Abstract
Levels of cocaine and other psychoactive substances in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) were determined in urban environments representing distinct social behaviours with regard to drug abuse: night-life, university and residential areas. Three cities (with population >1 million and <0.3 million inhabitants) were selected. Mean daily levels of drugs in PM were 11-336 pg/m{sup 3} for cocaine, 23-34 pg/m{sup 3} for cannabinoids, and 5-90 pg/m{sup 3} for heroin. The highest levels were recorded on weekends, with factors with respect to weekdays of 1-3 for cocaine, 1-2 for cannabinoids and 1.1-1.7 for heroin. Higher levels were detected in the night-life areas, pointing towards consumption and trafficking as major emission sources, and possibly ruling out drug manufacture. The similarities in temporal trends at all sites suggested a city-scale transport of psychoactive substances. Correlations were detected between cocaine and amphetamine consumption (r{sup 2} = 0.98), and between heroin and cannabinoids (r{sup 2}>0.82). - Highlights: > Cocaine, heroin, cannabis and related illicit drugs are found in detectable amounts in urban air. > Illicit drug consumption and small-scale trafficking are the major emission sources. > Illicit drugs remain in atmospheric particles and are transported across cities during at least 5 days. > Levels of illicit drugs
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Viana, M;
[1]
Postigo, C;
[1]
Querol, X;
[1]
Alastuey, A;
[1]
Lopez de Alda, M.J., E-mail: mlaqam@cid.csic.es;
[1]
Barcelo, D;
[1]
King Saud University, Box 2454, Riyadh 11451 (Saudi Arabia)];
Artinano, B;
[2]
Lopez-Mahia, P;
[3]
Garcia Gacio, D., E-mail: dgarcia@udc.es;
[3]
Cots, N
[4]
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona (Spain)
- Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology Research (CIEMAT), Av. Complutense 22, 28040 Madrid (Spain)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of A Coruna, Campus A Zapateira, 15071 A Coruna (Spain)
- Department of the Environment, Catalonia Regional Government, Av. Diagonal 525, 08193 Barcelona (Spain)
Citation Formats
Viana, M, Postigo, C, Querol, X, Alastuey, A, Lopez de Alda, M.J., E-mail: mlaqam@cid.csic.es, Barcelo, D, King Saud University, Box 2454, Riyadh 11451 (Saudi Arabia)], Artinano, B, Lopez-Mahia, P, Garcia Gacio, D., E-mail: dgarcia@udc.es, and Cots, N.
Cocaine and other illicit drugs in airborne particulates in urban environments: A reflection of social conduct and population size.
United Kingdom: N. p.,
2011.
Web.
doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2011.01.032.
Viana, M, Postigo, C, Querol, X, Alastuey, A, Lopez de Alda, M.J., E-mail: mlaqam@cid.csic.es, Barcelo, D, King Saud University, Box 2454, Riyadh 11451 (Saudi Arabia)], Artinano, B, Lopez-Mahia, P, Garcia Gacio, D., E-mail: dgarcia@udc.es, & Cots, N.
Cocaine and other illicit drugs in airborne particulates in urban environments: A reflection of social conduct and population size.
United Kingdom.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.01.032
Viana, M, Postigo, C, Querol, X, Alastuey, A, Lopez de Alda, M.J., E-mail: mlaqam@cid.csic.es, Barcelo, D, King Saud University, Box 2454, Riyadh 11451 (Saudi Arabia)], Artinano, B, Lopez-Mahia, P, Garcia Gacio, D., E-mail: dgarcia@udc.es, and Cots, N.
2011.
"Cocaine and other illicit drugs in airborne particulates in urban environments: A reflection of social conduct and population size."
United Kingdom.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.01.032.
@misc{etde_21543364,
title = {Cocaine and other illicit drugs in airborne particulates in urban environments: A reflection of social conduct and population size}
author = {Viana, M, Postigo, C, Querol, X, Alastuey, A, Lopez de Alda, M.J., E-mail: mlaqam@cid.csic.es, Barcelo, D, King Saud University, Box 2454, Riyadh 11451 (Saudi Arabia)], Artinano, B, Lopez-Mahia, P, Garcia Gacio, D., E-mail: dgarcia@udc.es, and Cots, N}
abstractNote = {Levels of cocaine and other psychoactive substances in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) were determined in urban environments representing distinct social behaviours with regard to drug abuse: night-life, university and residential areas. Three cities (with population >1 million and <0.3 million inhabitants) were selected. Mean daily levels of drugs in PM were 11-336 pg/m{sup 3} for cocaine, 23-34 pg/m{sup 3} for cannabinoids, and 5-90 pg/m{sup 3} for heroin. The highest levels were recorded on weekends, with factors with respect to weekdays of 1-3 for cocaine, 1-2 for cannabinoids and 1.1-1.7 for heroin. Higher levels were detected in the night-life areas, pointing towards consumption and trafficking as major emission sources, and possibly ruling out drug manufacture. The similarities in temporal trends at all sites suggested a city-scale transport of psychoactive substances. Correlations were detected between cocaine and amphetamine consumption (r{sup 2} = 0.98), and between heroin and cannabinoids (r{sup 2}>0.82). - Highlights: > Cocaine, heroin, cannabis and related illicit drugs are found in detectable amounts in urban air. > Illicit drug consumption and small-scale trafficking are the major emission sources. > Illicit drugs remain in atmospheric particles and are transported across cities during at least 5 days. > Levels of illicit drugs increase from residential to night-life areas, and maximise on weekends. > Correlations between illicit drugs were detected, suggesting differences in consumer groups. - The presence of illicit drugs in atmospheric particles can be used to track illicit drug abuse.}
doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.01.032}
journal = []
issue = {5}
volume = {159}
place = {United Kingdom}
year = {2011}
month = {May}
}
title = {Cocaine and other illicit drugs in airborne particulates in urban environments: A reflection of social conduct and population size}
author = {Viana, M, Postigo, C, Querol, X, Alastuey, A, Lopez de Alda, M.J., E-mail: mlaqam@cid.csic.es, Barcelo, D, King Saud University, Box 2454, Riyadh 11451 (Saudi Arabia)], Artinano, B, Lopez-Mahia, P, Garcia Gacio, D., E-mail: dgarcia@udc.es, and Cots, N}
abstractNote = {Levels of cocaine and other psychoactive substances in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) were determined in urban environments representing distinct social behaviours with regard to drug abuse: night-life, university and residential areas. Three cities (with population >1 million and <0.3 million inhabitants) were selected. Mean daily levels of drugs in PM were 11-336 pg/m{sup 3} for cocaine, 23-34 pg/m{sup 3} for cannabinoids, and 5-90 pg/m{sup 3} for heroin. The highest levels were recorded on weekends, with factors with respect to weekdays of 1-3 for cocaine, 1-2 for cannabinoids and 1.1-1.7 for heroin. Higher levels were detected in the night-life areas, pointing towards consumption and trafficking as major emission sources, and possibly ruling out drug manufacture. The similarities in temporal trends at all sites suggested a city-scale transport of psychoactive substances. Correlations were detected between cocaine and amphetamine consumption (r{sup 2} = 0.98), and between heroin and cannabinoids (r{sup 2}>0.82). - Highlights: > Cocaine, heroin, cannabis and related illicit drugs are found in detectable amounts in urban air. > Illicit drug consumption and small-scale trafficking are the major emission sources. > Illicit drugs remain in atmospheric particles and are transported across cities during at least 5 days. > Levels of illicit drugs increase from residential to night-life areas, and maximise on weekends. > Correlations between illicit drugs were detected, suggesting differences in consumer groups. - The presence of illicit drugs in atmospheric particles can be used to track illicit drug abuse.}
doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.01.032}
journal = []
issue = {5}
volume = {159}
place = {United Kingdom}
year = {2011}
month = {May}
}