Abstract
{sup 210}Pb is an {beta}-{gamma} emitter, with two emissions of {beta} E{sub 1max} = 63.1 keV energies and E{sub 2max} = 16.6 keV {gamma} emission of 46.5 keV. Being twice emitter allows direct determination by different techniques, but also can determine its activity indirectly through its descendant the {sup 210}Po. The most common technique recommended for determining the {sup 210}Pb in coastal sediments is a measure of {sup 210}Po spectrometric {alpha}. In these records we can assume that the {sup 210}Pb and its descendant {sup 210}Po are in secular equilibrium, although the possibility exists that in the upper core this is not always met. The advantages of this technique are that i) radiochemical processing of samples is not complicated, ii) {alpha} spectrometers allow fast counting to obtain acceptable statistics (<10%) and iii) the amount of sample required is small (0.2 to 1 g). The ease of handling samples and the simplicity of spectral treatment allows exploratory profiles of the cores to determine the quality of sedimentary profile before the onset of other analysis. Direct measurement of the {sup 210}Pb {gamma} spectrometry with Ge detectors of high resolution is also very common. Advantages of this technique are that: - it is
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Garcia-Orellana, Jordi
[1]
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (Spain)
Citation Formats
Garcia-Orellana, Jordi.
Determination of {sup 210}Pb and other radionuclides; Determinacion de {sup 210}Pb y otros radionuclidos.
IAEA: N. p.,
2012.
Web.
Garcia-Orellana, Jordi.
Determination of {sup 210}Pb and other radionuclides; Determinacion de {sup 210}Pb y otros radionuclidos.
IAEA.
Garcia-Orellana, Jordi.
2012.
"Determination of {sup 210}Pb and other radionuclides; Determinacion de {sup 210}Pb y otros radionuclidos."
IAEA.
@misc{etde_22030293,
title = {Determination of {sup 210}Pb and other radionuclides; Determinacion de {sup 210}Pb y otros radionuclidos}
author = {Garcia-Orellana, Jordi}
abstractNote = {{sup 210}Pb is an {beta}-{gamma} emitter, with two emissions of {beta} E{sub 1max} = 63.1 keV energies and E{sub 2max} = 16.6 keV {gamma} emission of 46.5 keV. Being twice emitter allows direct determination by different techniques, but also can determine its activity indirectly through its descendant the {sup 210}Po. The most common technique recommended for determining the {sup 210}Pb in coastal sediments is a measure of {sup 210}Po spectrometric {alpha}. In these records we can assume that the {sup 210}Pb and its descendant {sup 210}Po are in secular equilibrium, although the possibility exists that in the upper core this is not always met. The advantages of this technique are that i) radiochemical processing of samples is not complicated, ii) {alpha} spectrometers allow fast counting to obtain acceptable statistics (<10%) and iii) the amount of sample required is small (0.2 to 1 g). The ease of handling samples and the simplicity of spectral treatment allows exploratory profiles of the cores to determine the quality of sedimentary profile before the onset of other analysis. Direct measurement of the {sup 210}Pb {gamma} spectrometry with Ge detectors of high resolution is also very common. Advantages of this technique are that: - it is a nondestructive technique and thus allows reuse of other samples for analysis - preparation of measurement geometries is simple and requires no radiochemical processes; - allows simultaneous measurement of other {gamma} radionuclides of interest ({sup 137}Cs, {sup 241}Am, {sup 226}Ra, {sup 40}K and {sup 23} {sup 4}Th). There are also some disadvantages: - high cost of measurement systems and need for low background shields without {sup 210}Pb; - calibration of the equipment is complex in the area of {sup 210}Pb; - low efficiencies that require long counting time to obtain acceptable statistics (<10%); - need to have at least 5 g of sample well detectors and at least about 20 g for coaxial detectors, although some authors use smaller masses. Though analytical techniques exist for determining {sup 210}Pb with {beta} spectrometry with proportional counters or liquid scintillation counters its application to the study of sedimentary cores is rare. [Spanish] El {sup 210}Pb es un emisor {beta}-{gamma}, con dos emisiones {beta} de energias E{sub 1max} = 63.1 keV y E{sub 2max} = 16.6 keV y una emision {gamma} de 46.5 keV. El hecho de ser doble emisor permite su determinacion directa mediante diferentes tecnicas, aunque tambien podemos determinar su actividad de forma indirecta mediante su descendiente el {sup 210}Po. La tecnica mas comun y que recomendamos para la determinacion del {sup 210}Pb en sedimentos costeros es la medida de {sup 210}Po por espectrometria {alpha}. En este tipo de registros podemos asumir que el {sup 210}Pb y su descendiente el {sup 210}Po se encuentran en equilibrio secular, aunque existe la posibilidad que en la parte superior del core esto no se cumpla siempre. Las ventajas de esta tecnica son que i) el procesamiento radioquimico de las muestras no es complicado, ii) los espectrometros {alpha} permiten un recuento rapido para obtener una estadistica aceptable (<10%) y iii) la cantidad de muestra que se requiere es pequena (de 0.2 a 1 g). La facilidad del tratamiento de las muestras y la sencillez del tratamiento espectral permite realizar perfiles exploratorios de los cores para determinar la calidad del perfil sedimentario antes del inicio de otros analisis. La medida directa del {sup 210}Pb mediante espectrometria {gamma} con detectores de Ge de alta resolucion es tambien muy comun. Las ventajas de esta tecnica son que: - se trata de una tecnica no destructiva y por tanto permite la reutilizacion de las muestras para otros analisis; - la preparacion de las geometrias de medida es sencilla y no necesita de procesos radioquimicos; - permite medir simultaneamente otros radionuclidos {gamma} de interes ({sup 137}Cs, {sup 241}Am, {sup 226}Ra, {sup 40}K y {sup 234}Th). Asimismo existen ciertas desventajas: - alto costo de los sistemas de medicion y necesidad de disponer de blindajes de bajo fondo sin {sup 210}Pb; - la calibracion de los equipos es compleja en la zona del {sup 210}Pb; - eficiencias bajas que requieren largos tiempos de recuento para obtener una estadistica aceptable (<10%); - necesidad de disponer de al menos 5 g de muestra para detectores de pozo y al menos unos 20 g para detectores coaxiales, aunque algunos autores utilizan masas menores. Aunque existen tecnicas analiticas para la determinacion del {sup 210}Pb mediante espectrometria E con contadores proporcionales o contadores de centelleo liquido su aplicacion al estudio de cores sedimentarios es poco frecuente.}
place = {IAEA}
year = {2012}
month = {Jul}
}
title = {Determination of {sup 210}Pb and other radionuclides; Determinacion de {sup 210}Pb y otros radionuclidos}
author = {Garcia-Orellana, Jordi}
abstractNote = {{sup 210}Pb is an {beta}-{gamma} emitter, with two emissions of {beta} E{sub 1max} = 63.1 keV energies and E{sub 2max} = 16.6 keV {gamma} emission of 46.5 keV. Being twice emitter allows direct determination by different techniques, but also can determine its activity indirectly through its descendant the {sup 210}Po. The most common technique recommended for determining the {sup 210}Pb in coastal sediments is a measure of {sup 210}Po spectrometric {alpha}. In these records we can assume that the {sup 210}Pb and its descendant {sup 210}Po are in secular equilibrium, although the possibility exists that in the upper core this is not always met. The advantages of this technique are that i) radiochemical processing of samples is not complicated, ii) {alpha} spectrometers allow fast counting to obtain acceptable statistics (<10%) and iii) the amount of sample required is small (0.2 to 1 g). The ease of handling samples and the simplicity of spectral treatment allows exploratory profiles of the cores to determine the quality of sedimentary profile before the onset of other analysis. Direct measurement of the {sup 210}Pb {gamma} spectrometry with Ge detectors of high resolution is also very common. Advantages of this technique are that: - it is a nondestructive technique and thus allows reuse of other samples for analysis - preparation of measurement geometries is simple and requires no radiochemical processes; - allows simultaneous measurement of other {gamma} radionuclides of interest ({sup 137}Cs, {sup 241}Am, {sup 226}Ra, {sup 40}K and {sup 23} {sup 4}Th). There are also some disadvantages: - high cost of measurement systems and need for low background shields without {sup 210}Pb; - calibration of the equipment is complex in the area of {sup 210}Pb; - low efficiencies that require long counting time to obtain acceptable statistics (<10%); - need to have at least 5 g of sample well detectors and at least about 20 g for coaxial detectors, although some authors use smaller masses. Though analytical techniques exist for determining {sup 210}Pb with {beta} spectrometry with proportional counters or liquid scintillation counters its application to the study of sedimentary cores is rare. [Spanish] El {sup 210}Pb es un emisor {beta}-{gamma}, con dos emisiones {beta} de energias E{sub 1max} = 63.1 keV y E{sub 2max} = 16.6 keV y una emision {gamma} de 46.5 keV. El hecho de ser doble emisor permite su determinacion directa mediante diferentes tecnicas, aunque tambien podemos determinar su actividad de forma indirecta mediante su descendiente el {sup 210}Po. La tecnica mas comun y que recomendamos para la determinacion del {sup 210}Pb en sedimentos costeros es la medida de {sup 210}Po por espectrometria {alpha}. En este tipo de registros podemos asumir que el {sup 210}Pb y su descendiente el {sup 210}Po se encuentran en equilibrio secular, aunque existe la posibilidad que en la parte superior del core esto no se cumpla siempre. Las ventajas de esta tecnica son que i) el procesamiento radioquimico de las muestras no es complicado, ii) los espectrometros {alpha} permiten un recuento rapido para obtener una estadistica aceptable (<10%) y iii) la cantidad de muestra que se requiere es pequena (de 0.2 a 1 g). La facilidad del tratamiento de las muestras y la sencillez del tratamiento espectral permite realizar perfiles exploratorios de los cores para determinar la calidad del perfil sedimentario antes del inicio de otros analisis. La medida directa del {sup 210}Pb mediante espectrometria {gamma} con detectores de Ge de alta resolucion es tambien muy comun. Las ventajas de esta tecnica son que: - se trata de una tecnica no destructiva y por tanto permite la reutilizacion de las muestras para otros analisis; - la preparacion de las geometrias de medida es sencilla y no necesita de procesos radioquimicos; - permite medir simultaneamente otros radionuclidos {gamma} de interes ({sup 137}Cs, {sup 241}Am, {sup 226}Ra, {sup 40}K y {sup 234}Th). Asimismo existen ciertas desventajas: - alto costo de los sistemas de medicion y necesidad de disponer de blindajes de bajo fondo sin {sup 210}Pb; - la calibracion de los equipos es compleja en la zona del {sup 210}Pb; - eficiencias bajas que requieren largos tiempos de recuento para obtener una estadistica aceptable (<10%); - necesidad de disponer de al menos 5 g de muestra para detectores de pozo y al menos unos 20 g para detectores coaxiales, aunque algunos autores utilizan masas menores. Aunque existen tecnicas analiticas para la determinacion del {sup 210}Pb mediante espectrometria E con contadores proporcionales o contadores de centelleo liquido su aplicacion al estudio de cores sedimentarios es poco frecuente.}
place = {IAEA}
year = {2012}
month = {Jul}
}