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Title: Dislocation substructures in high-energy-rate-forged and press-formed 21-6-9 stainless steel

Abstract

A Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) was used to establish that the substructure of press formed (PF) 21-6-9 stainless steel toroids was characterized by a dislocation cell size finer, about 0.16 ..mu..m, than that of about 0.29 ..mu..m, of high-energy-rate-formed (HERF) processed toroids. In addition, HERF processed material showed areas of a coarser, well-developed subgrain structure characteristic of hot work deformation. The formation of the substructures, as-well-as the grain size and carbide distributions of the toroids produced by the two processing techniques, are discussed in terms of the various operations, temperatures, and strain rates associated with the two different processing schedules. The Press-Formed toroid had a higher yield strength than the HERF processed toroid which was attributed to the finer cell size of the PF processed toroid.

Authors:
; ; ;
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Atomics International Div., Golden, CO (USA). Rocky Flats Plant
OSTI Identifier:
6535195
Report Number(s):
RFP-2743
TRN: 79-000253
DOE Contract Number:
EY-76-C-04-3533
Resource Type:
Technical Report
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; STAINLESS STEELS; COLD WORKING; HOT WORKING; AUSTENITIC STEELS; DISLOCATIONS; FORGING; GRAIN SIZE; MICROSTRUCTURE; ALLOYS; CHROMIUM ALLOYS; CORROSION RESISTANT ALLOYS; CRYSTAL DEFECTS; CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; FABRICATION; IRON ALLOYS; IRON BASE ALLOYS; LINE DEFECTS; MATERIALS WORKING; SIZE; STEELS; 360101* - Metals & Alloys- Preparation & Fabrication

Citation Formats

Sanderson, E.C., Brewer, A.W., Krenzer, R.W., and Krauss, G. Dislocation substructures in high-energy-rate-forged and press-formed 21-6-9 stainless steel. United States: N. p., 1978. Web. doi:10.2172/6535195.
Sanderson, E.C., Brewer, A.W., Krenzer, R.W., & Krauss, G. Dislocation substructures in high-energy-rate-forged and press-formed 21-6-9 stainless steel. United States. doi:10.2172/6535195.
Sanderson, E.C., Brewer, A.W., Krenzer, R.W., and Krauss, G. Mon . "Dislocation substructures in high-energy-rate-forged and press-formed 21-6-9 stainless steel". United States. doi:10.2172/6535195. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6535195.
@article{osti_6535195,
title = {Dislocation substructures in high-energy-rate-forged and press-formed 21-6-9 stainless steel},
author = {Sanderson, E.C. and Brewer, A.W. and Krenzer, R.W. and Krauss, G.},
abstractNote = {A Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) was used to establish that the substructure of press formed (PF) 21-6-9 stainless steel toroids was characterized by a dislocation cell size finer, about 0.16 ..mu..m, than that of about 0.29 ..mu..m, of high-energy-rate-formed (HERF) processed toroids. In addition, HERF processed material showed areas of a coarser, well-developed subgrain structure characteristic of hot work deformation. The formation of the substructures, as-well-as the grain size and carbide distributions of the toroids produced by the two processing techniques, are discussed in terms of the various operations, temperatures, and strain rates associated with the two different processing schedules. The Press-Formed toroid had a higher yield strength than the HERF processed toroid which was attributed to the finer cell size of the PF processed toroid.},
doi = {10.2172/6535195},
journal = {},
number = ,
volume = ,
place = {United States},
year = {Mon Jul 24 00:00:00 EDT 1978},
month = {Mon Jul 24 00:00:00 EDT 1978}
}

Technical Report:

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  • Two 304L and three Nitronic 40 (21-6-9) high energy rate processed forgings were studied to determine interrelationships that exist between forging history, mechanical properties, microstructure, macrostructure, and substructure. A striking observation is the wide variation in properties and structure between different forgings and also between different locations within an individual forging. Variations were related to either finishing temperature of the last forming stage or to the forming sequence. For example, lower finishing temperatures resulted in higher dislocation densities and therefore higher strengths. Higher finishing temperatures promoted dynamic recrystallization, lower dislocation densities, and lower strengths. With respect to forming sequence, locationsmore » in the forging which are formed first undergo a number of additional thermal cycles while the rest of the part is being formed. These areas are usually recrystallized and have lower dislocation densities.« less
  • Two 304L and three Nitronic 40 (21-6-9) high energy rate processed forgings were studied to determine interrelationships that exist between forging history, mechanical properties, microstructure, macrostructure, and substructure. A striking observation is the wide variation in properties and structure between different forgings and also between different locations within an individual forging. Variations were related to either finishing temperature of the last forming stage or to the forming sequence. For example, lower finishing temperatures resulted in higher dislocation densities and therefore higher strengths. Higher finishing temperatures promoted dynamic recrystallization, lower dislocation densities, and lower strengths. With respect to forming sequence, locationsmore » in the forging which are formed first undergo a number of additional thermal cycles while the rest of the part is being formed. These areas are usually recrystallized and have lower dislocation densities, and therefore lower strengths relative to locations formed later in the sequence.« less
  • High strength (100 ksi) High Energy-release Rate Forged (HERF) 304L stainless steel is being considered for future weapon components. The potential yield anisotropy of this HERF 304L stainless steel was investigated via biaxial loading experiments. Biaxial tensile tests with proportional loading were performed on thin-walled tubular specimens using internal pressure and axial load. Results of these tests revealed significant yield strength anisotropy in the forgings. As a consequence, traditional isotropic yield criteria, such as the von Mises or Tresca theories, were not representative of the forged strengths. Yield strengths in a biaxial stress state with a stress ratio sigma/sub theta//sigma/submore » z/ = 2 were 20% less than that calculated by the von Mises criteria and the axial yield strength. A stress ratio of sigma/sub theta//sigma/sub z/ = 2 is similar to the anticipated service-induced stress state for the forged component.« less
  • 316L stainless steel is a candidate material for construction of equipment that will be exposed to tritium. Proper design of the equipment will require an understanding of how tritium and its decay product helium affect mechanical properties. This memorandum describes results of rapid heating tensile testing of hydrogen-charged specimens of high-energy-rate-forged (HERF) 316L stainless steel. These results provide a data base for comparison with uncharged and tritium-charged-and-aged specimens to distinguish the effects of hydrogen and helium. Details of the experimental equipment and procedures and results for uncharged specimens were reported previously. 3 refs., 10 figs.
  • The yield strength of solution-annealed 21-6-9 austenitic stainless steel was determined over a wider temperature range (-195 to 1100/sup 0/C) than has been previously reported. The most noteworthy characteristic of the variation of yield stress with temperature was the dramatic decrease in yield strength from -195/sup 0/C to 300/sup 0/C. The strain-rate sensitivity exponent, N, was determined using strain-rate change tests. A plot of N vs temperature showed that n dramatically increased at about 850/sup 0/C and that N is approximately independent of strain (structure). 3 figures.