAEA: N. p., 1963. Web.
Stang, Jr., L. G. A Review of the Production of ''Special'' Radioisotopes; La Production de Radioisotopes «Spéciaux»; ОБЗОР ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ''СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫХ'' ИЗОТОПОВ; Produccion de Radioisotopos ''Especiales''. IAEA.
Stang, Jr., L. G. 1963. "A Review of the Production of ''Special'' Radioisotopes; La Production de Radioisotopes «Spéciaux»; ОБЗОР ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ''СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫХ'' ИЗОТОПОВ; Produccion de Radioisotopos ''Especiales''." IAEA.
@misc{etde_22173484,
title = {A Review of the Production of ''Special'' Radioisotopes; La Production de Radioisotopes «Spéciaux»; ОБЗОР ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ''СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫХ'' ИЗОТОПОВ; Produccion de Radioisotopos ''Especiales''}
author = {Stang, Jr., L. G.}
abstractNote = {Six useful characteristics of radioisotopes and advantages which may be taken of them are cited briefly, with examples. The Information Sheet announcing this Seminar listed four advantages of short-lived over long-lived isotopes. Two other reasons why owners of small research reactors should concern themselves with short half- life isotopes are economy and particular suitability for production, the latter being due to the pronounced effect of half-life on the net rate of production. Besides short half-life, type and energy of emitted radiation should be of concern to producers of isotopes. Nine advantages of a nuclear reactor over a particle accelerator for radioisotope production are outlined. Following this general orientation, a survey of unusual or less frequently used production techniques is presented. These include: (n, p) reactions and secondary reactions such as (t, n) and (t, p) induced by thermal neutrons, various techniques for obtaining useful fluxes of fast neutrons with which to effect other reactions, recoil techniques including classic Szilard-Chalmers reactions, use of charged wires to collect short-lived daughters of gaseous parents, parent-daughter milking system, parasitic irradiations, possible use of ''knocked- on'' protons or deuterons (from the moderator) as a means of effecting reactions such as (p,n), (d,n), etc. and the possible use of circulating ''loops'' in reactors with which to utilize the radiation from ultra-short-lived radioisotopes such as Ag{sup 110}, In{sup 114}, {sup 116}, Dy{sup 155m}, etc. Although not a production technique, the possibility of using certain stable isotopes (e. g. of silver) as tracers which can be readily detected via subsequent activation is mentioned. Production figures for Brookhaven's ''special'' radioisotopes are cited to show differences in long- and short-term fluctuations among these isotopes, which are also compared as a class to those in heavier demand supplied by Oak Ridge. Present production methods of all 'special' radioisotopes and tagged beads available from Brookhaven are reviewed very briefly, including recent unpublished work concerned with the successful development of an Al{sup 28} ''generator'', the production of Sc{sup 47}, the increase in Mg{sup 28} specific activity to 40 mc/g, and the use of Li{sup 6}H{sup 2} to effect (n, particle) reactions. (author) [French] L'auteur cite brievement, avec des examples a l'appui, six caracteristiques utiles des radioisotopes et le parti qu'on peut en tirer. La note d'information jointe a la lettre qui annoncait la reunion du colloque enumerait quatre avantages des isotopes a courte periode sur les isotopes a longue periode. Les utilisateurs de petits reacteurs de recherche ont interet a se consacrer aux isotopes I courte periode pour deux autres raisons: ils sont plus economiques et ils conviennent mieux pour la production, le taux net de celle-ci dependant de la periode. En plus de la longueur de la periode, les producteurs d'isotopes devraient se preoccuper du type et de l'energie des rayonnements emis. L'auteur enumere ensuite neuf avantages du reacteur nucleaire sur l'accelerateur de particules pour la production de radioisotopes. Apres ces indications d'ordre general, il enumere des methodes de production speciales ou moins frequemment utilisees, notamment: les reactions (n, p) et les reactions secondaires telles que (t, n) et (t, p) produites par les neutrons thermiques, diverses techniques permettant d'obtenir des flux utiles de neutrons rapides a l'aide desquels on provoque d'autres reactions, les techniques de recul, notamment les reactions classiques de Szilard-Chalmers, l'utilisation de fils charges pour recueillir les produits de filiation a courte periode de radioisotopes gazeux, les systemes de 'mulsions pour separer les produits de filiation des ascendants, les irradiations parasitaires, la possibilite d'employer des protons ou des deuterons 'bombardes (provenant du ralentisseur) pour provoquer des reactions telles que (p, n) (d, n) etc., et d'employer des 'boucles' de circulation dans les reacteurs qui permettraient d'utiliser les rayonnements provenant de radioisotopes a periode ultra-courte, tels que {sup 110}Ag, {sup 114}, {sup 116}In, {sup 155m}Dy, etc. Bien que ce ne soit pas une methode de production, l'auteur indique la possibilite d'utiliser certains isotopes stables (par example, de l'argent) comme indicateurs susceptibles d'une detection aisee apres activation. Il cite les chiffres de la production de radioisotopes ' speciaux ' a Brookhaven et indique les differences de fluctuation a long terme et a court terme pour ces isotopes, qu'il compare en outre aux isotopes les plus demandes fournis par Oak Ridge. Les methodes actuelles de production de tous les isotopes 'Speciaux ' et billes marquees produites par Brookhaven sont examinees tres brievement, y compris un travail recent non encore publie concernant la mise qu point d'un 'generateur' de {sup 28}Al, la production de {sup 47}Sc, l'augmentation de l'activite specifique de {sup 28}Mg (portee a 40 mc/g) et l'emploi de {sup 6}Li{sup 2}H pour provoquer des reactions (n, particule). (author) [Spanish] La memoria cita brevemente seis caracteristicas utiles de los radioisotopos y las ventajas que su utilizacion puede aportar, dando ademas algunos ejemplos al respecto. La circular informativa que anunciaba la celebracion del actual seminario enumeraba cuatro ventajas de los isotopos de periodo corto sobre los de peiiodo largo. Seria conveniente que los usuarios de pequenos reactores de investigacion se ocuparan de los isotopos de periodo corto por dos motivos mas: bajo costo y facilidad de obtenerlos, que se debe al marcado efecto del periodo de semidesintegracion sobre el rendimiento neto. Los productores de isotopos deberian interesarse no solo por el periodo corto, sino tambien por el tipo y la energia de las radiaciones que emiten. La memoria menciona nueve ventajas que, para la produccion de radioisotopos, los reactores nucleares ofrecen sobre los aceleradores de particulas. Despues de estas observaciones de caracter general, la memoria presenta un estudio de las tecnicas de produccion especiales o empleadas menos frecuentemente. Entre ellas, las reacciones (n, p) y reacciones secundarias como las (t, n) y (t, p) inducidas por neutrones termicos, diversas tecnicas para obtener flujos utiles de neutrones rapidos en los que se inducen otras reacciones, tecnicas por retroceso, incluyendo las reacciones clasicas tipo Szilard -Chalmers, el empleo de alambre' cargados electricamente para recoger descendientes de periodo corto de elementos precursores gaseosos, procedimientos de separacion repetida de precursores y descendientes, irradiaciones parasitas, el posible uso de protones o deuterones percutidos (del moderador) como medio para producir reacciones de los tipos (p, n), (d, n), etc. y elempleo de los circuitos de un reactor para aprovechar las radiaciones emitidas por radioisotopos de periodo ultracorto tales como {sup 110}Ag, {sup 114}In, {sup 115}In, {sup 155m}Dy, etc. Aunque no se trata de una tecnica de produccion, se menciona la posibilidad de utilizar ciertos isotopos estables (por ejemplo, de la plata) como indicadores faciles de detectar por activacion ulterior. El autor menciona cifras de produccion de los radioisotopos ''especiales'' en Brookhaven e indica las diferencias de las fluctuaciones a largo y corto plazo para estos isotopos, que compara tambien en conjunto con los de gran demanda, suministrados por Oak Ridge. Describe muy brevemente los metodos actuales de produccion de todos los radioisotopos ''especiales'' y perlas marcadas actualmente proporcionados por Brookhaven, incluyendo trabajos ineditos recientes, relativos a un ''generador'' de {sup 28}Al, la produccion de {sup 47}Sc, el incremento de la actividad especifica del {sup 28}Mg hasta 40 mc/g y el empleo de {sup 6}Li{sup 2}H para inducir reacciones (n, particula). (author) [Russian] Perechisljaetsja i illjustriujutsja primerami shest' poleznyh svojstv radioizotopov i preimushhestva ih ispol'zovanija. V informacionnom liste jetogo seminara byli privedeny chetyre preimushhestva korotkozhivushhih izotopov po sravneniju s dolgozhivushhimi. Dvumja drugimi osobennostjami, blagodarja kotorym vladel'cy nebol'shih issledovatel'skih reaktorov bol'she zainteresovany v poluchenii izotopov s malym periodom poluraspada, javljajutsja jekonomichnost' i osoboe udobstvo pri proizvodstve, svjazannoe s zavisimost'ju skorosti ih nakoplenija ot perioda poluraspada. Pomimo malogo perioda poluraspada dlja proizvoditelej izotopov predstavljajut interes harakter i jenergija ispuskaemogo izluchenija. Privodjatsja v obshhih chertah devjat' preimushhestv jadernogo reaktora po sravneniju s uskoriteljami chastic. V sootvetstvii s jetim obshhim napravleniem daetsja obzor neobychnyh idi rezhe primenjaemyh metodov proizvodstva. Sjuda vkljuchajutsja: reakcii (p, r) i vtorichnye reakcii, takie, kak (t, n) i (t, p), vyzvannye teplovymi nejtronami, razlichnye metody poluchenija poleznyh potokov bystryh nejtronov, kotorye vlijajut na drugie reakcii, metody otdachi, vkljuchaja klassicheskie reakcii Scidlard-Chalmersa, ispol'zovanie zarjazhennyh jelektrodov dlja sbora korotkozhivushhih dochernih produktov gazoobraznyh ishodnyh izotopov, sistemy nepreryvnogo poluchenija dochernih produktov iz materinskih izotopov I{sup d}oenie{sup )}, parazitnoe obluchenie, vozmozhnoe ispol'zovanie ''vybityh'' protonov ili dejtronov (iz zamedlitelja) dlja provedenija takih reakcij, kak (r, p), (d, n) i t.d. i vozmozhnoe primenenie zamknutyh ''petel'' v reaktorah, s pomoshh'ju kotoryh ispol'zuetsja izluchenie sverhkorotkozhivushhih izotopov, takih, kak Ag{sup 110}, In{sup 114}, {sup 116}, Dy{sup 155m} i t.d. Upominaetsja vozmozhnost' ispol'zovanija, hotja i ne v promyshlennyh masshtabah, nekotoryh stabil'nyh izotopov (naprimer, serebra) v kachestve izotopnyh indikatorov, kotorye mogut byt' legko obnaruzheny i putem posledujushhej aktivacii. Privodjatsja dannye proizvodstva ''special'nyh'' izotopov v Brukhejvene, chtoby pokazat' razlichija dolgovremennyh i kratkovremennyh fluktuacij u jetih izotopov, kotorye v sovokupnosti takzhe sravnivajutsja s izotopami, postavljaemymi iz Okridzha, k kortorymi pred'javljajutsja bolee vysokie trebovanija. Daetsja ochen' kratkij obzor sovremennyh metodov proizvodstva vseh ''special'nyh'' radioizotopov i radioaktivnyh bus, poluchaemyh iz Brukhejvena, vkljuchaja poslednie neopublikovannye raboty ob uspeshnom razvitii ''generatora'' Al{sup 28} , proizvodstve Sc{sup 47} , uvelichenii udel'noj aktivnosti Mg{sup 28} do 40 millikjuri/g i ispol'zovanii Ll{sup 6}H{sup 2} dlja vozdejstvija na reakcii (p, chastica). (author)}
place = {IAEA}
year = {1963}
month = {Mar}
}