Observational signatures of planets in protoplanetary disks. I. Gaps opened by single and multiple young planets in disks
- Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States)
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 (United States)
- Astronomy Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 475 N. Charter St., Madison, WI 53706 (United States)
It has been suggested that the gaps and cavities recently discovered in transitional disks are opened by planets. To explore this scenario, we combine two-dimensional two fluid (gas + particle) hydrodynamical calculations with three-dimensional Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer simulations and study the observational signatures of gaps opened by one or several planets, making qualitative comparisons with observations. We find that a single planet as small as 0.2 M{sub J} can produce a deep gap at millimeter wavelengths and almost no features at near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths, while multiple planets can open up a few ×10 AU wide common gap at both wavelengths. Both the contrast ratio of the gaps and the wavelength dependence of the gap sizes are broadly consistent with data. We also confirm previous results that NIR gap sizes may be smaller than millimeter gap sizes due to dust–gas coupling and radiative transfer effects. When viewed at a moderate inclination angle, a physically circular on-centered gap could appear to be off-centered from the star due to shadowing. Planet-induced spiral arms are more apparent at NIR than at millimeter wavelengths. Overall, our results suggest that the planet-opening-gap scenario is a promising way to explain the origin of the transitional disks. Finally, inspired by the recent Atacama Large Millimeter Array release of the image of the HL Tau disk, we show that multiple narrow gaps, well separated by bright rings, can be opened by 0.2M{sub J} planets soon after their formation in a relatively massive disk.
- OSTI ID:
- 22879431
- Journal Information:
- Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 809, Issue 1; Other Information: Country of input: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); ISSN 0004-637X
- Country of Publication:
- United Kingdom
- Language:
- English
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Related Subjects
COSMOLOGY AND ASTRONOMY
CAVITIES
COMPARATIVE EVALUATIONS
COUPLING
DUSTS
FREQUENCY DEPENDENCE
IMAGES
INCLINATION
MATTER
MONTE CARLO METHOD
PLANETS
PROTOPLANETS
RADIANT HEAT TRANSFER
RINGS
SATELLITES
SIMULATION
STARS
THREE-DIMENSIONAL CALCULATIONS
TWO-DIMENSIONAL CALCULATIONS
WAVELENGTHS