Soft Costs and EVSE - Knowledge Gaps As a Barrier to Successful Projects

Benoliel, Peter; Taylor, Margaret; Coburn, Timothy; Desai, Ranjit R.; Schey, Stephen; Gerdes, Mindy; Peng, Peng

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125749

Soft Costs and EVSE - Knowledge Gaps As a Barrier to Successful Projects

Journal Article · Sun Mar 23 00:00:00 UTC 2025 · Applied Energy

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125749· OSTI ID:2558981

Benoliel, Peter; Taylor, Margaret; Coburn, Timothy; ; Schey, Stephen; Gerdes, Mindy; Peng, Peng

There has been a recent push to increase access to electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure. The National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (NEVI) program, part of the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL) has made significant funding available for major charging infrastructure projects along state thruways, and many state and local incentives exist for EV owners to install chargers in their homes. However, deployment of these chargers has not kept up with demand, primarily due to issues in project planning, permitting processes, and unforeseen delays. This paper serves as a review of the current understanding of these and other non-hardware costs in EV charging infrastructure projects (collectively known as “soft costs”). We found that soft costs in EV charging infrastructure projects are not well understood. Specifically, there is little agreement on how soft costs should be categorized and tracked, and less agreement still on best practices for controlling these costs and lowering barriers to infrastructure deployment. A broader review of EV charging infrastructure cost analyses shows that these costs can have significant impacts on project outcomes. EV charging infrastructure projects may be able to examine the success of the solar industry in lowering soft costs, and a similar effort may lower project costs significantly. Further work on standardizing and collecting data on EV charging infrastructure costs is required to begin addressing and controlling these costs.

Research Organization:: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Office of Sustainable Transportation. Joint Office of Energy & Transportation (JOET)

DOE Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308;

OSTI ID:: 2558981

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA-5400-94361; MainId:96143; UUID:c5264b2d-00d1-4c41-b907-501142e80fd9; MainAdminId:76659

Journal Information:: Applied Energy, Journal Name: Applied Energy Vol. 389

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Where should electric vehicle users without home charging charge their vehicle? Jochem, Patrick; Gnann, Till; Anderson, John E. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 113 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2022.103526	journal	December 2022
Optimization of charging stations integrated with dynamic transportation systems in metropolises Wang, Yanxia; Zhao, Yuanyang; Gan, Shaojun Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 119 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2023.103726	journal	June 2023
A breakeven cost analysis framework for electric road systems Deshpande, Parth; de Saxe, Christopher; Ainalis, Daniel Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 122 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2023.103870	journal	September 2023
Learning-based demand-supply-coupled charging station location problem for electric vehicle demand management Song, Yang; Hu, Xianbiao Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 125 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2023.103975	journal	December 2023
Minimum cost path problem for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Arslan, Okan; Yıldız, Barış; Karaşan, Oya Ekin Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Vol. 80 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2015.05.011	journal	August 2015
A user-choice model for locating congested fast charging stations Yang, Woosuk Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Vol. 110 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2017.11.009	journal	February 2018
The battery charging station location problem: Impact of users’ range anxiety and distance convenience Guo, Fang; Yang, Jun; Lu, Jianyi Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Vol. 114 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2018.03.014	journal	June 2018
Modeling electric vehicle charging station expansion with an integration of renewable energy and Vehicle-to-Grid sources Quddus, Md Abdul; Kabli, Mohannad; Marufuzzaman, Mohammad Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Vol. 128 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2019.06.006	journal	August 2019
Optimal locations and electricity prices for dynamic wireless charging links of electric vehicles for sustainable transportation Liu, Haoxiang; Zou, Yuncheng; Chen, Ya Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Vol. 152 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.102187	journal	August 2021
Stochasticity and environmental cost inclusion for electric vehicles fast-charging facility deployment Tran, Cong Quoc; Keyvan-Ekbatani, Mehdi; Ngoduy, Dong Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Vol. 154 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2021.102460	journal	October 2021
Cost analysis of autonomous shuttle services as a complement to public transport de Séjournet, Alice; Rombaut, Evy; Vanhaverbeke, Lieselot Transportation Research Procedia, Vol. 72 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.723	journal	January 2023
Comparing the levelized cost of electric vehicle charging options in Europe Lanz, Lukas; Noll, Bessie; Schmidt, Tobias S. Nature Communications, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32835-7	journal	September 2022
A resilient battery electric bus transit system configuration Foda, Ahmed; Mohamed, Moataz; Farag, Hany Nature Communications, Vol. 14, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43924-6	journal	December 2023
Feedbacks among electric vehicle adoption, charging, and the cost and installation of rooftop solar photovoltaics Kaufmann, Robert. K.; Newberry, Derek; Xin, Chen Nature Energy, Vol. 6, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-00746-w	journal	January 2021
Design and analysis of a photovoltaic‐powered charging station for plug‐in hybrid electric vehicles in college campus No authors listed IET Electrical Systems in Transportation, Vol. 12, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1049/els2.12060	journal	November 2022
Cost-effective electric vehicle charging infrastructure siting for Delhi Sheppard, Colin J. R.; Gopal, Anand R.; Harris, Andrew Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/6/064010	journal	June 2016
Robust Charging Schedule for Autonomous Electric Vehicles With Uncertain Covariates Cao, Yongsheng; Wang, Yongquan IEEE Access, Vol. 9 https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3131163	journal	January 2021
Technical, Financial, and Environmental Feasibility Analysis of Photovoltaic EV Charging Stations With Energy Storage in China and the United States Sierra, Alonzo; Gercek, Cihan; Geurs, Karst IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 10, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2020.3019955	journal	November 2020
Coordinated charging station search in stochastic environments: A multiagent approach Guillet, Marianne; Schiffer, Maximilian Production and Operations Management, Vol. 32, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.13997	journal	August 2023
What Determines Soft Costs in Major Public Transit Fixed Guideway Projects? Antos, Justin D.; Peskin, Robert L.; Tomeh, Osama Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Vol. 2143, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3141/2143-03	journal	January 2010
Research on Configuration Methods of Battery Energy Storage System for Pure Electric Bus Fast Charging Station Yan, Yian; Wang, Huang; Jiang, Jiuchun Energies, Vol. 12, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030558	journal	February 2019
Influence of Battery Aging on the Operation of a Charging Infrastructure Andrenacci, Natascia; Di Monaco, Mauro; Tomasso, Giuseppe Energies, Vol. 15, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249588	journal	December 2022
A Cost-Oriented Optimal Model of Electric Vehicle Taxi Systems Liu, Xiang; Wang, Ning; Dong, Decun Sustainability, Vol. 10, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051557	journal	May 2018
Operating Charging Infrastructure in China to Achieve Sustainable Transportation: The Choice between Company-Owned and Franchised Structures Ma, Lin; Zhai, Yuefan; Wu, Tian Sustainability, Vol. 11, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061549	journal	March 2019
Multi-Objective Optimal Allocation of Wireless Bus Charging Stations Considering Costs and the Environmental Impact Nahum, Oren E.; Hadas, Yuval Sustainability, Vol. 12, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062318	journal	March 2020
Analysis of the State-Dependent Queueing Model and Its Application to Battery Swapping and Charging Stations Choi, Doo Il; Lim, Dae-Eun Sustainability, Vol. 12, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062343	journal	March 2020
Studying the Formation of the Charging Session Number at Public Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles Gorbunova, Anastasia; Anisimov, Ilya; Magaril, Elena Sustainability, Vol. 12, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145571	journal	July 2020
Machine Learning Based Vehicle to Grid Strategy for Improving the Energy Performance of Public Buildings Scott, Connor; Ahsan, Mominul; Albarbar, Alhussein Sustainability, Vol. 13, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.3390/su13074003	journal	April 2021
Feasibility Assessment of Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic-Biogas Generator Based Charging Station: A Case of Easy Bike and Auto Rickshaw Scenario in a Developing Nation Podder, Amit Kumer; Supti, Sayma Afroza; Islam, Sayemul Sustainability, Vol. 14, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010166	journal	December 2021
The Robustness of Battery Electric Bus Transit Networks under Charging Infrastructure Disruptions Abdelaty, Hatem; Foda, Ahmed; Mohamed, Moataz Sustainability, Vol. 15, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043642	journal	February 2023
An Electric Vehicle Charging Method Considering Multiple Power Exchange Modes’ Coordination Zeng, Long; Chen, Si-Zhe; Tang, Zebin Sustainability, Vol. 15, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310520	journal	July 2023
The Current State of Light-Duty Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment Costs: An Assessment of Contemporary Understanding Lyons, Torrey; Chu, Kang-Ching; Smart, John Sustainability, Vol. 15, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.3390/su152316373	journal	November 2023
Electrification of Motorway Network: A Methodological Approach to Define Location of Charging Infrastructure for EV Colombo, Cristian Giovanni; Borghetti, Fabio; Longo, Michela Sustainability, Vol. 15, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.3390/su152316429	journal	November 2023

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