The cosmic evolution of Fermi BL Lacertae objects

Ajello, M.; Romani, R. W.; Shaw, M. S.; Healey, S. E.; Michelson, P. F.; Gasparrini, D.; Bolmer, J.; Cotter, G.; Potter, W. J.; Finke, J.; Greiner, J.; Rau, A.; Schady, P.; King, O.; Max-Moerbeck, W.; Readhead, A. C. S.

doi:10.1088/0004-637X/780/1/73

Title: The cosmic evolution of Fermi BL Lacertae objects

Journal Article · Wed Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 2014 · Astrophysical Journal

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/780/1/73· OSTI ID:22348288

Ajello, M. ^[1]; Romani, R. W.; Shaw, M. S.; Healey, S. E.; Michelson, P. F. ^[2]; Gasparrini, D. ^[3]; Bolmer, J. ^[4]; Cotter, G.; Potter, W. J. ^[5]; Finke, J. ^[6]; Greiner, J.; Rau, A.; Schady, P. ^[7]; King, O.; Max-Moerbeck, W.; Readhead, A. C. S.

Space Sciences Laboratory, 7 Gauss Way, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7450 (United States)
W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 (United States)
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati, Roma (Italy)
Physik Dept., Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str., 85748 Garching (Germany)
Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH (United Kingdom)
Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5352 (United States)
Max-Planck Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, D-85748 Garching (Germany)

Fermi has provided the largest sample of γ-ray-selected blazars to date. In this work we use a uniformly selected set of 211 BL Lacertae (BL Lac) objects detected by Fermi during its first year of operation. We obtained redshift constraints for 206 out of the 211 BL Lac objects in our sample, making it the largest and most complete sample of BL Lac objects available in the literature. We use this sample to determine the luminosity function of BL Lac objects and its evolution with cosmic time. We find that for most BL Lac classes the evolution is positive, with a space density peaking at modest redshift (z ≈ 1.2). Low-luminosity, high-synchrotron-peaked (HSP) BL Lac objects are an exception, showing strong negative evolution, with number density increasing for z ≲ 0.5. Since this rise corresponds to a drop-off in the density of flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), a possible interpretation is that these HSPs represent an accretion-starved end state of an earlier merger-driven gas-rich phase. We additionally find that the known BL Lac correlation between luminosity and photon spectral index persists after correction for the substantial observational selection effects with implications for the so-called 'blazar sequence'. Finally, by estimating the beaming corrections to the luminosity function, we find that BL Lac objects have an average Lorentz factor of γ=6.1{sub −0.8}{sup +1.1}, and that most are seen within 10° of the jet axis.

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OSTI ID:: 22348288

Journal Information:: Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 780, Issue 1; Other Information: Country of input: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); ISSN 0004-637X

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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NuSTAR Observations and Multiwavelength Modeling of the High-redshift BL Lacertae Object 4FGL J2146.5-1344 Rajagopal, M.; Marcotulli, L.; Ajello, M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 889, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab6226	journal	January 2020
Complementarity of Stacking and Multiplet Constraints on the Blazar Contribution to the Cumulative High-energy Neutrino Intensity Yuan, Chengchao; Murase, Kohta; Mészáros, Peter The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 890, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab65ea	journal	February 2020
Determining the Core Radio Luminosity Function of Radio AGNs via Copula Yuan, Zunli; Wang, Jiancheng; Worrall, D. M. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 239, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aaed3b	journal	December 2018
Identifying the 3FHL Catalog. III. Results of the CTIO-COSMOS Optical Spectroscopy Campaign Desai, A.; Marchesi, S.; Rajagopal, M. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 241, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab01fc	journal	February 2019
Two New Catalogs of Blazar Candidates in the WISE Infrared Sky D’Abrusco, Raffaele; Álvarez Crespo, Nuria; Massaro, Francesco The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 242, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab16f4	journal	May 2019
Supermassive Binaries in Quasars and BL Lac Objects: Electromagnetic and Gravitational Wave Emissions Cavaliere, A.; Tavani, M.; Munar-Adrover, P. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 875, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0e88	journal	April 2019
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Active galactic nuclei and the origin of IceCube's diffuse neutrino flux Hooper, Dan; Linden, Tim; Vieregg, Abby Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2019, Issue 02 https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2019/02/012	journal	February 2019
Pulsar timing constraints on the Fermi massive black hole binary blazar population Holgado, A. Miguel; Sesana, Alberto; Sandrinelli, Angela Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Vol. 481, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/sly158	journal	August 2018
Fermi-LAT Stacking Analysis Technique: An Application to Extreme Blazars and Prospects for their CTA Detection Paliya, Vaidehi Sharan; Domínguez, A.; Ajello, M. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2019-03436	text	January 2019
Investigation of Two Fermi -LAT Gamma-Ray Blazars Coincident with High-energy Neutrinos Detected by IceCube Garrappa, S.; Buson, S.; Franckowiak, A. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2019-03715	text	January 2019
A two-zone model for blazar emission: implications for TXS 0506+056 and the neutrino event IceCube-170922A Xue, Rui; Liu, Ruo-Yu; Petropoulou, Maria Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2020-00252	text	January 2019
Identifying the 3FHL Catalog. II. Results of the KOSMOS Optical Spectroscopy Campaign Marchesi, S.; Kaur, A.; Ajello, M. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 156, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aae201	journal	October 2018
General Physical Properties of CGRaBS Blazars Paliya, Vaidehi S.; Marcotulli, L.; Ajello, M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 851, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa98e1	journal	December 2017
Cascading Constraints from Neutrino-emitting Blazars: The Case of TXS 0506+056 Reimer, Anita; Böttcher, Markus; Buson, Sara The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 881, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab2bff	journal	August 2019
BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey. XVI. General Physical Characteristics of BAT Blazars Paliya, Vaidehi S.; Koss, M.; Trakhtenbrot, B. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 881, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab2f8b	journal	August 2019
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Constraints on decaying dark matter from the extragalactic gamma-ray background Ando, Shin'ichiro; Ishiwata, Koji Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2015, Issue 05 https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2015/05/024	journal	May 2015
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Open Questions in Cosmic-Ray Research at Ultrahigh Energies Alves Batista, Rafael; Biteau, Jonathan; Bustamante, Mauricio Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000098433	text	January 2019
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Determining the fraction of cosmic-ray protons at ultra-high energies with cosmogenic neutrinos Van Vliet, Arjen; Alves Batista, Rafael; Hörandel, Jörg R. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2019-02564	text	January 2019
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Diffuse Neutrino Intensity from the Inner Jets of Active Galactic Nuclei: Impacts of External Photon Fields and the Blazar Sequence Murase, Kohta; Inoue, Yoshiyuki; Dermer, Charles D. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1403.4089	text	January 2014
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The Origin of the Extragalactic Gamma-Ray Background and Implications for Dark-Matter Annihilation Ajello, M.; Gasparrini, D.; Sanchez-Conde, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1501.05301	text	January 2015
Limits on Dark Matter Annihilation Signals from the Fermi LAT 4-year Measurement of the Isotropic Gamma-Ray Background Collaboration, The Fermi LAT; Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1501.05464	text	January 2015
Dark matter searches in the gamma-ray extragalactic background via cross-correlations with galaxy catalogues Cuoco, Alessandro; Xia, Jun-Qing; Regis, Marco arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1506.01030	text	January 2015
Planck Lensing and Cosmic Infrared Background Cross-Correlation with Fermi-LAT: Tracing Dark Matter Signals in the Gamma-Ray Background Feng, Chang; Cooray, Asantha; Keating, Brian arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1608.04351	text	January 2016
General Physical Properties of CGRaBS Blazars Paliya, Vaidehi S.; Marcotulli, L.; Ajello, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1711.01292	text	January 2017
Toy model for the acceleration of blazar jets Liodakis, I. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1804.07772	text	January 2018
Interpretation of the diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux in terms of the blazar sequence Palladino, Andrea; Rodrigues, Xavier; Gao, Shan arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1806.04769	text	January 2018
Blazar Flares as an Origin of High-Energy Cosmic Neutrinos? Murase, Kohta; Oikonomou, Foteini; Petropoulou, Maria arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1807.04748	text	January 2018
Identifying the 3FHL catalog: I. Results of the KOSMOS optical spectroscopy campaign Marchesi, Stefano; Kaur, Amanpreet; Ajello, Marco arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1809.05486	text	January 2018
Blazar jets as the most efficient persistent engines Ghisellini, Gabriele arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1809.07323	preprint	January 2018
Angular power spectrum analysis on current and future high-energy neutrino data Dekker, Ariane; Ando, Shin'ichiro arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1811.02576	text	January 2018
Determining the fraction of cosmic-ray protons at ultra-high energies with cosmogenic neutrinos van Vliet, Arjen; Batista, Rafael Alves; Hörandel, Jörg R. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1901.01899	text	January 2019
Probing the Emission Mechanism and Magnetic Field of Neutrino Blazars with Multi-Wavelength Polarization Signatures Zhang, Haocheng; Fang, Ke; Li, Hui arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1903.01956	text	January 2019
{\it Fermi}-LAT Stacking Analysis Technique: An Application to Extreme Blazars and Prospects for their CTA Detection Paliya, Vaidehi S.; Dominguez, Alberto; Ajello, Marco arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1908.02496	text	January 2019

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Title: The cosmic evolution of Fermi BL Lacertae objects

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