Abstract
The overall aim of the project has been to assess to which extent it is possible to reduce the emissions by adjusting the different engines examined and to determine the cost of the damage caused by emissions from natural gas combustion. However, only health and climate effects are included. The emissions of NO{sub x}, CO and UHC as well as the composition of the hydrocarbon emissions were measured for four different stationary lean-burn natural-gas fired engines installed at different combined heat and power (CHP) units in Denmark. The units were chosen to be representative of the natural gas fired engine-based power production in Denmark. The measurements showed that NO{sub x} emissions were relatively more sensitive to engine setting than UHC, CO and formaldehyde emissions. By reducing the NO{sub x} emissions to 40 % of the initial value (from 500 to 200 mg/m3(n) at 5 % O{sub 2}) the UHC emission was increased by 10 % to 50 % of the initial value. The electrical efficiency was reduced by 0.5 to 1.0 percentage point. Externalities in relation to power production are defined as the costs, which are not directly included in the price of the produced power. Health effects related to
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Citation Formats
Kvist, T.
Environmental optimisation of natural gas fired engines. Main report.
Denmark: N. p.,
2010.
Web.
Kvist, T.
Environmental optimisation of natural gas fired engines. Main report.
Denmark.
Kvist, T.
2010.
"Environmental optimisation of natural gas fired engines. Main report."
Denmark.
@misc{etde_1010717,
title = {Environmental optimisation of natural gas fired engines. Main report}
author = {Kvist, T}
abstractNote = {The overall aim of the project has been to assess to which extent it is possible to reduce the emissions by adjusting the different engines examined and to determine the cost of the damage caused by emissions from natural gas combustion. However, only health and climate effects are included. The emissions of NO{sub x}, CO and UHC as well as the composition of the hydrocarbon emissions were measured for four different stationary lean-burn natural-gas fired engines installed at different combined heat and power (CHP) units in Denmark. The units were chosen to be representative of the natural gas fired engine-based power production in Denmark. The measurements showed that NO{sub x} emissions were relatively more sensitive to engine setting than UHC, CO and formaldehyde emissions. By reducing the NO{sub x} emissions to 40 % of the initial value (from 500 to 200 mg/m3(n) at 5 % O{sub 2}) the UHC emission was increased by 10 % to 50 % of the initial value. The electrical efficiency was reduced by 0.5 to 1.0 percentage point. Externalities in relation to power production are defined as the costs, which are not directly included in the price of the produced power. Health effects related to air pollution from power plants fall under this definition and usually dominate the results on external costs. For determination of these effects the exposure of the population, the impact of the exposure and the societal costs accompanying the impacts have been evaluated. As expected, it was found that when the engines are adjusted in order to reduce NO{sub x} emissions, the emission of UHC increases and vice versa. It was found that at high NO{sub x} emission levels (500 mg/m3{sub n} at 5 % O{sub 2}) the external costs related to the NO{sub x} emissions are 15 to 25 times the costs related to UHC emissions. At low NO{sub x} emission levels (200 mg/m3{sub n} at 5 % O{sub 2}) the costs related to NO{sub x} are 5 to 8 times the costs related to UHC emissions. Apparently, the harmfulness of formaldehyde (HCHO) and CO are negligible compared to UHC and NO{sub x} emissions. It was found that the costs related to damage caused by NO{sub x} are more than 10,000 times higher than the costs related to CO emissions and more than 100,000 times higher than the costs related to formaldehyde emissions at all examined cases. Due to higher fuel consumption at low NO{sub x} conditions the balance price electricity where it becomes profitable to cover a heat demand by using engines instead of boilers might increase. That can lead to fewer hours of operation for engines. From a welfare economic point of view the low NO{sub x} operation conditions seem to be the best despite increased gas consumption and CO{sub 2} and CH{sub 4} emissions. The welfare economic value of the health effects more than compensates for the negative consequences. (LN)}
place = {Denmark}
year = {2010}
month = {Oct}
}
title = {Environmental optimisation of natural gas fired engines. Main report}
author = {Kvist, T}
abstractNote = {The overall aim of the project has been to assess to which extent it is possible to reduce the emissions by adjusting the different engines examined and to determine the cost of the damage caused by emissions from natural gas combustion. However, only health and climate effects are included. The emissions of NO{sub x}, CO and UHC as well as the composition of the hydrocarbon emissions were measured for four different stationary lean-burn natural-gas fired engines installed at different combined heat and power (CHP) units in Denmark. The units were chosen to be representative of the natural gas fired engine-based power production in Denmark. The measurements showed that NO{sub x} emissions were relatively more sensitive to engine setting than UHC, CO and formaldehyde emissions. By reducing the NO{sub x} emissions to 40 % of the initial value (from 500 to 200 mg/m3(n) at 5 % O{sub 2}) the UHC emission was increased by 10 % to 50 % of the initial value. The electrical efficiency was reduced by 0.5 to 1.0 percentage point. Externalities in relation to power production are defined as the costs, which are not directly included in the price of the produced power. Health effects related to air pollution from power plants fall under this definition and usually dominate the results on external costs. For determination of these effects the exposure of the population, the impact of the exposure and the societal costs accompanying the impacts have been evaluated. As expected, it was found that when the engines are adjusted in order to reduce NO{sub x} emissions, the emission of UHC increases and vice versa. It was found that at high NO{sub x} emission levels (500 mg/m3{sub n} at 5 % O{sub 2}) the external costs related to the NO{sub x} emissions are 15 to 25 times the costs related to UHC emissions. At low NO{sub x} emission levels (200 mg/m3{sub n} at 5 % O{sub 2}) the costs related to NO{sub x} are 5 to 8 times the costs related to UHC emissions. Apparently, the harmfulness of formaldehyde (HCHO) and CO are negligible compared to UHC and NO{sub x} emissions. It was found that the costs related to damage caused by NO{sub x} are more than 10,000 times higher than the costs related to CO emissions and more than 100,000 times higher than the costs related to formaldehyde emissions at all examined cases. Due to higher fuel consumption at low NO{sub x} conditions the balance price electricity where it becomes profitable to cover a heat demand by using engines instead of boilers might increase. That can lead to fewer hours of operation for engines. From a welfare economic point of view the low NO{sub x} operation conditions seem to be the best despite increased gas consumption and CO{sub 2} and CH{sub 4} emissions. The welfare economic value of the health effects more than compensates for the negative consequences. (LN)}
place = {Denmark}
year = {2010}
month = {Oct}
}