Hydrogen generation systems and methods utilizing sodium silicide and sodium silica gel materials

Title: Hydrogen generation systems and methods utilizing sodium silicide and sodium silica gel materials

Systems, devices, and methods combine thermally stable reactant materials and aqueous solutions to generate hydrogen and a non-toxic liquid by-product. The reactant materials can sodium silicide or sodium silica gel. The hydrogen generation devices are used in fuels cells and other industrial applications. One system combines cooling, pumping, water storage, and other devices to sense and control reactions between reactant materials and aqueous solutions to generate hydrogen. Springs and other pressurization mechanisms pressurize and deliver an aqueous solution to the reaction. A check valve and other pressure regulation mechanisms regulate the pressure of the aqueous solution delivered to the reactant fuel material in the reactor based upon characteristics of the pressurization mechanisms and can regulate the pressure of the delivered aqueous solution as a steady decay associated with the pressurization force. The pressure regulation mechanism can also prevent hydrogen gas from deflecting the pressure regulation mechanism.

Inventors:: Wallace, Andrew P.; Melack, John M.; Lefenfeld, Michael

Issue Date:: 2017-12-19

OSTI Identifier:: 1414413

Assignee:: Intelligent Energy Limited (Loughborough, GB) GFO

Patent Number(s):: 9,845,239

Application Number:: 14/789,880

Contract Number:: FG36-08GO88108

Resource Relation:: Patent File Date: 2015 Jul 01

Research Org:: Intelligent Energy Limited, Loughborough, GB (England)

Sponsoring Org:: USDOE

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 08 HYDROGEN; 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE

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Metal silicides as performance modifiers for glass compositions
patent, February 2001

Varanasi, Srikanth
US Patent Document 6,191,059
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Carbonyl iron silicide powder
patent, October 2001

Schlegel, Reinhold; Friedrich, Gabriele
US Patent Document 6,309,620
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Method for generation of hydrogen gas
patent, March 2002

Suda, Seijirau
US Patent Document 6,358,488
URL: http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F6358488

Porous aluminum oxide structures and processes for their production
patent, June 2002

Krell, Andreas; Buse, Frank; Ma, Hongwei
US Patent Document 6,399,528
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Process for producing alkenyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons
patent, June 2002

Yamamoto, Michio; Suzukamo, Gohfu
US Patent Document 6,403,852
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Method of making silicon clathrates
patent, July 2002

Gryko, Jan
US Patent Document 6,423,286
URL: http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F6423286

Mesoporous composite gels an aerogels
patent, December 2002

Rolison, Debra; Morris, Catherine; Anderson, Michelle
US Patent Document 6,492,014
URL: http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F6492014

A system for generating and consuming borohydride ions comprising two electrochemical cells. At least one of the cells is configured for installation on a vehicle that is propelled by electricity
patent, December 2002

Amendola, Steven
US Patent Document 6,497,973
URL: http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F6497973

System for hydrogen generation
patent, March 2003

Amendola, Steven; Binder, Michael; Sharp-Goldman, Stefanie
US Patent Document 6,534,033
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Portable chemical hydrogen hydride system
patent, April 2003

Hockaday, Robert; Turner, Patrick; DeJohn, Marc
US Patent Document 6,544,400
URL: http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F6544400

Process for producing 2-vinylcyclododecanone
patent, April 2003

Yamamoto, Kenichi; Yagi, Misao; Hagiwara, Toshimitsu
US Patent Document 6,548,711
URL: http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F6548711

Aldol condensation
patent, July 2003

Kelly, Gordon
US Patent Document 6,586,636
URL: http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F6586636

Aldol condensation reaction and catalyst therefor
patent, March 2004

Kelly, Gordon
US Patent Document 6,706,928
URL: http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F6706928

Mobile hydrogen generation and supply system
patent, June 2004

Cohen, Joseph; Copeman, Tama
US Patent Document 6,745,801
URL: http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F6745801

Compact solid source of hydrogen gas
patent, June 2004

Kravitz, Stanley; Hecht, Andrew; Sylwester, Alan
US Patent Document 6,746,496
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Accelerated hydrogen generation through reactive mixing of two or more fluids
patent, November 2004

Tsang, Joseph
US Patent Document 6,818,334
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Method of generating hydrogen by reaction of borohydrides and hydrates
patent, November 2004

Jorgensen, Scott
US Patent Document 6,821,499
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Hydrogen station loading control unit, vehicle onboard terminal unit, hydrogen station, method for controlling hydrogen station loading
patent, May 2005

Kami, Yozo
US Patent Document 6,901,302
URL: http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F6901302

Apparatus for delivering the power status data of a smart battery
patent, June 2005

Kuo, Hubert; Cho, Yu-Bin
US Patent Document 6,904,533
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Portable hydrogen generator
patent, August 2005

Amendola, Steven; Petillo, Phillip; Petillo, Stephen
US Patent Document 6,932,847
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Self-regulating hydrogen generator
patent, September 2005

Strizki, Michael; Shah, Shailesh
US Patent Document 6,939,529
URL: http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F6939529

Storage, generation, and use of hydrogen
patent, May 2006

McClaine, Andrew; Rolfe, Jonathan; Larsen, Christopher
US Patent Document 7,052,671
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Hydrogen generators for fuel cells
patent, July 2006

Rosenfeld, Oren; Goldstein, Jonathan
US Patent Document 7,074,509
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System for hydrogen generation
patent, August 2006

Mohring, Richard; Strizki, Michael
US Patent Document 7,083,657
URL: http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F7083657

Hydrogen gas generation system
patent, September 2006

Strizki, Michael; Mohring, Richard
US Patent Document 7,105,033
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Hydrogen storage compositions and methods of manufacture thereof
patent, October 2006

Zhao, Ji-Cheng; Lemmon, John
US Patent Document 7,115,244
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Silica gel compositions containing alkali metals and alkali metal alloys
patent, May 2007

Lefenfeld, Michael; Dye, James
US Patent Document 7,211,539
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Fuel cell power and management system, and technique for controlling and/or operating same
patent, September 2007

Dunn, Glenn; Getchel, Paul; MacGregor, Duncan
US Patent Document 7,271,567
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Materials for storage and release of hydrogen and methods for preparing and using same
patent, January 2008

Autrey, Thomas; Gutowska, Anna; Shin, Yongsoon
US Patent Document 7,316,788
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Apparatus, system, and method for generating hydrogen
patent, July 2008

Shurtleff, James
US Patent Document 7,393,369
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Silica gel compositions containing alkali metals and alkali metal alloys
patent, August 2008

Lefenfeld, Michael; Dye, James
US Patent Document 7,410,567
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Catalytic dehydrogenation of amine borane complexes
patent, August 2009

Mohajeri, Nahid; Tabatabaie-Raissi, Ali; Bokerman, Gary
US Patent Document 7,578,992
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System for generating electricity from a chemical hydride
patent, January 2010

Shurtleff, Kevin; Ladd, Eric; Patton, John
US Patent Document 7,648,786
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Silicide fueled power generators and methods related thereto
patent, March 2010

Eickhoff, Steven; Nielsen, David
US Patent Document 7,670,698
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Portable hydrogen source
patent, March 2010

Jones, Peter; Browning, Darren; Mepsted, Gary
US Patent Document 7,682,411
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Silicide compositions containing alkali metals and methods of making the same
patent, October 2010

Lefenfeld, Michael; Dye, James
US Patent Document 7,811,541
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Hydrogen-powered energy-producing device and system for continous production of hydrogen
patent-application, July 2002

Getty, John Paul; Woodward, Jonathan
US Patent Application 09/808507; 20020090539
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Hydrogen storage systems and fuel cell systems with hydrogen storage capacity
patent-application, September 2004

Eshraghi, Ray R.; Riley, Michael W.; Lin, Jung-Chou
US Patent Application \t10/767107; 20040191588
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Fuel cartridge with connecting valve
patent-application, February 2005

Adams, Paul; Curello, Andrew J.; Fairbanks, Floyd
US Patent Application 10/629006; 20050022883
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Silicide compositions containing alkali metals and methods of making the same
patent-application, January 2006

Lefenfeld, Michael; Dye, James L.
US Patent Application 11/151661; 20060002839
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Hydrogen generator cartridge
patent-application, March 2006

Shurtleff, James Kevin; Ladd, Eric J.; Brydon, Chris A.
US Patent Application \t11/270947; 20060059778
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Solid chemical hydride dispenser for generating hydrogen gas
patent-application, January 2007

Withers-Kirby, Sandra; Lund Jr., John R.; Fiebig, Brad
US Patent Application \t11/348282; 20070020172
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Cement dispersant and concrete composition contain the dispersant
patent-application, February 2007

Bandoh, Hirofumi; Danzinger, Wernher M.; Imamura, Jun
US Patent Application 10/556065; 20070039515
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Hydrogen Energy Systems
patent-application, February 2007

Bartel, Brian G.
US Patent Application 11/465707; 20070039815
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Low temperature hydrogen generator
patent-application, February 2007

Eickhoff, Steven J.; Wood, R. Andrew
US Patent Application 11/209591; 20070041897
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Fuel encapsulation
patent-application, June 2007

Eickhoff, Steven J.; Wood, Roland A.; Rezachek, Thomas M.
US Patent Application 11/295036; 20070124989
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Silicide fueled power generators and methods related thereto
patent-application, October 2007

Eickhoff, Steven J.; Nielsen, David W.
US Patent Application 11/726491; 20070237995
URL: http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070237995%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070237995&RS=DN/20070237995

In situ generation of hydrogen peroxide
patent-application, November 2007

Vanden Bussche, Kurt M.; Corradi, Jason T.; Oroskar, Anil R.
US Patent Application 11/440883; 20070272547
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APPARATUS, SYSTEM, AND METHOD FOR GENERATING ELECTRICITY FROM A CHEMICAL HYDRIDE
patent-application, January 2008

Shurtleff, Kevin; Ladd, Eric; Patton, John
US Patent Application \t11/829035; 20080026269
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Hydrogen Generator
patent-application, May 2008

Bae, In Tae; Drake, Javit A.; Gilicinski, Andrew G.
US Patent Application 11/970049; 20080102024
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CONTROL SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING A HYBRID PETROLEUM EXTRACTOR/POWER GENERATOR
patent-application, January 2009

Zubrin, Robert M.; Berggren, Mark H.; Bruinsma, Douwe
US Patent Application \t12/165568; 20090008089
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Fuel gas generation supply equipment
patent-application, February 2009

Kobayashi, Koji
US Patent Application 11/729069; 20090035624
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HYDROGEN GENERATION SYSTEMS UTILIZING SODIUM SILICIDE AND SODIUM SILICA GEL MATERIALS
patent-application, September 2010

Wallace, Andrew P.; Melack, John M.; Lefenfeld, Michael
US Patent Application \t12/750527; 20100247426
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SILICIDE COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING ALKALI METALS AND METHODS OF MAKING THE SAME
patent-application, December 2010

Lefenfeld, Michael; Dye, James L.
US Patent Application 12/854510; 20100316917
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Fuel Cell Cartridge
patent-application, August 2011

Barton, Russell; Zheng, Guanghong
US Patent Application 13/021798; 20110194992
URL: http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220110194992%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20110194992&RS=DN/20110194992

Hydrogen generator
patent-application, September 2011

Sarata, Takafumi; Yanase, Norimasa; Ozaki, Toru
US Patent Application 12/930740; 20110212373
URL: http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220110212373%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20110212373&RS=DN/20110212373

FUEL CELL SYSTEM TO POWER A PORTABLE COMPUTING DEVICE
patent-application, December 2011

Spare, Bradley L.; Iyer, Vijay M.
US Patent Application \t12/849558; 20110311895
URL: http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220110311895%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20110311895&RS=DN/20110311895

FUEL CELL SYSTEM COUPLED TO A PORTABLE COMPUTING DEVICE
patent-application, December 2011

Iyer, Vijay M.; Spare, Bradley L.
US Patent Application 13/096877; 20110313589
URL: http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220110313589%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20110313589&RS=DN/20110313589

NMR studies of Na atoms in silicon clathrate compounds
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Gryko, Jan; McMillan, Paul F.; Sankey, Otto F.
Physical Review B, Vol. 54, Issue 5, p. 3037-3039
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NMR and X-ray Spectroscopy of Sodium−Silicon Clathrates
journal, May 2001

He, Jiliang; Klug, Dennis D.; Uehara, Kentaro
The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 105, Issue 17, p. 3475-3485
DOI: 10.1021/jp010255e

Das Verhalten der Alkalimetalle zu Halbmetallen. XI. Die Kristallstruktur von NaSi und NaGe
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Witte, J.; Schnering, H. G.; Klemm, W.
Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, Vol. 327, Issue 3-4, p. 260-273
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Geometric and electronic structures of silicon–sodium binary clusters. I. Ionization energy of Si_nNa_m
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Kishi, Reiko; Iwata, Suehiro; Nakajima, Atsushi
The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 107, Issue 8, p. 3056-3070
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NMR Study of the Synthesis of Alkyl-Terminated Silicon Nanoparticles from the Reaction of SiCl₄ with the Zintl Salt, NaSi
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Mayeri, Daniel; Phillips, Brian L.; Augustine, Matthew P.
Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 13, Issue 3, p. 765-770
DOI: 10.1021/cm000418w

Pseudopotential calculations on alkali silicide clusters with Si₂ and tetrahedral Si₄ backbones
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Savin, A.; Vogel, K.; Preuss, H.
Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 110, Issue 2, p. 373-375
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