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Title: In-Situ Observations of Sigma Phase Dissolution in 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Using Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction

Abstract

Synchrotron radiation was used to directly observe the transformation of ferrite, austenite and sigma phases during heating and cooling of 2205 duplex stainless steel. Sigma formed during the initial stages of heating, dissolved as the temperature was increased, and reformed on cooling. The dissolution temperature of sigma was measured to be 985 2.8 C at a heating rate of 0.25 C/s, and the kinetics of sigma formation at 850 Cwas determined to be slower after dissolving at 1000 C than before.

Authors:
 [1];  [1];  [2]
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)
  2. ORNL
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC)
OSTI Identifier:
962983
DOE Contract Number:
DE-AC05-00OR22725
Resource Type:
Journal Article
Resource Relation:
Journal Name: Materials Science and Engineering A; Journal Volume: 459; Journal Issue: 1-2
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS; 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; AUSTENITE; DISSOLUTION; FERRITE; HEATING; HEATING RATE; KINETICS; STAINLESS STEELS; SYNCHROTRON RADIATION; SYNCHROTRONS; TRANSFORMATIONS; X-RAY DIFFRACTION

Citation Formats

Elmer, J. W., Palmer, T. A., and Specht, Eliot D. In-Situ Observations of Sigma Phase Dissolution in 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Using Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction. United States: N. p., 2007. Web. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2007.01.071.
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Elmer, J. W., Palmer, T. A., & Specht, Eliot D. In-Situ Observations of Sigma Phase Dissolution in 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Using Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction. United States. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2007.01.071.
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Elmer, J. W., Palmer, T. A., and Specht, Eliot D. Mon . "In-Situ Observations of Sigma Phase Dissolution in 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Using Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction". United States. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2007.01.071.
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@article{osti_962983,
title = {In-Situ Observations of Sigma Phase Dissolution in 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Using Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction},
author = {Elmer, J. W. and Palmer, T. A. and Specht, Eliot D},
abstractNote = {Synchrotron radiation was used to directly observe the transformation of ferrite, austenite and sigma phases during heating and cooling of 2205 duplex stainless steel. Sigma formed during the initial stages of heating, dissolved as the temperature was increased, and reformed on cooling. The dissolution temperature of sigma was measured to be 985 2.8 C at a heating rate of 0.25 C/s, and the kinetics of sigma formation at 850 Cwas determined to be slower after dissolving at 1000 C than before.},
doi = {10.1016/j.msea.2007.01.071},
journal = {Materials Science and Engineering A},
number = 1-2,
volume = 459,
place = {United States},
year = {Mon Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 2007},
month = {Mon Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 2007}
}
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Journal Article:
DOI:  10.1016/j.msea.2007.01.071
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  • ; ; - Materials Science and Engineering A, n/a, n/a, November 30, 1999, n/a
    Synchrotron radiation was used to directly observe the transformation of ferrite, austenite and sigma phases during heating and cooling of 2205 duplex stainless steel. Sigma formed during the initial stages of heating, dissolved as the temperature was increased, and reformed on cooling. The dissolution temperature of sigma was measured to be 985 C {+-} 2.8 C at a heating rate of 0.25 C/s, and the kinetics of sigma formation at 850 C was determined to be slower after dissolving at 1000 C than before.

  • ; ; - Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A
    The formation and growth of sigma ( ) phase in 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) was observed and measured in real time using synchrotron radiation during 10 hour isothermal heat treatments at temperatures between 700 C and 850 C. Sigma formed in near-equilibrium quantities during the isothermal holds, starting from a microstructure which contained a balanced mixture of metastable ferrite and austenite. In-situ synchrotron diffraction continuously monitored the transformation, and these results were compared to those predicted by thermodynamic calculations. The data were further analyzed using a modified Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogrov (JMAK) approach to determine kinetic parameters for sigma formation over thismore » temperature range. The initial JMAK exponent, n, at low fractions of sigma was found to be approximately 7.0; however, toward the end of the transformation, n decreased to values of approximately 0.75. The change in the JMAK exponent was attributed to a change in the transformation mechanism from discontinuous precipitation with increasing nucleation rate, to growth of the existing sigma phase after nucleation site saturation occurred. Because of this change in mechanism, it was not possible to determine reliable values for the activation energy and pre-exponential terms for the JMAK equation. While cooling back to room temperature, the partial transformation of austenite resulted in a substantial increase in the ferrite content, but sigma retained its high-temperature value to room temperature.« less

  • ; ; - Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 38A, no. 3, March 1, 2007, pp. 464-475
    The formation and growth of sigma phase in 2205 duplex stainless steel was observed and measured in real time using synchrotron radiation during 10 hr isothermal heat treatments at temperatures between 700 C and 850 C. Sigma formed in near-equilibrium quantities during the isothermal holds, starting from a microstructure which contained a balanced mixture of metastable ferrite and austenite. In situ synchrotron diffraction continuously monitored the transformation, and these results were compared to those predicted by thermodynamic calculations. Differences between the calculated and measured amounts of sigma, ferrite and austenite suggest that the thermodynamic calculations underpredict the sigma dissolution temperaturemore » by approximately 50 C. The data were further analyzed using a modified Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) approach to determine kinetic parameters for sigma formation over this temperature range. The initial JMA exponent, n, at low fractions of sigma was found to be approximately 7.0, however, towards the end of the transformation, n decreased to values of approximately 0.75. The change in the JMA exponent was attributed to a change in the transformation mechanism from discontinuous precipitation with increasing nucleation rate, to growth of the existing sigma phase after nucleation site saturation occurred. Because of this change in mechanism, it was not possible to determine reliable values for the activation energy and pre-exponential terms for the JMA equation. While cooling back to room temperature, the partial transformation of austenite resulted in a substantial increase in the ferrite content, but sigma retained its high temperature value to room temperature.« less

  • - Materials Science and Engineering
    No abstract prepared.

  • ; ; - Materials Science and Engineering A, vol. 374, no. 1-2, June 1, 2004, pp. 307-321
    Time Resolved X-Ray Diffraction (TRXRD) measurements are made in the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel (DSS) spot welds. Both the {gamma} {yields} {delta} and {delta} {yields} {gamma} transformations are monitored as a function of time during the rapid spot weld heating and cooling cycles. These observations are then correlated with calculated thermal cycles. Where the peak temperatures are highest ({approx}1342 C), the {gamma} {yields} {delta} transformation proceeds to completion, leaving a ferritic microstructure at the end of heating. With lower peak temperatures, the {gamma} {yields} {delta} transformation proceeds to only partial completion, resulting in a microstructuremore » containing both transformed and untransformed austenite. Further analyses of the individual diffraction patterns show shifts in the peak positions and peak widths as a function of both time and temperature. In addition, these changes in the peak characteristics are correlated with measured changes in the ferrite volume fraction. Such changes in the peak positions and widths during the {gamma} {yields} {delta} transformation provide an indication of changes occurring in each phase. These changes in peak properties can be correlated with the diffusion of nitrogen and other substitutional alloying elements, which are recognized as the primary mechanisms for this transformation. Upon cooling, the {delta} {yields} {gamma} transformation is observed to proceed from both the completely and partially transformed microstructural regions in the TRXRD data. An examination of the resulting microstructures confirms the TRXRD observation as the evidence shows that austenite both nucleates and grows from the ferritic microstructure at locations closest to the fusion zone boundary and grows from untransformed austenite grains at locations further from this boundary.« less