Ultrasonic Velocities in Unconsolidated Sand/Clay Mixtures at Low Pressures
Effective seismic interrogation of the near subsurface requires that measured parameters, such as compressional and shear velocities and attenuation, be related to important soil properties. Porosity, composition (clay content), fluid content and type are of particular interest. The ultrasonic (100-500 kHz) pulse transmission technique was used to collect data for highly attenuating materials appropriate to the vadose zone. Up to several meters of overburden were simulated by applying low uniaxial stress of 0 to about 0.1 MPa to the sample. The approach was to make baseline measurements for pure quartz sand, because the elastic properties are relatively well known except at the lowest pressures. Clay was added to modify the sample microstructure and ultrasonic measurements were made to characterize the effect of the admixed second phase. Samples were fabricated from Ottawa sand mixed with a swelling clay (Wyoming bentonite). The amount of clay added was 1 to 40% by mass. Compressional (P) velocities are low (228-483 m/s), comparable to the sound velocity in air. Shear (S) velocities are about half of the compressional velocity (120-298 m/s), but show different sensitivity to microstructure. Adding clay increases the shear amplitude dramatically with respect to P, and also changes the sensitivity of the velocities to load. These experiments demonstrate that P and S velocities are sensitive to the amount of clay added, even at low concentrations. Other properties of the transmitted signals including the ratio of S and P amplitudes, velocity gradient with depth, and the frequency content of transmitted pulses, provide additional information about the clay content. Direct observation of sand-clay microstructure indicated that the clay particles electrostatically cling to the sand grains but do not form a coating. Instead, in the dry mixture clay particles tended to bridge the gaps between grains, influencing how stresses were carried across grain contacts. Because of this tendency to bridge the gaps, small amounts of clay can have large effects on the wave propagation.
- Research Organization:
- Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
- Sponsoring Organization:
- USDOE Office of Defense Programs (DP) (US)
- DOE Contract Number:
- W-7405-Eng-48
- OSTI ID:
- 792605
- Report Number(s):
- UCRL-JC-135621; TRN: US200302%%86
- Resource Relation:
- Conference: American Geophysical Union 1999 Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA (US), 12/13/1999--12/17/1999; Other Information: PBD: 15 Oct 1999
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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