Abstract
Environmental protection policies in the automobile market were not implemented until the motorisation of the masses in the 1960s caused an increasing environmental burden. The rising air pollution was considered a latent danger for humans, animals and plants. In the years up to 1985 the EU passed several regulations to limit the mass pollutants CO, CxHy and NOx. Germany was the first EU-member nation to also be concerned with lead in gasoline, passing reduction regulations as early as in 1971. In 1986, several EU-member nations implemented the supply of unleaded gasoline. This decision was predominantly based on information about widespread forest damage. The reduction of lead emissions due to these regulations could be verified in different environmental systems. An example of this was the decline of atmospheric lead concentrations and human blood lead levels in Germany. The German mineral oil and automobile markets were also affected. The price trend of unleaded fuel was heavily influenced by tax incentives which benefited not only the gasoline traders but also the consumers. With regard to the distribution system, the market positions particularly of the medium-sized traders and the independent importers were weakened. In the automobile market, favourable terms of competition were experienced by
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Hagner, C
[1]
- GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH (Germany). Inst. fuer Hydrophysik
Citation Formats
Hagner, C.
Historical review of European gasoline lead content regulations and their impact on German industrial markets.
Germany: N. p.,
1999.
Web.
Hagner, C.
Historical review of European gasoline lead content regulations and their impact on German industrial markets.
Germany.
Hagner, C.
1999.
"Historical review of European gasoline lead content regulations and their impact on German industrial markets."
Germany.
@misc{etde_20018469,
title = {Historical review of European gasoline lead content regulations and their impact on German industrial markets}
author = {Hagner, C}
abstractNote = {Environmental protection policies in the automobile market were not implemented until the motorisation of the masses in the 1960s caused an increasing environmental burden. The rising air pollution was considered a latent danger for humans, animals and plants. In the years up to 1985 the EU passed several regulations to limit the mass pollutants CO, CxHy and NOx. Germany was the first EU-member nation to also be concerned with lead in gasoline, passing reduction regulations as early as in 1971. In 1986, several EU-member nations implemented the supply of unleaded gasoline. This decision was predominantly based on information about widespread forest damage. The reduction of lead emissions due to these regulations could be verified in different environmental systems. An example of this was the decline of atmospheric lead concentrations and human blood lead levels in Germany. The German mineral oil and automobile markets were also affected. The price trend of unleaded fuel was heavily influenced by tax incentives which benefited not only the gasoline traders but also the consumers. With regard to the distribution system, the market positions particularly of the medium-sized traders and the independent importers were weakened. In the automobile market, favourable terms of competition were experienced by producers who had already gained experience with catalyst systems in the U.S.-market. The gasoline lead content regulations had no effects on further economic indicators, except for competition. (orig.) [German] Infolge der Massenmotorisierung in den 60er Jahren stieg die Umweltbelastung durch den Automobilverkehr stark an. Luftverschmutzung durch Kraftfahrzeuge wurde erstmalig als latente Gefahr fuer die Gesundheit von Mensch, Tier und Pflanze wahrgenommen. Dies charakterisierte den Beginn der Umweltpolitik im Automobilsektor. Bis 1985 verabschiedete die Europaeische Union (EU) mehrere Rahmenrichtlinien zur Reduktion der Luftschadstoffe CO, CxHy und NOx. 1971 war Deutschland das erste europaeische Land, das Gesetze zur Reduktion des Bleigehalts in Benzin erliess. Vor dem Hintergrund der Diskussion um die Gefahr des Waldsterbens wurde seit 1985 nicht nur in Deutschland, sondern ab 1986 auch in einigen anderen Laendern der EU bleifreies Benzin angeboten. Mit zeitlicher Verzoegerung fuehrten diese gesetzlichen Massnahmen zur Reduktion der Bleikonzentrationen in verschiedenen Umweltmedien, wie z.B. in der Atmosphaere oder auch im Menschen. Oekonomische Auswirkungen hatte die Bleireduktion im Benzin in Deutschland vor allem auf die Mineraloel- und Automobilindustrie. Dabei war die Preisentwicklung fuer bleifreies Benzin durch steuerliche Anreize stark beeinflusst, die nicht nur den Handel, sondern auch die Autofahrer beguenstigte. Im Automobilsektor profitierten vorwiegend die Hersteller, die bereits durch Exporte auf den US-Markt Erfahrungen mit abgasarmen Techniken, wie z.B. dem Katalysator, gesammelt hatten. Abgesehen vom Wettbewerb, hatte die Bleigesetzgebung jedoch keinen Einfluss auf volkswirtschaftliche Indikatoren. (orig.)}
place = {Germany}
year = {1999}
month = {Jul}
}
title = {Historical review of European gasoline lead content regulations and their impact on German industrial markets}
author = {Hagner, C}
abstractNote = {Environmental protection policies in the automobile market were not implemented until the motorisation of the masses in the 1960s caused an increasing environmental burden. The rising air pollution was considered a latent danger for humans, animals and plants. In the years up to 1985 the EU passed several regulations to limit the mass pollutants CO, CxHy and NOx. Germany was the first EU-member nation to also be concerned with lead in gasoline, passing reduction regulations as early as in 1971. In 1986, several EU-member nations implemented the supply of unleaded gasoline. This decision was predominantly based on information about widespread forest damage. The reduction of lead emissions due to these regulations could be verified in different environmental systems. An example of this was the decline of atmospheric lead concentrations and human blood lead levels in Germany. The German mineral oil and automobile markets were also affected. The price trend of unleaded fuel was heavily influenced by tax incentives which benefited not only the gasoline traders but also the consumers. With regard to the distribution system, the market positions particularly of the medium-sized traders and the independent importers were weakened. In the automobile market, favourable terms of competition were experienced by producers who had already gained experience with catalyst systems in the U.S.-market. The gasoline lead content regulations had no effects on further economic indicators, except for competition. (orig.) [German] Infolge der Massenmotorisierung in den 60er Jahren stieg die Umweltbelastung durch den Automobilverkehr stark an. Luftverschmutzung durch Kraftfahrzeuge wurde erstmalig als latente Gefahr fuer die Gesundheit von Mensch, Tier und Pflanze wahrgenommen. Dies charakterisierte den Beginn der Umweltpolitik im Automobilsektor. Bis 1985 verabschiedete die Europaeische Union (EU) mehrere Rahmenrichtlinien zur Reduktion der Luftschadstoffe CO, CxHy und NOx. 1971 war Deutschland das erste europaeische Land, das Gesetze zur Reduktion des Bleigehalts in Benzin erliess. Vor dem Hintergrund der Diskussion um die Gefahr des Waldsterbens wurde seit 1985 nicht nur in Deutschland, sondern ab 1986 auch in einigen anderen Laendern der EU bleifreies Benzin angeboten. Mit zeitlicher Verzoegerung fuehrten diese gesetzlichen Massnahmen zur Reduktion der Bleikonzentrationen in verschiedenen Umweltmedien, wie z.B. in der Atmosphaere oder auch im Menschen. Oekonomische Auswirkungen hatte die Bleireduktion im Benzin in Deutschland vor allem auf die Mineraloel- und Automobilindustrie. Dabei war die Preisentwicklung fuer bleifreies Benzin durch steuerliche Anreize stark beeinflusst, die nicht nur den Handel, sondern auch die Autofahrer beguenstigte. Im Automobilsektor profitierten vorwiegend die Hersteller, die bereits durch Exporte auf den US-Markt Erfahrungen mit abgasarmen Techniken, wie z.B. dem Katalysator, gesammelt hatten. Abgesehen vom Wettbewerb, hatte die Bleigesetzgebung jedoch keinen Einfluss auf volkswirtschaftliche Indikatoren. (orig.)}
place = {Germany}
year = {1999}
month = {Jul}
}