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Research Applications of Beta-Particle Techniques: Back-Scattering and X-Ray Excitation; Applications de l'irradiation beta dans la recherche: retrodiffusion et excitation de rayons X; Primenenie metodov beta-chastits v issledovatel'skoj rabote: obratnoe rasseyanie i vozbuzhdenie rentgenovskikh luchej; Aplicacion de la irradiacion beta en la investigacion: retrodispersion y excitacion de rayos X

Abstract

Studies in this Laboratory during the past seven years have established precise relationships for the back-scattering of beta-particles and these methods have been supplemented by techniques using isotope-excited X-rays. Such X-ray techniques have received wide attention and in many cases have revolutionized industrial gauging practices. This report is concerned with applications to precise absorptiometry, thickness of films, the identification and quantitative estimation of substances by absorption-edge measurements, and to paper chromatography. In the latter, chromatograms can be evaluated by beta-absorption, by X-ray absorption, or by excitation of X-rays in the various zones by beta-bombardment. These alternative approaches are compared and evaluated. Some microchemical techniques have been examined, and, either by beta-absorption or by beta-excitation of X-rays, small amounts of substances can be identified and determined. The lower limits of detection are not as small as one can achieve by tracer techniques, but there are numerous advantages, the primary one being that one deals with sealed sources from which contamination is virtually impossible. For all these phenomena precise equations have been developed from the data - some empirical, and others substantially fundamental. It is interesting that these equations accurately predict optimum source parameters as established by other investigators both in the  More>>
Authors:
Mueller, R H [1] 
  1. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, University of California, Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Publication Date:
Jan 15, 1962
Product Type:
Conference
Resource Relation:
Conference: Conference on the Use of Radioisotopes in the Physical Sciences and Industry, Copenhagen (Denmark), 6-17 Sep 1960; Other Information: 17 figs, 1 tab., 16 refs; Related Information: In: Radioisotopes in the Physical Sciences and Industry. Proceedings of the Conference on the Use of Radioisotopes in the Physical Sciences and Industry. V. II| 566 p.
Subject:
07 ISOTOPES AND RADIATION SOURCES; ABSORPTION; BACKSCATTERING; BETA PARTICLES; CHROMATOGRAPHY; CONTAMINATION; CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; DETECTION; EXCITATION; FILMS; RADIOISOTOPES; SEALED SOURCES; TRACER TECHNIQUES; X RADIATION; X-RAY SOURCES
OSTI ID:
22025661
Research Organizations:
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris (France)
Country of Origin:
IAEA
Language:
English
Other Identifying Numbers:
Other: ISSN 0074-1884; TRN: XA12N1677112954
Submitting Site:
INIS
Size:
page(s) 65-80
Announcement Date:
Jan 17, 2013

Citation Formats

Mueller, R H. Research Applications of Beta-Particle Techniques: Back-Scattering and X-Ray Excitation; Applications de l'irradiation beta dans la recherche: retrodiffusion et excitation de rayons X; Primenenie metodov beta-chastits v issledovatel'skoj rabote: obratnoe rasseyanie i vozbuzhdenie rentgenovskikh luchej; Aplicacion de la irradiacion beta en la investigacion: retrodispersion y excitacion de rayos X. IAEA: N. p., 1962. Web.
Mueller, R H. Research Applications of Beta-Particle Techniques: Back-Scattering and X-Ray Excitation; Applications de l'irradiation beta dans la recherche: retrodiffusion et excitation de rayons X; Primenenie metodov beta-chastits v issledovatel'skoj rabote: obratnoe rasseyanie i vozbuzhdenie rentgenovskikh luchej; Aplicacion de la irradiacion beta en la investigacion: retrodispersion y excitacion de rayos X. IAEA.
Mueller, R H. 1962. "Research Applications of Beta-Particle Techniques: Back-Scattering and X-Ray Excitation; Applications de l'irradiation beta dans la recherche: retrodiffusion et excitation de rayons X; Primenenie metodov beta-chastits v issledovatel'skoj rabote: obratnoe rasseyanie i vozbuzhdenie rentgenovskikh luchej; Aplicacion de la irradiacion beta en la investigacion: retrodispersion y excitacion de rayos X." IAEA.
@misc{etde_22025661,
title = {Research Applications of Beta-Particle Techniques: Back-Scattering and X-Ray Excitation; Applications de l'irradiation beta dans la recherche: retrodiffusion et excitation de rayons X; Primenenie metodov beta-chastits v issledovatel'skoj rabote: obratnoe rasseyanie i vozbuzhdenie rentgenovskikh luchej; Aplicacion de la irradiacion beta en la investigacion: retrodispersion y excitacion de rayos X}
author = {Mueller, R H}
abstractNote = {Studies in this Laboratory during the past seven years have established precise relationships for the back-scattering of beta-particles and these methods have been supplemented by techniques using isotope-excited X-rays. Such X-ray techniques have received wide attention and in many cases have revolutionized industrial gauging practices. This report is concerned with applications to precise absorptiometry, thickness of films, the identification and quantitative estimation of substances by absorption-edge measurements, and to paper chromatography. In the latter, chromatograms can be evaluated by beta-absorption, by X-ray absorption, or by excitation of X-rays in the various zones by beta-bombardment. These alternative approaches are compared and evaluated. Some microchemical techniques have been examined, and, either by beta-absorption or by beta-excitation of X-rays, small amounts of substances can be identified and determined. The lower limits of detection are not as small as one can achieve by tracer techniques, but there are numerous advantages, the primary one being that one deals with sealed sources from which contamination is virtually impossible. For all these phenomena precise equations have been developed from the data - some empirical, and others substantially fundamental. It is interesting that these equations accurately predict optimum source parameters as established by other investigators both in the United States and abroad. It is believed that these techniques confirm the opinion that radioactive isotopes have tremendous scientific and technical promise. As far as X-ray sources are concerned, it may be said that everything in X-ray technology, other than crystal-structure elucidation, can be done more simply by these means. With multi-curie sources, even the latter may eventually be possible. (author) [French] Les etudes qui se poursuivent depuis sept ans au Laboratoire de Los Alamos ont permis d'etablir des rapports precis pour la retrodiffusion des particules beta; les methodes employees ont ete completees par des techniques utilisant des rayons X excites par des isotopes. Ces techniques ont suscite un grand interet dans le monde entier et ont bien souvent revolutionne les methodes de calibrage industriel. Le memoire traite des applications dans les domaines suivants : absorptiometrie de precision, mesure de l'epaisseur des films, identification et evaluation quantitative des substances par mesure de la discontinuite d'absorption, et chromatographie sur papier. Dans ce dernier cas, les chromatogrammes peuvent etre evalues, soit par absorption beta, soit par absorption de rayons X, soit encore par excitation des rayons X dans les differentes zones a l'aide d'un bombardement beta. L'auteur compare et evalue ces diverses methodes. Plusieurs techniques microchimiques ont ete examinees; il est possible - soit par absorption beta, soit par excitation des rayons X au moyen du rayonnement beta - d'identifier et de determiner de menues quantites de substances. En l'occurrence, les limites minima de la detection ne sont pas aussi basses que celles qu'on peut atteindre par les techniques des indicateurs ; il y a cependant de nombreux avantages, le principal etant que l'on a affaire a des sources scellees, ce qui rend toute contamination virtuellement impossible. Pour tous ces phenomenes, on a etabli des equations precises en partant des donnees disponibles, certaines empiriques, d'autres dans une large mesure fondamentales. Il est interessant de constater que ces equations prevoient exactement les parametres optima des sources, tels qu'ils ont ete calcules par d'autres chercheurs aux Etats. Unis et a l'etranger. Ces techniques semblent corroborer l'opinion selon laquelle les radioisotopes ouvrent de vastes perspectives sur le plan scientifique et technique. Pour ce qui est des sources de rayons X, on peut dire que ces methodes permettent de simplifier toutes, les operations relevant de la technologie des rayons X, sauf lorsqu'il s'agit d'expliquer la structure des cristaux. Il se peut meme qu'avec des sources de plusieurs curies cette derniere operation devienne possible. (author) [Spanish] Los estudios realizados en el laboratorio de Los Alamos durante los ultimos siete anos han permitido establecer relaciones precisas para la retrodispersion de particulas beta, y esos metodos han sido complementados con tecnicas que utilizan rayos X excitados por isotopos. Los rayos X excitados de esta forma han suscitado un considerable interes en el mundo entero y, en muchos casos, han revolucionado los procedimientos industriales de calibrado. El autor se ocupa de las aplicaciones de esta tecnica a la absorciometria de precision, a la determinacion del espesor de peliculas, a la identificacion y evaluacion cuantitativa de sustancias midiendo la discontinuidad de la absorcion, y a la cromatografia sobre papel. La evaluacion de los cromatogramas suele efectuarse midiendo la absorcion beta, la absorcion de rayos X o la excitacion de estos mismos rayos en las diversas zonas por bombardeo con particulas beta. El autor examina criticamente y compara estas alternativas. Se han estudiado diversas tecnicas microquimicas, y tanto la absorcion beta como la excitacion de rayos X por particulas beta permiten identificar y determinar pequenas cantidades de sustancia. Los limites, inferiores de deteccion no son tan bajos como los que pueden alcanzarse con trazadores, pero en cambio se tiene un gran numero de ventajas, la principal de las cuales es que se opera con fuentes encerradas, de modo que los riesgos de contaminacion quedan practicamente descartados. Para todos estos fenomenos se han establecido ecuaciones partiendo de datos que algunas veces son empiricos y otras bien fundamentados. Resulta interesante indicar que esas ecuaciones permiten predecir exactamente los parametros optimos de las fuentes, que habian determinado ya otros investigadores en los Estados Unidos y en el extranjero. Se cree que estas tecnicas confirman la opinion de que los radioisotopos encierran enormes promesas en el terreno cientifico y tecnico. Por lo que se refiere a las fuentes de rayos X, puede decirse que todo cuanto se realiza en el terreno de la tecnologia de los rayos X, salvo la determinacion de la estructura de los cristales, puede hacerse con mayor sencillez recurriendo a los medios citados. Es mas, si se emplearan fuentes de muchos curies, puede que incluso llegue a ser posible efectuar esas determinaciones. (author) [Russian] Prozvedennye v ehtoj laboratorii za poslednie sem', let issledovaniya ustanovili tochnye usloviya obratnogo rasseyaniya beta-chastits, i ehti metody byli dopolneny metodami ispol'zovaniya vozbuzhdennykh izotopami rentgenovskikh luchej. Vozbuzhdennye takim sposobom rentgenovskie luchi privlekli .shirokoe vnimanie vo vsem svete i vo mnogikh sluchayakh oni revolyutsionizirovali metody promyshlennoj kalibrovki. V nastoyashchem doklade razbirayutsya primeneniya k tochnoj abzorbtsiometrii, izmereniyu tolshchiny plenok, opoznovaniyu i kolichestvennomu opredeleniyu veshchestv putem izmereniya absorbtsii po krayam, a takzhe k bumazhnoj khromatografii. V poslednem sluchae, khromato grammy mogut izuchat'sya posredstvom beta-absorbtsii, absorbtsii rentgenovskimi luchami ili vozbuzhdeniem rentgenovskikh luchej v razlichnykh zonakh bombardirovkoj beta-luchami. Sravnivayutsya i otsenivayutsya ehti razlichnye podkhody. Byl izuchen tselyj ryad mikrokhimicheskikh metodov i libo posredstvom beta-absorbtsii, libo posredstvom vozbuzhdeniya rentgenovskikh luchej beta-chastitsami mogut byt' opoznany i opredeleny nebol'shie kolichestva veshchestv. Nizshie predely detektsii ne tak:maly, kak ehto dostizhimo metodom radioaktivnykh indikatorov, no imeetsya ryad drugikh preimushchestv, glavnoe iz kotorykh zaklyuchaetsya v tom, chto operatsii proizvodyatsya s zadelannymi istochnikami, chto pochti sovershenno isklyuchaet vozmozhnost' radioaktivnogo zarazheniya. Na osnovanii ehtikh dannykh byli vyvedeny tochnye uravneniya dlya vsekh ehtikh yavlenij; nekotorye iz nikh ehmpiricheskim putem, a nekotorye sushchestvenno na teoreticheskoj osnove. Interesno otmetit', chto ehti uravneniya pravil'no predusmatrivayut optimal'nye parametry istochnika, soglasno opredeleniyam drugikh issledovatelej, kak v SSHA, tak i zagranitsej. Nuzhno dumat', chto ehti metody ukreplyayut mnenie, chto radioaktivnym izotopam suzhdena gromadnaya nauchnaya i tekhnicheskaya budushchnost'. CHto zhe kasaetsya istochnikov rentgenovskikh luchej, nuzhno skazat', chto vse v tekhnologii rentgenovskikh luchej, za isklyucheniem vyyavleniya kristallicheskoj struktury, mozhet byt' bolee legko dostignuto ehtimi sposobami. Pri nalichii istochnikov moshchnost'yu v neskol'ko kyuri, veroyatno, mozhno budet razreshit' dazhe i ehtu poslednyuyu zadachu. (author)}
place = {IAEA}
year = {1962}
month = {Jan}
}