Abstract
In this study an integrated analysis is presented on the cost-effectiveness of energy options for the medium to long term in the Netherlands, including non-CO{sub 2} greenhouse gas emissions from the energy system, emissions of greenhouse gases which occur upstream in the energy chain both at production and at transport of fuels, and additional energy inputs to manufacture technologies (for renewables). The analysis was carried out using an integrated optimization model of the energy system (MARKAL) in a scenario for the time period 2000-2040. The warming impacts of emissions of different greenhouse gases were compared using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) concept. The uncertainties in emissions in the total fuel cycle and the uncertainties in GWPs were addressed and incorporated in the analysis. The cost-effectiveness was analyzed by applying various penalties to the CO{sub 2} equivalent emissions of greenhouse gases. It was observed that the effectiveness of several energy technologies is modestly sensitive for assumptions with respect to emissions of non-CO{sub 2} greenhouse gases. This sensitivity was mainly induced by the levels of both methane and upstream CO{sub 2} emissions in the fuel cycles of natural gas and coal. Including these emissions increases the cost-effectiveness of renewable technologies and decreases
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Citation Formats
Ybema, J R, and Okken, P A.
Full fuel chains and the basket of greenhouse gases. Integrated analysis of options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions related to energy use in the Netherlands.
Netherlands: N. p.,
1993.
Web.
Ybema, J R, & Okken, P A.
Full fuel chains and the basket of greenhouse gases. Integrated analysis of options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions related to energy use in the Netherlands.
Netherlands.
Ybema, J R, and Okken, P A.
1993.
"Full fuel chains and the basket of greenhouse gases. Integrated analysis of options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions related to energy use in the Netherlands."
Netherlands.
@misc{etde_10123765,
title = {Full fuel chains and the basket of greenhouse gases. Integrated analysis of options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions related to energy use in the Netherlands}
author = {Ybema, J R, and Okken, P A}
abstractNote = {In this study an integrated analysis is presented on the cost-effectiveness of energy options for the medium to long term in the Netherlands, including non-CO{sub 2} greenhouse gas emissions from the energy system, emissions of greenhouse gases which occur upstream in the energy chain both at production and at transport of fuels, and additional energy inputs to manufacture technologies (for renewables). The analysis was carried out using an integrated optimization model of the energy system (MARKAL) in a scenario for the time period 2000-2040. The warming impacts of emissions of different greenhouse gases were compared using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) concept. The uncertainties in emissions in the total fuel cycle and the uncertainties in GWPs were addressed and incorporated in the analysis. The cost-effectiveness was analyzed by applying various penalties to the CO{sub 2} equivalent emissions of greenhouse gases. It was observed that the effectiveness of several energy technologies is modestly sensitive for assumptions with respect to emissions of non-CO{sub 2} greenhouse gases. This sensitivity was mainly induced by the levels of both methane and upstream CO{sub 2} emissions in the fuel cycles of natural gas and coal. Including these emissions increases the cost-effectiveness of renewable technologies and decreases the cost-effectiveness of CO{sub 2} removal technologies. Together, upstream CO{sub 2} emissions and non-CO{sub 2} greenhouse gas emissions account to 10-15% of total energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. Methane emission reduction options appear to be relatively attractive, while indirect upstream emissions of CO{sub 2} appear difficult to abate. 26 figs., 12 tabs., 4 appendices, 64 refs.}
place = {Netherlands}
year = {1993}
month = {Dec}
}
title = {Full fuel chains and the basket of greenhouse gases. Integrated analysis of options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions related to energy use in the Netherlands}
author = {Ybema, J R, and Okken, P A}
abstractNote = {In this study an integrated analysis is presented on the cost-effectiveness of energy options for the medium to long term in the Netherlands, including non-CO{sub 2} greenhouse gas emissions from the energy system, emissions of greenhouse gases which occur upstream in the energy chain both at production and at transport of fuels, and additional energy inputs to manufacture technologies (for renewables). The analysis was carried out using an integrated optimization model of the energy system (MARKAL) in a scenario for the time period 2000-2040. The warming impacts of emissions of different greenhouse gases were compared using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) concept. The uncertainties in emissions in the total fuel cycle and the uncertainties in GWPs were addressed and incorporated in the analysis. The cost-effectiveness was analyzed by applying various penalties to the CO{sub 2} equivalent emissions of greenhouse gases. It was observed that the effectiveness of several energy technologies is modestly sensitive for assumptions with respect to emissions of non-CO{sub 2} greenhouse gases. This sensitivity was mainly induced by the levels of both methane and upstream CO{sub 2} emissions in the fuel cycles of natural gas and coal. Including these emissions increases the cost-effectiveness of renewable technologies and decreases the cost-effectiveness of CO{sub 2} removal technologies. Together, upstream CO{sub 2} emissions and non-CO{sub 2} greenhouse gas emissions account to 10-15% of total energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. Methane emission reduction options appear to be relatively attractive, while indirect upstream emissions of CO{sub 2} appear difficult to abate. 26 figs., 12 tabs., 4 appendices, 64 refs.}
place = {Netherlands}
year = {1993}
month = {Dec}
}