Vivianite oxidation is not photocatalyzed

Liu, Winnie; Wang, Zheming; Bowden, Mark E.; Qafoku, Odeta; Rosso, Kevin M.

doi:10.1016/j.gca.2024.03.031

Vivianite oxidation is not photocatalyzed

Journal Article · 15 May 2024 · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2024.03.031· OSTI ID:2370115

Liu, Winnie ^[1]; ^[1]; Bowden, Mark E. ^[1]; Qafoku, Odeta ^[1]; ^[1]

BATTELLE (PACIFIC NW LAB)

Vivianite is a hydrous Fe2+ phosphate mineral found in anoxic environments that plays an integral role in P cycling and environmental biogeochemistry. Imbued in the vivianite literature dating as far back as 1918 is the notion that vivianite is light-sensitive and susceptible to rapid photooxidation induced entirely by solar light. However, despite an exhaustive search, to our knowledge this conventionally accepted assumption has never been directly tested, nor has the band gap ever been measured. Resolving this question of photochemical control of vivianite redox chemistry is important for performing and interpreting experiments involving vivianite reactivity with contaminants, and potentially iron and phosphate cycling in the photic zone of aquatic systems. The present study was specifically designed to add¬ress this question. Pure synthetic vivianite samples were irradiated in aqueous suspensions with a Xe lamp at conditions mimicking the solar spectrum and compared to dark controls. Particles stirred in anoxic suspensions for up to 66 days showed no detectable oxidation irrespective of light exposure, according to colorimetric Fe2+/Fe3+ assays, micro X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. In contrast, the same experiment performed using air-equilibrated suspensions showed systematic oxidation of up to ~80% mol% Fe(II) at 66 days, but again with no detectable light exposure effect. To test for UV reactivity, further experiments on vivianite powders under air versus N2 atmosphere were performed using a Hg lamp with a longpass filter. In contrast to oxidation in air where no effect of light was detected, after 24 hrs irradiation anoxically, 0.78% Fe was oxidized compared to dark controls, and after 13 days only an additional 0.3% Fe was oxidized. The band gap of pure vivianite was measured by the Tauc method to be 3.5 eV. Contrary to previous reports, solar light has minimal impact on the oxidation of pure vivianite, insignificant in particular when compared to its relatively fast oxidation by oxygen exposure. As such, light does not need to be excluded when running typical vivianite laboratory experiments. Long-term storage of natural vivianite in museums or private collections should continue protective measures given that a possible photocatalytic role of impurities cannot yet be ruled out. Nonetheless, at all depths in natural aquatic systems it appears that the primary abiotic control on the reactivity and half-life of vivianite particles should be the dissolved oxygen concentration, not light exposure.

Research Organization:: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

DOE Contract Number:: AC05-76RL01830

OSTI ID:: 2370115

Report Number(s):: PNNL-SA-186116

Journal Information:: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Journal Name: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Journal Issue: 2024 Vol. 373

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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