Abstract
In the climate system, the cryosphere (which consists of snow, river and lake ice, sea ice, glaciers and ice caps, ice shelves and ice sheets, and frozen ground) is intricately linked to the surface energy budget, the water cycle, sea level change and the surface gas exchange. The cryosphere integrates climate variations over a wide range of time scales, making it a natural sensor of climate variability and providing a visible expression of climate change. In the past, the cryosphere has undergone large variations on many time scales associated with ice ages and with shorter-term variations like the Younger Dryas or the Little Ice Age (see Chapter 6). Recent decreases in ice mass are correlated with rising surface air temperatures. This is especially true for the region north of 65N, where temperatures have increased by about twice the global average from 1965 to 2005.
Citation Formats
Lemke, P, Ren, J, Alley, R B, Allison, I, Carrasco, J, Flato, G, Fujii, Y, Kaser, G, Mote, P, Thomas, R H, and Zhang, T.
Observations. Changes in Snow, Ice and Frozen Ground. Chapter 4.
United Kingdom: N. p.,
2007.
Web.
Lemke, P, Ren, J, Alley, R B, Allison, I, Carrasco, J, Flato, G, Fujii, Y, Kaser, G, Mote, P, Thomas, R H, & Zhang, T.
Observations. Changes in Snow, Ice and Frozen Ground. Chapter 4.
United Kingdom.
Lemke, P, Ren, J, Alley, R B, Allison, I, Carrasco, J, Flato, G, Fujii, Y, Kaser, G, Mote, P, Thomas, R H, and Zhang, T.
2007.
"Observations. Changes in Snow, Ice and Frozen Ground. Chapter 4."
United Kingdom.
@misc{etde_20962142,
title = {Observations. Changes in Snow, Ice and Frozen Ground. Chapter 4}
author = {Lemke, P, Ren, J, Alley, R B, Allison, I, Carrasco, J, Flato, G, Fujii, Y, Kaser, G, Mote, P, Thomas, R H, and Zhang, T}
abstractNote = {In the climate system, the cryosphere (which consists of snow, river and lake ice, sea ice, glaciers and ice caps, ice shelves and ice sheets, and frozen ground) is intricately linked to the surface energy budget, the water cycle, sea level change and the surface gas exchange. The cryosphere integrates climate variations over a wide range of time scales, making it a natural sensor of climate variability and providing a visible expression of climate change. In the past, the cryosphere has undergone large variations on many time scales associated with ice ages and with shorter-term variations like the Younger Dryas or the Little Ice Age (see Chapter 6). Recent decreases in ice mass are correlated with rising surface air temperatures. This is especially true for the region north of 65N, where temperatures have increased by about twice the global average from 1965 to 2005.}
place = {United Kingdom}
year = {2007}
month = {Sep}
}
title = {Observations. Changes in Snow, Ice and Frozen Ground. Chapter 4}
author = {Lemke, P, Ren, J, Alley, R B, Allison, I, Carrasco, J, Flato, G, Fujii, Y, Kaser, G, Mote, P, Thomas, R H, and Zhang, T}
abstractNote = {In the climate system, the cryosphere (which consists of snow, river and lake ice, sea ice, glaciers and ice caps, ice shelves and ice sheets, and frozen ground) is intricately linked to the surface energy budget, the water cycle, sea level change and the surface gas exchange. The cryosphere integrates climate variations over a wide range of time scales, making it a natural sensor of climate variability and providing a visible expression of climate change. In the past, the cryosphere has undergone large variations on many time scales associated with ice ages and with shorter-term variations like the Younger Dryas or the Little Ice Age (see Chapter 6). Recent decreases in ice mass are correlated with rising surface air temperatures. This is especially true for the region north of 65N, where temperatures have increased by about twice the global average from 1965 to 2005.}
place = {United Kingdom}
year = {2007}
month = {Sep}
}