Investigating the Origins of Two Extreme Solar Particle Events: Proton Source Profile and Associated Electromagnetic Emissions
- Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory/Oulu Unit, University of Oulu, P.O.B. 3000, Oulu FI-90014 (Finland)
- Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Piikkiö FI-21500 (Finland)
- Space Climate Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014 (Finland)
- The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, and NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD (United States)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747 (Korea, Republic of)
- Jeremiah Horrocks Institute, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE (United Kingdom)
- University of Southern California Space Sciences Center, 835 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles CA 90089 (United States)
- NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center, Boulder, CO 80305 (United States)
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon 305-348 (Korea, Republic of)
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel D-24118 (Germany)
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Fričova 258, Ondřejov 251 65 (Czech Republic)
- Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark NJ 07102-1982 (United States)
- Space Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014 (Finland)
We analyze the high-energy particle emission from the Sun in two extreme solar particle events in which protons are accelerated to relativistic energies and can cause a significant signal even in the ground-based particle detectors. Analysis of a relativistic proton event is based on modeling of the particle transport and interaction, from a near-Sun source through the solar wind and the Earth’s magnetosphere and atmosphere to a detector on the ground. This allows us to deduce the time profile of the proton source at the Sun and compare it with observed electromagnetic emissions. The 1998 May 2 event is associated with a flare and a coronal mass ejection (CME), which were well observed by the Nançay Radioheliograph, thus the images of the radio sources are available. For the 2003 November 2 event, the low corona images of the CME liftoff obtained at the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory are available. Those complementary data sets are analyzed jointly with the broadband dynamic radio spectra, EUV images, and other data available for both events. We find a common scenario for both eruptions, including the flare’s dual impulsive phase, the CME-launch-associated decimetric-continuum burst, and the late, low-frequency type III radio bursts at the time of the relativistic proton injection into the interplanetary medium. The analysis supports the idea that the two considered events start with emission of relativistic protons previously accelerated during the flare and CME launch, then trapped in large-scale magnetic loops and later released by the expanding CME.
- OSTI ID:
- 22663699
- Journal Information:
- Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 839, Issue 2; Other Information: Country of input: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); ISSN 0004-637X
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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