Abstract
Mimosaceae are shrubs or trees, which grow abundantly in tropical regions. Their leaves contain high value protein which cannot be used as feed due to the toxic substance mimosine and its metabolites in the digestive tract These alkaloids cause diseases in ruminants, mainly loss of hair/wool, and may lead to death in higher concentration. This is the reason why the nutritive value cannot be exploited reasonably in animal production. Experience has shown that there are some geographical regions where animals do not suffer by mimosine. It was found that they harbour ruminal bacteria, which degrade mimosine to non-toxic metabolites. In cooperation with other microbes in the digestive tract, the full dietetic value of Leucaena may be exploited. To date several bacteria were isolated and may be used as feed additive, e.g., S. jonesii. However, their production and storage is expensive and complicated. A practical method is to orally inoculate animals and use their rumen fluid directly as feed additive. This rumen culture or cultured anaerobic bacteria in the laboratory may suffer during transport and storage; hence, they need a cold chain until the target animal. Our institute has an outstanding experience to produce bacterial veterinary vaccines, probiotics, and biological fertilizers
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Boehnel, H. , E-mail: hboehne@gwdg.de;
[1]
Aung, A;
[1]
University of Veterinary Sciences, Yezin (Myanmar)]
- Institute of Tropical Animal Health, Georg-August-University Goettingen (Germany)
Citation Formats
Boehnel, H. , E-mail: hboehne@gwdg.de, Aung, A, and University of Veterinary Sciences, Yezin (Myanmar)].
Selection and production of bacteria which detoxify mimosine: Leucaena leaves may be used as ruminant feed.
IAEA: N. p.,
2009.
Web.
Boehnel, H. , E-mail: hboehne@gwdg.de, Aung, A, & University of Veterinary Sciences, Yezin (Myanmar)].
Selection and production of bacteria which detoxify mimosine: Leucaena leaves may be used as ruminant feed.
IAEA.
Boehnel, H. , E-mail: hboehne@gwdg.de, Aung, A, and University of Veterinary Sciences, Yezin (Myanmar)].
2009.
"Selection and production of bacteria which detoxify mimosine: Leucaena leaves may be used as ruminant feed."
IAEA.
@misc{etde_21301743,
title = {Selection and production of bacteria which detoxify mimosine: Leucaena leaves may be used as ruminant feed}
author = {Boehnel, H. , E-mail: hboehne@gwdg.de, Aung, A, and University of Veterinary Sciences, Yezin (Myanmar)]}
abstractNote = {Mimosaceae are shrubs or trees, which grow abundantly in tropical regions. Their leaves contain high value protein which cannot be used as feed due to the toxic substance mimosine and its metabolites in the digestive tract These alkaloids cause diseases in ruminants, mainly loss of hair/wool, and may lead to death in higher concentration. This is the reason why the nutritive value cannot be exploited reasonably in animal production. Experience has shown that there are some geographical regions where animals do not suffer by mimosine. It was found that they harbour ruminal bacteria, which degrade mimosine to non-toxic metabolites. In cooperation with other microbes in the digestive tract, the full dietetic value of Leucaena may be exploited. To date several bacteria were isolated and may be used as feed additive, e.g., S. jonesii. However, their production and storage is expensive and complicated. A practical method is to orally inoculate animals and use their rumen fluid directly as feed additive. This rumen culture or cultured anaerobic bacteria in the laboratory may suffer during transport and storage; hence, they need a cold chain until the target animal. Our institute has an outstanding experience to produce bacterial veterinary vaccines, probiotics, and biological fertilizers in tropical countries. Continuous culture in a bioreactor is the base for the success. It was the idea to use this technology for selection and production of mimosine degrading bacteria. The presentation will give a short theoretical background of - bacterial fermenter production - continuous culture - isolation of specific bacteria under selective environmental conditions - mass production in a bioreactor to be used in tropical areas - purification and concentration of the bacterial crop by rinsing and hollow fibre cross flow ultra filtration - stabilisation of the product in alginate beads - microbiota in the digestive tract. The practical work started with ruminal content of German steers, which never had had contact with mimosine. Using a simulation of rumen digestion, this rumen fluid was used as starter culture. It was fed with a complex artificial medium 98-5, stabilized with artificial saliva, maintained at ordinary rumen temperature (39 deg C) under anaerobic conditions. Mimosine in increasing concentration was added continuously. After a 'feeding period' of two weeks, almost pure cultures of bacteria were obtained which digested mimosine in the test tube. By standard bacteriological work, a pure culture of this isolate was obtained. By modern microbiology, it was identified as a apathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (no. 3948 of our Institute's collection). Mass production was tried under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. It was found that it was better to use aerobic fermenter conditions. Strain 3948 proved to be multiplied far better as an aerobe, but to digrade mimosine under anaerobic conditions. Continuous culture with standard brain heart medium yielded {approx}10{sup 13} cfu/mL. With a 500 mL fermenter and a dilution rate D= 0.1 h{sup -1} 10{sup 16} cfu were produced per day. The obtained bacteria were rinsed in water, and concentrated by cross flow ultra filtration. The obtained mud like suspension was incorporated in alginate beads and dried at 37 deg C within 24 h. The obtained chalk like beads had a diameter of approximately 1-2 mm. 1 g contained 5x10{sup 10} cfu. For feeding trials under practical conditions, these dried bacteria were sent by parcel post to Myanmar. Accidentally they were stored at ambient temperature (25-30 deg C) at customs in Yangoon for 8 weeks. Feeding tests with sheep finally proved that the bacteria were still active. A single dose of 5x10{sup 10} cfu or similar daily doses for 14 d were used. Sheep feeding on local Leucaena leaves lost their fleece and had to be saved by stopping the experiment, whereas the trial groups gained live weight and remained completely healthy. Preliminary results show that nitrogen retention was similar in groups feeding Leucaena leaves or standard diet. Hence, local available Leucaena could be used as staple feed These results should encourage isolation and production of geo-specific or site specific bacteria to be used as probiotics and feed additive in tropical regions. The technology of production is well adapted to the situation in many tropical countries. (author)}
place = {IAEA}
year = {2009}
month = {Jul}
}
title = {Selection and production of bacteria which detoxify mimosine: Leucaena leaves may be used as ruminant feed}
author = {Boehnel, H. , E-mail: hboehne@gwdg.de, Aung, A, and University of Veterinary Sciences, Yezin (Myanmar)]}
abstractNote = {Mimosaceae are shrubs or trees, which grow abundantly in tropical regions. Their leaves contain high value protein which cannot be used as feed due to the toxic substance mimosine and its metabolites in the digestive tract These alkaloids cause diseases in ruminants, mainly loss of hair/wool, and may lead to death in higher concentration. This is the reason why the nutritive value cannot be exploited reasonably in animal production. Experience has shown that there are some geographical regions where animals do not suffer by mimosine. It was found that they harbour ruminal bacteria, which degrade mimosine to non-toxic metabolites. In cooperation with other microbes in the digestive tract, the full dietetic value of Leucaena may be exploited. To date several bacteria were isolated and may be used as feed additive, e.g., S. jonesii. However, their production and storage is expensive and complicated. A practical method is to orally inoculate animals and use their rumen fluid directly as feed additive. This rumen culture or cultured anaerobic bacteria in the laboratory may suffer during transport and storage; hence, they need a cold chain until the target animal. Our institute has an outstanding experience to produce bacterial veterinary vaccines, probiotics, and biological fertilizers in tropical countries. Continuous culture in a bioreactor is the base for the success. It was the idea to use this technology for selection and production of mimosine degrading bacteria. The presentation will give a short theoretical background of - bacterial fermenter production - continuous culture - isolation of specific bacteria under selective environmental conditions - mass production in a bioreactor to be used in tropical areas - purification and concentration of the bacterial crop by rinsing and hollow fibre cross flow ultra filtration - stabilisation of the product in alginate beads - microbiota in the digestive tract. The practical work started with ruminal content of German steers, which never had had contact with mimosine. Using a simulation of rumen digestion, this rumen fluid was used as starter culture. It was fed with a complex artificial medium 98-5, stabilized with artificial saliva, maintained at ordinary rumen temperature (39 deg C) under anaerobic conditions. Mimosine in increasing concentration was added continuously. After a 'feeding period' of two weeks, almost pure cultures of bacteria were obtained which digested mimosine in the test tube. By standard bacteriological work, a pure culture of this isolate was obtained. By modern microbiology, it was identified as a apathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (no. 3948 of our Institute's collection). Mass production was tried under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. It was found that it was better to use aerobic fermenter conditions. Strain 3948 proved to be multiplied far better as an aerobe, but to digrade mimosine under anaerobic conditions. Continuous culture with standard brain heart medium yielded {approx}10{sup 13} cfu/mL. With a 500 mL fermenter and a dilution rate D= 0.1 h{sup -1} 10{sup 16} cfu were produced per day. The obtained bacteria were rinsed in water, and concentrated by cross flow ultra filtration. The obtained mud like suspension was incorporated in alginate beads and dried at 37 deg C within 24 h. The obtained chalk like beads had a diameter of approximately 1-2 mm. 1 g contained 5x10{sup 10} cfu. For feeding trials under practical conditions, these dried bacteria were sent by parcel post to Myanmar. Accidentally they were stored at ambient temperature (25-30 deg C) at customs in Yangoon for 8 weeks. Feeding tests with sheep finally proved that the bacteria were still active. A single dose of 5x10{sup 10} cfu or similar daily doses for 14 d were used. Sheep feeding on local Leucaena leaves lost their fleece and had to be saved by stopping the experiment, whereas the trial groups gained live weight and remained completely healthy. Preliminary results show that nitrogen retention was similar in groups feeding Leucaena leaves or standard diet. Hence, local available Leucaena could be used as staple feed These results should encourage isolation and production of geo-specific or site specific bacteria to be used as probiotics and feed additive in tropical regions. The technology of production is well adapted to the situation in many tropical countries. (author)}
place = {IAEA}
year = {2009}
month = {Jul}
}