Abstract
Early in the 1950's, at the request of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) undertook the development of radiation sources. These sources were mainly of two types: large tubes, and flat strips. Initially these were used for research at BNL. Later, other institutions were permitted to use the irradiation facilities designed for these sources. As interest grew, source-irradiator combinations were made available to other researchers. Shipping containers for sources were developed. Small hot cells and water-filled pools were constructed to utilize the sources. Methods of dosimetry, curie evaluation, and irradiator design for these sources are discussed in this paper. During the research stages, economics were not usually important; however, the trend toward large- scale radiation processing in the field of food, chemicals and medical supplies will require careful consideration of the technical and economic aspects of source design. The development of the BNL Standard Mark I and Mark II Sources, already in use in a number of' facilities, is to satisfy these important requirements. The Mark I and Mark II sources are interchangeable. An improvement in the Mark II element design is that the inner cladding is metallurgically bonded to the cobalt core. It is now
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Kuhl, O. A.
[1]
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY (United States)
Citation Formats
Kuhl, O. A.
Review of the {sup 60}Co Source. Development Program at Brookhaven National Laboratory; Le Programme de Mise au Point des Sources au {sup 60}Co au Laboratoire National de Brookhaven; Obzor programmy po razrabotke istochnikov {sup 60}Co v brukkhejvenskoj natsional'noj laboratorii; El Programa de Preparacion de Fuentes de {sup 60}Co del Laboratorio Nacional de Brookhaven.
IAEA: N. p.,
1966.
Web.
Kuhl, O. A.
Review of the {sup 60}Co Source. Development Program at Brookhaven National Laboratory; Le Programme de Mise au Point des Sources au {sup 60}Co au Laboratoire National de Brookhaven; Obzor programmy po razrabotke istochnikov {sup 60}Co v brukkhejvenskoj natsional'noj laboratorii; El Programa de Preparacion de Fuentes de {sup 60}Co del Laboratorio Nacional de Brookhaven.
IAEA.
Kuhl, O. A.
1966.
"Review of the {sup 60}Co Source. Development Program at Brookhaven National Laboratory; Le Programme de Mise au Point des Sources au {sup 60}Co au Laboratoire National de Brookhaven; Obzor programmy po razrabotke istochnikov {sup 60}Co v brukkhejvenskoj natsional'noj laboratorii; El Programa de Preparacion de Fuentes de {sup 60}Co del Laboratorio Nacional de Brookhaven."
IAEA.
@misc{etde_22118857,
title = {Review of the {sup 60}Co Source. Development Program at Brookhaven National Laboratory; Le Programme de Mise au Point des Sources au {sup 60}Co au Laboratoire National de Brookhaven; Obzor programmy po razrabotke istochnikov {sup 60}Co v brukkhejvenskoj natsional'noj laboratorii; El Programa de Preparacion de Fuentes de {sup 60}Co del Laboratorio Nacional de Brookhaven}
author = {Kuhl, O. A.}
abstractNote = {Early in the 1950's, at the request of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) undertook the development of radiation sources. These sources were mainly of two types: large tubes, and flat strips. Initially these were used for research at BNL. Later, other institutions were permitted to use the irradiation facilities designed for these sources. As interest grew, source-irradiator combinations were made available to other researchers. Shipping containers for sources were developed. Small hot cells and water-filled pools were constructed to utilize the sources. Methods of dosimetry, curie evaluation, and irradiator design for these sources are discussed in this paper. During the research stages, economics were not usually important; however, the trend toward large- scale radiation processing in the field of food, chemicals and medical supplies will require careful consideration of the technical and economic aspects of source design. The development of the BNL Standard Mark I and Mark II Sources, already in use in a number of' facilities, is to satisfy these important requirements. The Mark I and Mark II sources are interchangeable. An improvement in the Mark II element design is that the inner cladding is metallurgically bonded to the cobalt core. It is now possible, for the first time, to reactivate these source elements after a period of use. Individual strips are sized for easy arrangement in plaques of various dimensions and shapes. The design philosophy, fabrication techniques, and test procedures, together with source analysis and curie evaluation, are described. Comparisons are made with other source types currently in use and economical and technical advantages are discussed. (author) [French] A la demande de la Commission de l'energie atomique des Etats-Unis, le Laboratoire national de Brookhaven a entrepris des les annees 50 la mise au point de sources de rayonnement. Ces sources etaient principalement de deux types: tubes de grande dimension et bandes plates. Elles ont ete utilisees tout d'abord.pour des recherches au Laboratoire national de Brookhaven. Plus tard, d'autres centres ont ete autorises a utiliser les installations d'irradiation prevues pour ces sources, A mesure que l'interet grandissait, des ensembles sources-irradiateurs ont ete mis a la disposition d'autres chercheurs. Des chateaux pour l'expedition des sources ont ete mis au point. De petites cellules chaudes et des piscines d'eau ont ete construites pour utiliser les sources. L'auteur decrit les methodes dosimetriques, la mesure de l'activite et les caracteristiques des irradiateurs pour ces sources. La rentabilite etait en general sans importance au stade de la recherche; toutefois, du fait que l'on envisage d'utiliser des sources de rayonnement de grande dimension pour le traitement des produits alimentaires, des produits chimiques et des fournitures medicales, il faudra etudier de pres les aspects techniques et economiques de la conception des sources. La mise au point des sources universelles des types I et II du Laboratoire national de Brookhaven, deja utilisees dans plusieurs installations, doit permettre de repondre a ces imperatifs. Les sources I et II sont interchangeables. La conception de la source II est amelioree en ce sens que la gaine interieure est metallurgiquement liee a l'ame de cobalt. Il est maintenant possible, pour la premiere fois, de reactiver les sources apres une certaine periode d'utilisation. Les sources en bandes ont des dimensions permettant d'en faire aisement des plaques de tailles et formes diverses. L'auteur decrit les principes de conception, les methodes de fabrication et les methodes d'essai ainsi que l'analyse des sources et l'evaluation de leur activite. Il les compare avec d'autres types de sources actuellement utilises et discute les avantages economiques et techniques respectifs. (author) [Spanish] A peticion de la Comision de Energia Atomica de los Estados Unidos, el Laboratorio Nacional de Brookhaven (BNL) emprendio la preparacion de fuentes de radiacion a principios de los anos cincuenta. Estas fuentes son principalmente de dos tipos: tubos de gran diametro y bandas aplanadas. Comenzaron utilizandose para los trabajos de investigacion del BNL; mas adelante se autorizo a otras instituciones a emplear las instalaciones de irradiacion disenadas para esas fuentes. A medida que-aumento el interes por ellas, se fueron proporcionando a otros investigadores juntamente con sus dispositivos de irradiacion. Se idearon recipientes para transportarlas y se construyeron pequenas celdas calientes y piscinas para utilizarlas. En la memoria se examinan los metodos de dosimetrfa, de calculo de la dosis en curies y de diseno del dispositivo de irradiacion para estas fuentes. Durante los estudios se prescindio de los aspectos economicos; sin embargo, la tendencia hacia la irradiacion en gran escala de alimentos, productos quimicos y material sanitario exigira un examen cuidados de los aspectos tecnicos y economicos del diseno de las fuentes. El BNL ha preparado las fuenties tipo Mark I y Mark II, ya en servicio en buen numero de instalaciones, para responder a estos importantes requisitos. Las fuentes Mark I y Mark II son intercambiables. El diseno de los elementos de la fuente Mark II presenta la ventaja de que el revestimiento interior, va metalurgicamente unido al alma de cobalto. Asi es posible, por primera vez, reactivar estos elementos despues de utilizarlos durante cierto tiempo. Las bandas se fabrican en tamanos que permiten montarlas facilmente formando placas de varias formas y dimensiones. El autor describe los principios seguidos en el diseno, las tecnicas de fabricacion, los procedimientos de ensayo, el analisis de las fuentes y-la evaluacion de la dosis en curies. Hace comparaciones con otros tipos de fuentes en servicio y examina sus ventajas economicas y tecnicas. (author) [Russian] V nachale 50-h godov po pros'be Komissii po atomnoj jenergii SShA Brukhejvenskaja nacional'naja laboratorija(BNL) pristupila k razrabotke istochnikov izluchenij. Jeti istochniki byli v osnovnom bol'shie trubki i ploskie plastinki. Pervonachal'no oni prednaznachalis' dlja issledovanij v BNL. Pozdnee drugie uchrezhdenija poluchili razreshenie ispol'zovat' obluchateli, prednaznachennye dlja jetih istochnikov. Po mere povyshenija interesa kombinirovannye ustanovki, vkljuchajushhie istochnik i obluchatel', predostavljalis' drugim issledovateljam. Byli razrabotany kontejnery dlja transportirovki istochnikov i skonstruirovany nebol'shie ''gorjachie'' kamery i napolnennye vodoj bassejny dlja ispol'zovanija jetih istochnikov. Obsuzhdajutsja metody dozimetrii, opredelenie radioaktivnosti v kjuri i konstrukcija obluchatelja dlja jetih istochnikov. V bol'shinstve sluchaev vo vremja provedenija issledovanij jekonomicheskie aspekty ne imeli znachenija; odnako v svjazi s tendenciej k krupnomasshtabnoj radiacionnoj obrabotke v obla Inverted-Question-Mark tjax pishhevyh produktov, himikatov i medicinskih materialov neobhodimo budet tshhatel'no izuchit' tehnicheskie i jekonomicheskie aspekty konstrukcii istochnika. Razrabotka standartnyh istochnikov Brukhejvenskoj nacional'noj laboratorii ''Mark I'' i ''Mark I{sup ,} kotorye' uzhe ispol'zujutsja v rjade ustanovok, prizvana udovletvorit' jetim vazhnym trebovanijam. Istochniki ''Mark Ij i 'Mark II' vzaimozamenjaemy. Konstrukcija istochnika 'Mark II' uluchshena za schet metallurgicheskogo soedinenija vnutrennej obolochki s kobal'tovym serdechnikom. V nastojashhee vremja vpervye mozhno povtorno aktivirovat' jeti istochniki posle nekotorogo ispol'zovanija. Otdel'nye polosy dovodjatsja do trebuemyh razmerov s tem, chtoby ih mozhno bylo legko prikrepit' k plastinkam razlichnogo razmera i formy. Opisyvajutsja teoreticheskoe obosnovanie konstrukcii, metody izgotovlenija i procedury ispytanija, a takzhe analiz istochnika i opredelenie radioaktivnosti v kjuri. ''Proizvodjatsja ''sravnenija s drugimi vidami istochnikov, kotorye ispol'zujutsja v nastojashhee vremja, j obsuzhdajutsja jekonomicheskie.- i tehnicheskie preimushhestva. (author)}
place = {IAEA}
year = {1966}
month = {Nov}
}
title = {Review of the {sup 60}Co Source. Development Program at Brookhaven National Laboratory; Le Programme de Mise au Point des Sources au {sup 60}Co au Laboratoire National de Brookhaven; Obzor programmy po razrabotke istochnikov {sup 60}Co v brukkhejvenskoj natsional'noj laboratorii; El Programa de Preparacion de Fuentes de {sup 60}Co del Laboratorio Nacional de Brookhaven}
author = {Kuhl, O. A.}
abstractNote = {Early in the 1950's, at the request of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) undertook the development of radiation sources. These sources were mainly of two types: large tubes, and flat strips. Initially these were used for research at BNL. Later, other institutions were permitted to use the irradiation facilities designed for these sources. As interest grew, source-irradiator combinations were made available to other researchers. Shipping containers for sources were developed. Small hot cells and water-filled pools were constructed to utilize the sources. Methods of dosimetry, curie evaluation, and irradiator design for these sources are discussed in this paper. During the research stages, economics were not usually important; however, the trend toward large- scale radiation processing in the field of food, chemicals and medical supplies will require careful consideration of the technical and economic aspects of source design. The development of the BNL Standard Mark I and Mark II Sources, already in use in a number of' facilities, is to satisfy these important requirements. The Mark I and Mark II sources are interchangeable. An improvement in the Mark II element design is that the inner cladding is metallurgically bonded to the cobalt core. It is now possible, for the first time, to reactivate these source elements after a period of use. Individual strips are sized for easy arrangement in plaques of various dimensions and shapes. The design philosophy, fabrication techniques, and test procedures, together with source analysis and curie evaluation, are described. Comparisons are made with other source types currently in use and economical and technical advantages are discussed. (author) [French] A la demande de la Commission de l'energie atomique des Etats-Unis, le Laboratoire national de Brookhaven a entrepris des les annees 50 la mise au point de sources de rayonnement. Ces sources etaient principalement de deux types: tubes de grande dimension et bandes plates. Elles ont ete utilisees tout d'abord.pour des recherches au Laboratoire national de Brookhaven. Plus tard, d'autres centres ont ete autorises a utiliser les installations d'irradiation prevues pour ces sources, A mesure que l'interet grandissait, des ensembles sources-irradiateurs ont ete mis a la disposition d'autres chercheurs. Des chateaux pour l'expedition des sources ont ete mis au point. De petites cellules chaudes et des piscines d'eau ont ete construites pour utiliser les sources. L'auteur decrit les methodes dosimetriques, la mesure de l'activite et les caracteristiques des irradiateurs pour ces sources. La rentabilite etait en general sans importance au stade de la recherche; toutefois, du fait que l'on envisage d'utiliser des sources de rayonnement de grande dimension pour le traitement des produits alimentaires, des produits chimiques et des fournitures medicales, il faudra etudier de pres les aspects techniques et economiques de la conception des sources. La mise au point des sources universelles des types I et II du Laboratoire national de Brookhaven, deja utilisees dans plusieurs installations, doit permettre de repondre a ces imperatifs. Les sources I et II sont interchangeables. La conception de la source II est amelioree en ce sens que la gaine interieure est metallurgiquement liee a l'ame de cobalt. Il est maintenant possible, pour la premiere fois, de reactiver les sources apres une certaine periode d'utilisation. Les sources en bandes ont des dimensions permettant d'en faire aisement des plaques de tailles et formes diverses. L'auteur decrit les principes de conception, les methodes de fabrication et les methodes d'essai ainsi que l'analyse des sources et l'evaluation de leur activite. Il les compare avec d'autres types de sources actuellement utilises et discute les avantages economiques et techniques respectifs. (author) [Spanish] A peticion de la Comision de Energia Atomica de los Estados Unidos, el Laboratorio Nacional de Brookhaven (BNL) emprendio la preparacion de fuentes de radiacion a principios de los anos cincuenta. Estas fuentes son principalmente de dos tipos: tubos de gran diametro y bandas aplanadas. Comenzaron utilizandose para los trabajos de investigacion del BNL; mas adelante se autorizo a otras instituciones a emplear las instalaciones de irradiacion disenadas para esas fuentes. A medida que-aumento el interes por ellas, se fueron proporcionando a otros investigadores juntamente con sus dispositivos de irradiacion. Se idearon recipientes para transportarlas y se construyeron pequenas celdas calientes y piscinas para utilizarlas. En la memoria se examinan los metodos de dosimetrfa, de calculo de la dosis en curies y de diseno del dispositivo de irradiacion para estas fuentes. Durante los estudios se prescindio de los aspectos economicos; sin embargo, la tendencia hacia la irradiacion en gran escala de alimentos, productos quimicos y material sanitario exigira un examen cuidados de los aspectos tecnicos y economicos del diseno de las fuentes. El BNL ha preparado las fuenties tipo Mark I y Mark II, ya en servicio en buen numero de instalaciones, para responder a estos importantes requisitos. Las fuentes Mark I y Mark II son intercambiables. El diseno de los elementos de la fuente Mark II presenta la ventaja de que el revestimiento interior, va metalurgicamente unido al alma de cobalto. Asi es posible, por primera vez, reactivar estos elementos despues de utilizarlos durante cierto tiempo. Las bandas se fabrican en tamanos que permiten montarlas facilmente formando placas de varias formas y dimensiones. El autor describe los principios seguidos en el diseno, las tecnicas de fabricacion, los procedimientos de ensayo, el analisis de las fuentes y-la evaluacion de la dosis en curies. Hace comparaciones con otros tipos de fuentes en servicio y examina sus ventajas economicas y tecnicas. (author) [Russian] V nachale 50-h godov po pros'be Komissii po atomnoj jenergii SShA Brukhejvenskaja nacional'naja laboratorija(BNL) pristupila k razrabotke istochnikov izluchenij. Jeti istochniki byli v osnovnom bol'shie trubki i ploskie plastinki. Pervonachal'no oni prednaznachalis' dlja issledovanij v BNL. Pozdnee drugie uchrezhdenija poluchili razreshenie ispol'zovat' obluchateli, prednaznachennye dlja jetih istochnikov. Po mere povyshenija interesa kombinirovannye ustanovki, vkljuchajushhie istochnik i obluchatel', predostavljalis' drugim issledovateljam. Byli razrabotany kontejnery dlja transportirovki istochnikov i skonstruirovany nebol'shie ''gorjachie'' kamery i napolnennye vodoj bassejny dlja ispol'zovanija jetih istochnikov. Obsuzhdajutsja metody dozimetrii, opredelenie radioaktivnosti v kjuri i konstrukcija obluchatelja dlja jetih istochnikov. V bol'shinstve sluchaev vo vremja provedenija issledovanij jekonomicheskie aspekty ne imeli znachenija; odnako v svjazi s tendenciej k krupnomasshtabnoj radiacionnoj obrabotke v obla Inverted-Question-Mark tjax pishhevyh produktov, himikatov i medicinskih materialov neobhodimo budet tshhatel'no izuchit' tehnicheskie i jekonomicheskie aspekty konstrukcii istochnika. Razrabotka standartnyh istochnikov Brukhejvenskoj nacional'noj laboratorii ''Mark I'' i ''Mark I{sup ,} kotorye' uzhe ispol'zujutsja v rjade ustanovok, prizvana udovletvorit' jetim vazhnym trebovanijam. Istochniki ''Mark Ij i 'Mark II' vzaimozamenjaemy. Konstrukcija istochnika 'Mark II' uluchshena za schet metallurgicheskogo soedinenija vnutrennej obolochki s kobal'tovym serdechnikom. V nastojashhee vremja vpervye mozhno povtorno aktivirovat' jeti istochniki posle nekotorogo ispol'zovanija. Otdel'nye polosy dovodjatsja do trebuemyh razmerov s tem, chtoby ih mozhno bylo legko prikrepit' k plastinkam razlichnogo razmera i formy. Opisyvajutsja teoreticheskoe obosnovanie konstrukcii, metody izgotovlenija i procedury ispytanija, a takzhe analiz istochnika i opredelenie radioaktivnosti v kjuri. ''Proizvodjatsja ''sravnenija s drugimi vidami istochnikov, kotorye ispol'zujutsja v nastojashhee vremja, j obsuzhdajutsja jekonomicheskie.- i tehnicheskie preimushhestva. (author)}
place = {IAEA}
year = {1966}
month = {Nov}
}