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Multidimensional Gamma-Ray Spectrometry and its Use in Biology; La Spectrometry Gamma Multidimensionnelle et son Application en Biologie; Mnogomernaya spektrometriya gamma-luchej i ee ispol'zovanie v biologii; La Espectrometria Gamma Multidimensional y su Empleo en Biologia

Abstract

Multidimensional gamma-ray spectrometry is a new technique for the measurement of radionuclides which has special application in biology. This instrumental technique allows direct identification and measurement of individual gamma-ray emitters in complex mixtures of radionuclides in diverse sample matrices without prior chemical treatment. The detector system is designed to provide: high sensitivity through use of two large (6-in diam., 4-in thick) Nal(Tl) detectors; high selectivity by using coincidence counting techniques which separate gamma ray spectra by taking advantage of the gamma-ray decay characteristics of each radionuclide ; and ultra-low background and reduced Compton interference through a surrounding anticoincidence annulus detector (a NaI(Tl) crystal 11 Vulgar-Fraction-One-Half -in thick with a 6 Vulgar-Fraction-One-Half - in - diam. hole). A 4096-channel multidimensional analyser analyses the two gamma-rays in coincidence according to their energies and stores them in the plane of the 64 X 64-channel memory while non-coincident events are stored only on the axes of the memory. This effectively decreases the background and Compton interference by orders of magnitude while greatly improving the selectivity. Direct gamma-ray spectrometric measurement of trace levels of radionuclides in biological samples has been inhibited by the presence of relatively large amounts of natural 4 Degree-Sign K whose 1.47  More>>
Authors:
Nielsen, J. M.; Kornberg, H. A. [1] 
  1. Battelle Memorial Institute, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA (United States)
Publication Date:
Oct 15, 1965
Product Type:
Conference
Report Number:
IAEA-SM-61/21
Resource Relation:
Conference: Symposium on Radioisotope Sample Measurement Techniques in Medicine and Biology, Vienna (Austria), 24-28 May 1965; Other Information: 5 refs., 2 tabs., 3 figs.; Related Information: In: Radioisotope Sample Measurement Techniques in Medicine and Biology. Proceedings of the Symposium on Radioisotope Sample Measurement Techniques| 741 p.
Subject:
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES; 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY; BIOLOGY; BLOOD; CESIUM 134; CESIUM 137; COINCIDENCE METHODS; GAMMA RADIATION; GAMMA SPECTRA; GAMMA SPECTROSCOPY; LABELLED COMPOUNDS; MEAT; MEV RANGE 01-10; NAI DETECTORS; NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS; SENSITIVITY; SODIUM 22; URINE
OSTI ID:
22131275
Research Organizations:
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria)
Country of Origin:
IAEA
Language:
English
Contract Number:
Contract AT(45-1)-1830
Other Identifying Numbers:
Other: ISSN 0074-1884; TRN: XA13M2463086399
Submitting Site:
INIS
Size:
page(s) 3-14
Announcement Date:
Sep 19, 2013

Citation Formats

Nielsen, J. M., and Kornberg, H. A. Multidimensional Gamma-Ray Spectrometry and its Use in Biology; La Spectrometry Gamma Multidimensionnelle et son Application en Biologie; Mnogomernaya spektrometriya gamma-luchej i ee ispol'zovanie v biologii; La Espectrometria Gamma Multidimensional y su Empleo en Biologia. IAEA: N. p., 1965. Web.
Nielsen, J. M., & Kornberg, H. A. Multidimensional Gamma-Ray Spectrometry and its Use in Biology; La Spectrometry Gamma Multidimensionnelle et son Application en Biologie; Mnogomernaya spektrometriya gamma-luchej i ee ispol'zovanie v biologii; La Espectrometria Gamma Multidimensional y su Empleo en Biologia. IAEA.
Nielsen, J. M., and Kornberg, H. A. 1965. "Multidimensional Gamma-Ray Spectrometry and its Use in Biology; La Spectrometry Gamma Multidimensionnelle et son Application en Biologie; Mnogomernaya spektrometriya gamma-luchej i ee ispol'zovanie v biologii; La Espectrometria Gamma Multidimensional y su Empleo en Biologia." IAEA.
@misc{etde_22131275,
title = {Multidimensional Gamma-Ray Spectrometry and its Use in Biology; La Spectrometry Gamma Multidimensionnelle et son Application en Biologie; Mnogomernaya spektrometriya gamma-luchej i ee ispol'zovanie v biologii; La Espectrometria Gamma Multidimensional y su Empleo en Biologia}
author = {Nielsen, J. M., and Kornberg, H. A.}
abstractNote = {Multidimensional gamma-ray spectrometry is a new technique for the measurement of radionuclides which has special application in biology. This instrumental technique allows direct identification and measurement of individual gamma-ray emitters in complex mixtures of radionuclides in diverse sample matrices without prior chemical treatment. The detector system is designed to provide: high sensitivity through use of two large (6-in diam., 4-in thick) Nal(Tl) detectors; high selectivity by using coincidence counting techniques which separate gamma ray spectra by taking advantage of the gamma-ray decay characteristics of each radionuclide ; and ultra-low background and reduced Compton interference through a surrounding anticoincidence annulus detector (a NaI(Tl) crystal 11 Vulgar-Fraction-One-Half -in thick with a 6 Vulgar-Fraction-One-Half - in - diam. hole). A 4096-channel multidimensional analyser analyses the two gamma-rays in coincidence according to their energies and stores them in the plane of the 64 X 64-channel memory while non-coincident events are stored only on the axes of the memory. This effectively decreases the background and Compton interference by orders of magnitude while greatly improving the selectivity. Direct gamma-ray spectrometric measurement of trace levels of radionuclides in biological samples has been inhibited by the presence of relatively large amounts of natural 4 Degree-Sign K whose 1.47 MeV gamma-radiation has interfered with their measurement. Since most radionuclides decay through emission of two or more gamma-rays in cascade the new technique does provide a direct selective measurement and permits wider application. For example, {sup 22}Na (a naturally occurring cosmic-ray produced radionuclide), {sup 134}Cs and {sup 137}Cs (fission products) can be readily measured at existing levels (in some cases at less than 1 dpmAg) in meat, fish, foodstuffs, as well as in urine, so that uptake-excretion studies are possible. This technique could be applied to studies where tracers are added and would be especially useful for the simultaneous measurement of absorption, deposition, and turnover in the animal body of several suitably labelled compounds. When used with neutron activation analysis measurements of a large group of elements may be made in tissues and blood at the parts per billion level. (author) [French] La spectrometrie gamma multidimensionnelle constitue une nouvelle methode de mesure des radionuclides qui a trouve des applications particulieres en biologie. Cette methode instrumentale permet d'identifier et de mesurer directement et separement, sans traitement chimique prealable, les emetteurs gamma de melanges complexes de radionuclides se trouvant dans diverses matrices echantillons. Le detecteur presente les caracteristiques suivantes: grande sensibilite, assuree par deux detecteurs 9 Nal(Tl) de 15 cm de diametre et 10 cm d'epaisseur; grande selectivite obtenue grace a des methodes de comptage par coiencidence qui separent les spectres des rayons gamma en utilisant les caracteristiques de desintegration gamma de chaque radionuclide; bruit de fond extremement faible et interference Compton reduite par suite de la presence d'un detecteur annulaire en anticoiencidence (cristal de NaI(Tl) de 29 cm d'epaisseur, ayant un diametre interieur de 16 cm). Un analyseur multidimensionnel a 4096 canaux analyse les deux rayons gamma en coiencidence en fonction de leur energie et les enregistre dans le plan de la memoire a 64 x 64 canaux, alors que les evenements survenant en anticoiencidence sont enregistres seulement dans les axes de la memoire. Il en resulte une diminution sensible de plusieurs ordres de grandeur du bruit de fond et de l'interference Compton, etune forte augmentation de la selectivite. La mesure directe par spectrometrie gamma de radionuclides a l'etat de traces dans des echantillons biologiques a ete genee par la presence de quantites relativement importantes de {sup 40}K naturel a cause du rayonnement gamma de 1,47 MeV de cet element. La plupart des radionuclides se desintegrant en emettant deux ou plusieurs rayons gamma en cascade, la nouvelle methode permet de faire une mesure selective directe et se prete a maintes applications. C'est ainsi que {sup 22}Na (radionuclide normalement produit par les rayons cosmiques), {sup 134}Cs et {sup 137}Cs (produits de fission) peuvent etre facilement mesures a la concentration naturelle (dans certains cas dans des proportions inferieures a 1 dpmAg) dans la viande, le poisson et autres denrees alimentaires ainsi que dans l'urine, ce qui permet de faire des etudes sur les quantites fixees et excretees. Cette methode pourrait etre utilisee dans les etudes comportant l'emploi de traceurs et elle serait particulierement precieuse pour la mesure simultanee de l'absorption, de la fixation et de l'assimilation dans l'organisme animal de plusieurs composes marques de maniere appropriee. En utilisant cette methode avec l'analyse par activation neutronique on peut mesurer dans les tissus et dans le sang un groupe importantd'elements d'une concentration de quelques milliardiemes. (author) [Spanish] La espectrometria gamma multidimensional es una nueva tecnica de medicion de radionueclidos especialmente aplicable en biologia. Esta tecnica instrumental permite identificar y medir directamente los distintos emisores gamma de mezclas complejas de radionueclidos en diversas matrices, sin necesidad de un tiatamiento qufmico previo. El sistema detector esta ideado con miras a obtener una gran sensibilidad, utilizando dos grandes detectores de NaI(Tl) (6 pulg de diametro y 4 pulg de espesor), una elevada selectividad, gracias al empleo de tecnicas de recuento de coincidencias que separan ios espectros gamma aprovechando las caracterfsticas de desintegracitfn gamma de cada radionuclido, y una actividad de fondo sumamente baja, asi como una interferencia debida al efecto Compton muy atenuada. Esas propiedades se consiguen rodeando dichos detectores conotro detector anular de anticoincidencias (un cristal de NaI(Tl) de 11 Vulgar-Fraction-One-Half pulg de espesor, con un diametro interior de 6 Vulgar-Fraction-One-Half pulg). Un analizador multidimensional de 4096 canales mide en coincidencia los dos rayos gamma segfin su energia y almacena los datos en el piano de la memoria de 64 x 64 canales, en tanto que las fisiones no coincidentes se almacenan solo en los ejes de dicha memoria. Esto reduce eficazmente la actividad de fondo y la interferencia debida al efecto Compton en varios ordenes de magnitud y mejora considerablemente la selectividad. La medicion directa por espectrometria gamma de los radionficlidos presentes como vestigios en muestras biolfigicas se ha visto obstaculizada por la presencia de cantidades relativamente grandes de {sup 40}K natural, cuya radiacifin gamma de 1,41 MeV dificulta esas mediciones. Como la mayorfa de los radionuclidos se desintegran por emision de dos o mas rayos gamma en cascada, la nueva tecnica permite una medicion selectiva directa y su campo de aplicacion es mas amplio. Por ejemplo, permite medir facilmente el {sup 22}Na (radionflclido natural producido por accion de los rayos cosmicos), el {sup 134}Cs y el {sup 137}Cs (productos de fision) a los niveles (en algunos casos de 1 desint/minx kg) en que se hallan presentes en la carne, en el pescado, en otros productos alimenticios y en la orina, haciendo posible los estudios sobre la relacion absorcion-excrecion. Esta tecnica podrfa aplicarse a los estudios con indicadores y serfa de especial utilidad para la medicion simultanea de la absorcion, el deposito y la renovacion en el cuerpo de diversos compuestos adecuadamente marcados; combinada con el analisis por activacion neutronica, permite realizar mediciones de muchos elementos presentes en los tejidos y en la sangre en cantidades del orden de algunas partes por 10{sup -9}. (author) [Russian] Mnogomernaja spektrometrija gamma-luchej javljaetsja novym nahodjashhim sebe osoboe primenenie v biologii metodom izmerenija radioizotopov. Jetot instrumental'nyj opyt daet vozmozhnost' neposredstvenno vyjavit' i izmerit' otdel'nye gamma-izluchateli v slozh- nyh smesjah radioizotopov v razlichnyh matricah prob bez predvaritel'noj himicheskoj ob- rabotki. Sistema obnaruzhenija skonstruirovana tak, chtoby obespechit': bol'shuju chuvstvi- tel'nost' blagodarja ispol'zovaniju dvuh bol'shih kristallicheskih detektorov iz NaJ (T1) (diametrom 6 i tolshhinoj 4 djujma); bol'shuju selektivnost' blagodarja ispol'zovaniju metoda scheta sovpadenij, pozvoljajushhego otdeljat' drug ot druga spektry gamma-luchej, pol'zujas' harakteristikami gamma-raspada kazhdogo radioizotopa v otdel'nosti; nakonec, chrezvychajno nizkij fon, a takzhe sokrashhenie komptonovskoj interferencii posredstvom okruzhajushhego pribor detektora antisovpadenij s kol'cevym kanalom (sostojashhego iz kristalla NaJ (T1) tolshhinoj 11,5 djujma s otverstiem diametrom 6,5 djujma). Pri pomoshhi 4096-kanal'nogo mnogomernogo analizatora dva sovpadajushhih gamma-lucha razreshajutsja po svoim jenergijam i zanosjatsja dlja hranenija v ploskost' 64 h 64-kanal'noj pamjati, togda kak nesovpadajushhie sobytija hranjatsja tol'ko na osjah pamjati. Jeto jeffektivnym obrazom sokrashhaet fon i komp- tonovskie interferencii na neskol'ko porjadkov i vmeste s tem znachitel'no uluchshaet sele- ktivnost' . Neposredstvennoe gamma-spektrometricheskoe izmerenie radioizotopov, nahodjashhihsja v nichtozhno malyh kolichestvah v biologicheskih probah, znachitel'no zatrudnjaetsja iz-za pri- sutstvija otnositel'no bol'shih kolichestv prirodnogo kalija-40, gamma-radiacija kotorogo s jenergiej 1,47 Mjev meshaet izmerenijam. Poskol'ku bol'shaja chast' radioizotopov raspa- daetsja s kaskadnoj jemissiej dvuh ili neskol'kih gamma-luchej, novyj metod daet vozmozh- nost' provodit' neposredstvenno selektivnye izmerenija i rasshirjat' krug primenenija jetogo metoda. Tak, naprimer, natrij-22 (radioizotop, vstrechajushhijsja v prirode i obrazuemyj kosmicheskimi luchami), cezij-134 i cezij-137 (radioizotopy, obrazujushhiesja v rezul'tate vzryva bomb) mozhno legko izmerit' v fakticheski sushhestvujushhih kolichestvah (v nekotoryh sluchajah menee odnogo raspada v minutu na 1 kg) v mjase, rybe i drugih pishhevyh produktah, a takzhe v moche, chto pozvoljaet izuchat' processy pogloshhenija i vydelenija. Jetot metod pri- menim k issledovanijam, gde pribegajut k dobavleniju indikatorov, i mozhet byt' osobenno poleznym dlja odnovremennogo izmerenija pogloshhenija, otlozhenija i oborota rjada dolzhnym obrazom mechenyh soedinenij v organizme zhivotnogo. V sluchae ispol'zovanija sovmestno s nejtronnym aktivacionnym analizom jetot metod daet vozmozhnost' izmerjat' bol'shuju grup- pu jelementov v tkanjah i krovi dazhe na urovne neskol'kih chastej na milliard. (author)}
place = {IAEA}
year = {1965}
month = {Oct}
}