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The Digital Autofluoroscope; L'Autofluoroscope Numerique; Tsifrovoj avtofluoroskop; Autofluoroscopio Numerico

Abstract

The autofluoroscope is a stationary device designed to give a graphic representation of the distribution of gamma-emitting isotopes within the human body. The instrument incorporates the important features of modem scanners including collimation with a good depth response and adequate resolution, high efficiency and a high contrast data presentation system. The detector consists of 300 2 - in thick, 3/8--in ch diam. Nal (Tl) crystals packed in 20 files and 15 ranks in a 6 x 9 -in array. Each of the 300 crystals is optically coupled to two Plexiglas light pipes with the 20 light pipes from a given rank going to one phototube and the 15 light pipes from a given file going to another phototube. Pulses occurring simultaneously in any pair of the 35 phototubes uniquely identify the crystal in which an interaction occurred. The position signal derived from the phototube array is independent of pulse height. Anticoincident circuits reject the simultaneous pulses arising from a Compton interaction followed by the absorption of the scattered radiation in an adjacent crystal. The digital nature of the light pipe system lends itself easily to magnetic core storage with subsequent non-destructive continuous read-out on a full-size CRT or numerical print-out  More>>
Authors:
Bender, M. A. [1] 
  1. Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, NY (United States)
Publication Date:
Oct 15, 1964
Product Type:
Conference
Report Number:
IAEA-SM-51/70
Resource Relation:
Conference: Symposium on medical radioisotope scanning, Athens (Greece), 20-24 Apr 1964; Other Information: 11 refs.; Related Information: In: Medical Radioisotope Scanning. Vol. I. Proceedings of the Symposium on Medical Radioisotope Scanning| 574 p.
Subject:
62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE; BARIUM 137; BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE; BRAIN; FLUOROSCOPY; HEART; HIPPURAN; IODINE 131; KIDNEYS; LABELLED COMPOUNDS; LIGHT PIPES; LIVER; MAGNET CORES; MAGNETIC CORES; NAI DETECTORS; PLEXIGLAS; RADIATION DOSES; RADIOISOTOPE SCANNERS; RADIOISOTOPE SCANNING
OSTI ID:
22127646
Research Organizations:
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria)
Country of Origin:
IAEA
Language:
English
Other Identifying Numbers:
Other: ISSN 0074-1884; TRN: XA13M3059082725
Submitting Site:
INIS
Size:
page(s) 391-398
Announcement Date:
Sep 12, 2013

Citation Formats

Bender, M. A. The Digital Autofluoroscope; L'Autofluoroscope Numerique; Tsifrovoj avtofluoroskop; Autofluoroscopio Numerico. IAEA: N. p., 1964. Web.
Bender, M. A. The Digital Autofluoroscope; L'Autofluoroscope Numerique; Tsifrovoj avtofluoroskop; Autofluoroscopio Numerico. IAEA.
Bender, M. A. 1964. "The Digital Autofluoroscope; L'Autofluoroscope Numerique; Tsifrovoj avtofluoroskop; Autofluoroscopio Numerico." IAEA.
@misc{etde_22127646,
title = {The Digital Autofluoroscope; L'Autofluoroscope Numerique; Tsifrovoj avtofluoroskop; Autofluoroscopio Numerico}
author = {Bender, M. A.}
abstractNote = {The autofluoroscope is a stationary device designed to give a graphic representation of the distribution of gamma-emitting isotopes within the human body. The instrument incorporates the important features of modem scanners including collimation with a good depth response and adequate resolution, high efficiency and a high contrast data presentation system. The detector consists of 300 2 - in thick, 3/8--in ch diam. Nal (Tl) crystals packed in 20 files and 15 ranks in a 6 x 9 -in array. Each of the 300 crystals is optically coupled to two Plexiglas light pipes with the 20 light pipes from a given rank going to one phototube and the 15 light pipes from a given file going to another phototube. Pulses occurring simultaneously in any pair of the 35 phototubes uniquely identify the crystal in which an interaction occurred. The position signal derived from the phototube array is independent of pulse height. Anticoincident circuits reject the simultaneous pulses arising from a Compton interaction followed by the absorption of the scattered radiation in an adjacent crystal. The digital nature of the light pipe system lends itself easily to magnetic core storage with subsequent non-destructive continuous read-out on a full-size CRT or numerical print-out for quantitative analysis. The first advantage of the autofluoroscope over radioisotope scanners is a marked reduction in the time required to make an examination. Using the same dosage schedule, brain and liver tumours are localized in one tenth the time needed for conventional scanning. The second advantage is related to the fact that information is collected from an entire organ at the same time. This permits the visualization of dynamic processes and the use of isotopes or labelled compounds having exceedingly short physical or biological half-lives. With decreasing half-life, there can be a commensurate increase in administered dose resulting in even shorter examination times. Exposure times can be so short that cinephotographic techniques are now used for the visualization and quantitation of the passage of I{sup 131}-labelled Hippuran through the kidneys and Ba{sup 137m} through the chambers of the heart. (author) [French] L' autofluoroscope est un appareil fixe destine a donner une representation graphique de la repartition des emetteurs gamma dans le corps humain. Cet instrument possede les caracteristiques principales des scintigraphes modernes: collimation donnant une bonne reponse en profondeur et une resolution suffisante, grande efficacite et fort contraste. Le detecteur se compose de 300 cristaux de Nal(Tl) de 5 cm d'epaisseur et de 1 cm de diametre, disposes en 15 rangees comportant chacune 20 cristaux; l'ensemble forme un rectangle de 24 cm de long sur 15 cm de large. Chacun des 300 cristaux est couple a deux conduits optiques en plexiglas; les 20 conduits correspondant aux cristaux d'une meme rangee conduisent a une cellule photoelectrique et les 15 conduits correspondant aux cristaux d'une meme colonne conduisent a une autre c ellule photoelectrique. Les impulsions produites simultanement dans deux quelconques des 35 cellules identifient le cristal qui a ete le siege d'une interaction. Le signal de position donne par la batterie de cellules photoelectriques est independant de l'amplitude d'impulsion. Des circuits a anticoincidence eliminent les impulsions simultanees dues a la diffusion Compton suivie de l'absorption du photon diffuse par le cristal voisin. Etant donne leur caractere numerique, les donnees fournies par l'ensemble des conduits optiques peuvent etre facilement stockees dans un tore magnetique et ensuite lues continuellement, sans etre detruites, sur un enregistrement echelle grandeur, TCR ou numerique, aux fins d'analyse quantitative. Le premier avantage de 1*autofluoroscope sur le scintigraphe reside dans la diminution considerable du temps necessaire pour proceder a une exploration. Avec la meme dose de radioisotopes, on localise des tumeurs du cerveau et du foie dix fois plus vite que par la scintigraphie classique. Le deuxieme avantage est que les donnees sont recueillies en meme temps sur la totalite de l'organe. Cela permet d'observer des processus dynamiques et d'utiliser des radioisotopes ou des composes marques ayant une periode physique ou biologique extremement courte. Plus la periode est courte, plus la dose administree peut etre elevee, ce qui permet des temps d'exploration d'autant plus reduits. La duree de l'exposition peut devenir tellement breve qu'il est desormais possible d'exploiter les techniques cinephotographiques pour l'Observation quantitative du passage de PHippuran marque a l'iode-131 dans le rein et du baryum-137m dans les cavites du coeur. (author) [Spanish] El autofluoroscopio es un dispositivo fijo que sirve para representar graficamente la distribucion de los isotopos emisores gamma en el cuerpo humano. Como los aparatos modernos de exploracion, ese instrumento dispone de un colimador sensible a fuentes profundas, con un poder de resolucion suficiente, y de un sistema de alta eficacia para la presentacion de datos con un contraste satisfactorio. El detector consiste en 300 cristales de Nal(Tl) de 2 pulg de espesor y -3/8- pulg de diametro dispuestos en 20 columnas y 15 hileras que forman un cuerpo de 6 x 9 pulg. Cada uno de los 300 cristales esta acoplado opticamente a dos conductores de luz de plexiglas; los 20 conductores de cada columna van unidos a un fotomultiplicador y los 15 de cada hilera a otro. Los impulsos que se producen simultaneamente en cualquier par de los 35 fotomultiplicadores permiten identificar el cristal en que ha ocurrido una interaccion. La senal localizadora determinada por el conjunto de los lotomultiplicadores es independiente de la amplitud del impulso. Los circuitos de anticoincidencia rechazan los impulsos simultaneos debidos a una interaccion de Compton seguida por la absorcion de la radiacion dispersa en un cristal adyacente. El caracter numerico del sistema de los conductores de luz permite almacenar los datos en nucleos magneticos y analizarlos cuantitativamente por representacion continua no destructiva en un osciloscopio en escala l a l por impresion de datos numericos. La primera ventaja que el autofluoroscopio tiene sobre los aparatos corrientes de exploracion radioisotopica consiste en reducir notablemente el tiempo necesario para efectuar el examen. Utilizando el mismo plan de dosificacion, los tumores del cerebro o del hfgado se localizan con la decima parte del tiempo que requiere una exploracion corriente. La segunda ventaja estriba en que se reunen simultaneamente datos para todo el organo. Ello permite visualizar procesos dinamicos y emplear isotopos o compuestos marcados de periodo fisico o biologico extremadamente corto. Al disminuir el periodo se puede aumentar la dosis administrada y reducir aun mas el tiempo necesario para el examen. Los tiempos de exposicion pueden ser tan cortos que actualmente se emplean tecnicas cinematograficas para visualizar y determinar cuantitativamente el paso del Hipuran marcado con yodo-131 por los rinones, o el paso del bario-137m por las cavidades del corazon. (author) [Russian] Avtofluoroskop javljaetsja stacionarnym priborom, prednaznachennym dlja poluchenija graficheskogo izobrazhenija raspredelenija gamma-izluchajushhih radioizotopov v chelovecheskom or gan i zme. Jetot pribor soch et a et vazhnye cherty sovr em en nyh skennerov, vkljuchaja kollimaciju, s horoshej glubinoj chuvstvitel'nosti i d ostatochnoj razreshajushhej sposobnost'ju, vysokoj jeffektivnost'ju i vysokokontrastnoj sist emoj predstavlenija dannyh. Detektor sostoit iz 300 kristallov NaJ (T1 ) tolshhinoj 5 sm i diametrom Jemm, upakovannyh v shtabel' razmerom 15 h 22,5 sm , imejushhij 20 rjadov i 15 grupp. Kazhdyj iz 300 kristallov opticheski soedinen s dvumja svetovymi pleksiglasovymi trubkami, prichem 20 svetovyh trubok iz dannoj gruppy podhodjat k odnoj fototrubke i 15 svetovyh trubok iz dannogo rjada podhodjat k drugoj fototrubke. Impul'sy, voznikajushhie odnovremenno v ljuboj pare iz 35 fototrubok, v ravnoj mere dostigajut kristalla, v kotorom proishodit vzaimodejstvie. Pozicionnyj signal, voznikshij v fototrubke, ne zavisit ot vysoty impul'sa. Kontury antisovpadenija otvodjat odnovremennye impul'sy, voznikajushhie vrezul'tatev zaim od ej stvi ja Komptona, za kotorym sleduet absorbcija rassejannogo izluchenija v sosednem kristalle. Cifrovoj harakter si st emy svetovy h trubok horosho prisposoblen k hraneniju na magnitnom serdechnike s posledujushhim nepreryvnym schityvaniem bezrazrushenija pokazanij na polnorazmernoj katodno-luchevoj trubke ili k cifrovomu vypisyvaniju dlja kolichestvennogo analiza. Pervym preimushhestvom avtofluoroskopa nad radioizotopnymi skennerami javljaetsja znachitel'noe sokrashhenie vremeni, neobho dim o go dlja issledovanija. Pri ravnoj sistem e doz opuholi mozga i pecheni obnaruzhivajutsja v techenie 0,1 vremeni, neobhodimogo dlja obychnogo skennirovanija. Vtoroe preimushhestvo svjazano s t em , chto predostavljaetsja informacija obo vsem organe. Jeto daet vozmozhnost' prosledit' dinamicheskie processy vizual'no i ispol'zovat' izotopy ili mechenye soedinenija, imejushhie ochen' korotkie periody poluraspada i poluvyvedenija. S umen'sheniem perioda poluraspada mozh et byt' proi zv eden o sootv et s tv ujushh e e uvelichenie vvodimoj d ozy , rezul' tat om ch e go javljaetsja sokrashhenie vremeni obsledovanija. Vremja o b luchenija mozhet byt' takim korotkim, chto v nastojashhee vremja stali ispol'zovat' kinofoto- graficheskie metody dlja vizual'nogo nabljudenija i kolichestvennogo opredelenija prohozhdenija gippurana mechenogo, jodom-131, cherez pochki i bariem-137 cherez polosti serdca. (author)}
place = {IAEA}
year = {1964}
month = {Oct}
}