Structural basis of HIV inhibition by L-nucleosides: Opportunities for drug development and repurpos

Ruiz, Francesc X.; Hoang, Anthony; Dilmore, Christopher R.; DeStefano, Jeffrey J.; Arnold, Eddy

doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2022.02.016

Structural basis of HIV inhibition by L-nucleosides: Opportunities for drug development and repurpos

Journal Article · 01 July 2022 · Drug Discov. Today

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2022.02.016· OSTI ID:1900781

Ruiz, Francesc X.; Hoang, Anthony; Dilmore, Christopher R.; DeStefano, Jeffrey J.; Arnold, Eddy

Research Organization:: Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Advanced Photon Source (APS)

Sponsoring Organization:: DOE - Office Of Science; National Institutes of Health (NIH)

OSTI ID:: 1900781

Journal Information:: Drug Discov. Today, Vol. 27, Issue (7)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: ENGLISH

References (70)

Viral reverse transcriptases Menéndez-Arias, Luis; Sebastián-Martín, Alba; Álvarez, Mar Virus Research, Vol. 234 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2016.12.019	journal	April 2017
Evolving understanding of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase structure, function, inhibition, and resistance Xavier RUIZ, Francesc; Arnold, Eddy Current Opinion in Structural Biology, Vol. 61 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2019.11.011	journal	April 2020
Structural features in common of HBV and HIV-1 resistance against chirally-distinct nucleoside analogues entecavir and lamivudine Yasutake, Yoshiaki; Hattori, Shin-ichiro; Tamura, Noriko Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59775-w	journal	February 2020
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and antiviral drug resistance. Part 1 Das, Kalyan; Arnold, Eddy Current Opinion in Virology, Vol. 3, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2013.03.012	journal	April 2013
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and antiviral drug resistance. Part 2 Das, Kalyan; Arnold, Eddy Current Opinion in Virology, Vol. 3, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2013.03.014	journal	April 2013
Structure and Function of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase: Molecular Mechanisms of Polymerization and Inhibition Sarafianos, Stefan G.; Marchand, Bruno; Das, Kalyan Journal of Molecular Biology, Vol. 385, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2008.10.071	journal	January 2009
Large-Scale Production and Structural and Biophysical Characterizations of the Human Hepatitis B Virus Polymerase Vörös, Judit; Urbanek, Annika; Rautureau, Gilles Jean Philippe Journal of Virology, Vol. 88, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02575-13	journal	March 2014
Molecular Modeling and Biochemical Characterization Reveal the Mechanism of Hepatitis B Virus Polymerase Resistance to Lamivudine (3TC) and Emtricitabine (FTC) Das, Kalyan; Xiong, Xiaofeng; Yang, Huiling Journal of Virology, Vol. 75, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.75.10.4771-4779.2001	journal	May 2001
Discovery and Development of the Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Drug, Emtricitabine (Emtriva, FTC) Liotta, Dennis C.; Painter, George R. Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 49, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00274	journal	October 2016
Activities of the four optical isomers of 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine (BCH-189) against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in human lymphocytes Schinazi, R. F.; Chu, C. K.; Peck, A. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Vol. 36, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.36.3.672	journal	March 1992
Selective inhibition of human immunodeficiency viruses by racemates and enantiomers of cis-5-fluoro-1-[2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl]cytosine. Schinazi, R. F.; McMillan, A.; Cannon, D. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Vol. 36, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.36.11.2423	journal	November 1992
Post-Catalytic Complexes with Emtricitabine or Stavudine and HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Reveal New Mechanistic Insights for Nucleotide Incorporation and Drug Resistance Bertoletti, Nicole; Chan, Albert H.; Schinazi, Raymond F. Molecules, Vol. 25, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204868	journal	October 2020
Structural insights into the recognition of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors by HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase: First crystal structures with reverse transcriptase and the active triphosphate forms of lamivudine and emtricitabine Bertoletti, Nicole; Chan, Albert H.; Schinazi, Raymond F. Protein Science https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.3681	journal	August 2019
Elucidating molecular interactions of L-nucleotides with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and mechanism of M184V-caused drug resistance Hung, Magdeleine; Tokarsky, E. John; Lagpacan, Leanna Communications Biology, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0706-x	journal	December 2019
King of the pills Cohen, Jon Science, Vol. 348, Issue 6235 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.348.6235.622	journal	May 2015
Nucleoside/nucleotide analog inhibitors of hepatitis B virus polymerase: mechanism of action and resistance Menéndez-Arias, Luis; Álvarez, Mar; Pacheco, Beatriz Current Opinion in Virology, Vol. 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2014.04.005	journal	October 2014
The Enantioselectivity of Enzymes Involved in Current Antiviral Therapy Using Nucleoside Analogues: A New Strategy? Maury, Georges Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1177/095632020001100301	journal	June 2000
The evolution of nucleoside analogue antivirals: A review for chemists and non-chemists. Part 1: Early structural modifications to the nucleoside scaffold Seley-Radtke, Katherine L.; Yates, Mary K. Antiviral Research, Vol. 154 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.04.004	journal	June 2018
Structural basis for the D-stereoselectivity of human DNA polymerase β Vyas, Rajan; Reed, Andrew J.; Raper, Austin T. Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 45, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkx252	journal	April 2017
Probing the structural and molecular basis of nucleotide selectivity by human mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ Sohl, Christal D.; Szymanski, Michal R.; Mislak, Andrea C. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 112, Issue 28 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421733112	journal	June 2015
Lamivudine (3TC) resistance in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase involves steric hindrance with beta -branched amino acids Sarafianos, S. G.; Das, K.; Clark, A. D. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 96, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.18.10027	journal	August 1999
Interactions of enantiomers of 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxy-fluorocytidine with wild type and M184V mutant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase Ray, A.; Murakami, E.; Peterson, C. Antiviral Research, Vol. 56, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-3542(02)00102-X	journal	December 2002
Structural Basis for the Role of the K65R Mutation in HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Polymerization, Excision Antagonism, and Tenofovir Resistance Das, Kalyan; Bandwar, Rajiv P.; White, Kirsten L. Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 284, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.022525	journal	October 2009
The Role of Nucleotide Excision by Reverse Transcriptase in HIV Drug Resistance Acosta-Hoyos, Antonio J.; Scott, Walter A. Viruses, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/v2020372	journal	January 2010
Nucleoside Analog Resistance Caused by Insertions in the Fingers of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Involves ATP-Mediated Excision Boyer, Paul L.; Sarafianos, Stefan G.; Arnold, Edward Journal of Virology, Vol. 76, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.76.18.9143-9151.2002	journal	September 2002
Thymidine Analogue Resistance Suppression by V75I of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Matamoros, Tania; Nevot, María; Martínez, Miguel Ángel Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 284, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.038885	journal	November 2009
HIV-1 with HBV-associated Q151M substitution in RT becomes highly susceptible to entecavir: structural insights into HBV-RT inhibition by entecavir Yasutake, Yoshiaki; Hattori, Shin-ichiro; Hayashi, Hironori Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19602-9	journal	January 2018
Active-site deformation in the structure of HIV-1 RT with HBV-associated septuple amino acid substitutions rationalizes the differential susceptibility of HIV-1 and HBV against 4ʹ-modified nucleoside RT inhibitors Yasutake, Yoshiaki; Hattori, Shin-ichiro; Tamura, Noriko Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Vol. 509, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.026	journal	February 2019
Conformational States of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase for Nucleotide Incorporation vs Pyrophosphorolysis—Binding of Foscarnet Das, Kalyan; Balzarini, Jan; Miller, Matthew T. ACS Chemical Biology, Vol. 11, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/acschembio.6b00187	journal	June 2016
Structure of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase bound to a novel 38-mer hairpin template-primer DNA aptamer: Structure of RT Bound to 38-Mer DNA Aptamer Miller, Matthew T.; Tuske, Steve; Das, Kalyan Protein Science, Vol. 25, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.2776	journal	September 2015
Structural Insights into HIV Reverse Transcriptase Mutations Q151M and Q151M Complex That Confer Multinucleoside Drug Resistance Das, Kalyan; Martinez, Sergio E.; Arnold, Eddy Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Vol. 61, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00224-17	journal	June 2017
Coupling Ribose Selection to Fidelity of DNA Synthesis Cases-González, Clara E.; Gutiérrez-Rivas, Mónica; Menéndez-Arias, Luis Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 275, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M910361199	journal	June 2000
Conferring RNA polymerase Activity to a DNA polymerase: A single residue in reverse transcriptase controls substrate selection Gao, G.; Orlova, M.; Georgiadis, M. M. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 94, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.2.407	journal	January 1997
Stereospecificity of human DNA polymerases α,β,γ,§ and ɛ, HIV-reverse transcriptase, HSV- DNA polymerase, calf thymus terminal transferase andEscherichia coliDNA polymerase I in recognizing D- and L-thymidine 5′-triphosphate as substrate Focher, F.; Maga, G.; Bendiscioli, A. Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 23, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/23.15.2840	journal	January 1995
Molecular basis for the enantioselectivity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: role of the 3'-hydroxyl group of the L-(beta)-ribose in chiral discrimination between D- and L-enantiomers of deoxy- and dideoxy-nucleoside triphosphate analogs Maga, G. Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 27, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/27.4.972	journal	February 1999
Stereoisomers of Deoxynucleoside 5′-Triphosphates as Substrates for Template-dependent and -independent DNA Polymerases Semizarov, Dmitry G.; Arzumanov, Andrey A.; Dyatkina, Natalya B. Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 272, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.14.9556	journal	April 1997
Chiral Discrimination of Enantiomeric 2′-Deoxythymidine 5′-Triphosphate by HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase and Eukaryotic DNA Polymerases Yamaguchi, T.; Iwanami, N.; Shudo, K. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Vol. 200, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1994.1552	journal	April 1994
Integrative structural biology studies of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase binding to a high-affinity DNA aptamer Tuske, Steve; Zheng, Jie; Olson, Erik D. Current Research in Structural Biology, Vol. 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crstbi.2020.06.002	journal	January 2020
Nucleotide-dependent conformational change governs specificity and analog discrimination by HIV reverse transcriptase Kellinger, Matthew W.; Johnson, Kenneth A. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 107, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0913946107	journal	April 2010
Structural basis of HIV inhibition by translocation-defective RT inhibitor 4′-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2′-deoxyadenosine (EFdA) Salie, Zhe Li; Kirby, Karen A.; Michailidis, Eleftherios Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 113, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605223113	journal	August 2016
The High Genetic Barrier of EFdA/MK-8591 Stems from Strong Interactions with the Active Site of Drug-Resistant HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Takamatsu, Yuki; Das, Debananda; Kohgo, Satoru Cell Chemical Biology, Vol. 25, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.07.014	journal	October 2018
The Nucleoside Analogs 4′C-Methyl Thymidine and 4′C-Ethyl Thymidine Block DNA Synthesis by Wild-type HIV-1 RT and Excision Proficient NRTI Resistant RT Variants Boyer, Paul L.; Julias, John G.; Ambrose, Zandrea Journal of Molecular Biology, Vol. 371, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2007.05.043	journal	August 2007
Synthesis of new 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-4′-azido nucleoside analogues as potent anti-HIV agents Wang, Qiang; Hu, Weidong; Wang, Shuyang European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 46, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.06.020	journal	September 2011
Effects of β-l-3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine 5′-triphosphate on host and viral DNA polymerases Faraj, Abdesslem; El Alaoui, Abdelaziz Moulay; Gosselin, Gilles Antiviral Research, Vol. 47, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-3542(00)00095-4	journal	August 2000
Antiviral l-Nucleosides Specific for Hepatitis B Virus Infection Bryant, Martin L.; Bridges, Edward G.; Placidi, Laurent Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Vol. 45, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.45.1.229-235.2001	journal	January 2001
Synthesis, antiviral activity, cytotoxicity and cellular pharmacology of l-3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxypurine nucleosides Zhang, Hong-wang; Detorio, Mervi; Herman, Brian D. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 46, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.05.051	journal	September 2011
Remdesivir is a direct-acting antiviral that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 with high potency Gordon, Calvin J.; Tchesnokov, Egor P.; Woolner, Emma Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 295, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.RA120.013679	journal	May 2020
Comparative host-coronavirus protein interaction networks reveal pan-viral disease mechanisms Gordon, David E.; Hiatt, Joseph; Bouhaddou, Mehdi Science, Vol. 370, Issue 6521 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe9403	journal	December 2020
Plitidepsin has potent preclinical efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 by targeting the host protein eEF1A White, Kris M.; Rosales, Romel; Yildiz, Soner Science, Vol. 371, Issue 6532 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf4058	journal	February 2021
Inhibiting DNA Polymerases as a Therapeutic Intervention against Cancer Berdis, Anthony J. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, Vol. 4 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2017.00078	journal	November 2017
Pre-Steady-State Kinetic Analysis of the Incorporation of Anti-HIV Nucleotide Analogs Catalyzed by Human X- and Y-Family DNA Polymerases Brown, Jessica A.; Pack, Lindsey R.; Fowler, Jason D. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Vol. 55, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01229-10	journal	November 2010
Exploiting the Nucleotide Substrate Specificity of Repair DNA Polymerases To Develop Novel Anticancer Agents Crespan, Emmanuele; Garbelli, Anna; Amoroso, Alessandra Molecules, Vol. 16, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16097994	journal	September 2011
Structural and kinetic insights into binding and incorporation of L-nucleotide analogs by a Y-family DNA polymerase Gaur, Vineet; Vyas, Rajan; Fowler, Jason D. Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 42, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gku709	journal	August 2014
Innate immune driven evolution via immunostimulatory RNA: Viruses that mimic hosts, tumors that mimic viruses Greenbaum, Benjamin D. Current Opinion in Systems Biology, Vol. 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coisb.2016.12.008	journal	February 2017
Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome Lander, Eric S.; Linton, Lauren M. Nature, Vol. 409, Issue 6822, p. 860-921 https://doi.org/10.1038/35057062	journal	February 2001
The Influence of LINE-1 and SINE Retrotransposons on Mammalian Genomes Richardson, Sandra R.; Doucet, Aurélien J.; Kopera, Huira C. Microbiology Spectrum, Vol. 3, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0061-2014	journal	April 2015
Silent pericentromeric repeats speak out Younger, Scott T.; Rinn, John L. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 112, Issue 49 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1520341112	journal	November 2015
Pericentromeric satellite repeat expansions through RNA-derived DNA intermediates in cancer Bersani, Francesca; Lee, Eunjung; Kharchenko, Peter V. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 112, Issue 49 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518008112	journal	November 2015
Phase II study of lamivudine in p53 mutant metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Parikh, Aparna Raj; Rajurkar, Mihir; Van Seventer, Emily E. Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol. 38, Issue 4_suppl https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2020.38.4_suppl.149	journal	February 2020
Telomerase and retrotransposons: Reverse transcriptases that shaped genomes Belfort, Marlene; Curcio, M. Joan; Lue, Neal F. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 108, Issue 51 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1100269109	journal	December 2011
Measuring and interpreting transposable element expression Lanciano, Sophie; Cristofari, Gael Nature Reviews Genetics, Vol. 21, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-020-0251-y	journal	June 2020
Synthesis and Characterization of Specific Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors for Mammalian LINE-1 Retrotransposons Banuelos-Sanchez, Guillermo; Sanchez, Laura; Benitez-Guijarro, Maria Cell Chemical Biology, Vol. 26, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.04.010	journal	August 2019
Inhibition of Telomerase Activity by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Nucleos(t)ide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: A Potential Factor Contributing to HIV-Associated Accelerated Aging Leeansyah, Edwin; Cameron, Paul U.; Solomon, Ajantha The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 207, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit006	journal	January 2013
Repurposing anti-inflammasome NRTIs for improving insulin sensitivity and reducing type 2 diabetes development Ambati, Jayakrishna; Magagnoli, Joseph; Leung, Hannah Nature Communications, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18528-z	journal	September 2020
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors possess intrinsic anti-inflammatory activity Fowler, Benjamin J.; Gelfand, Bradley D.; Kim, Younghee Science, Vol. 346, Issue 6212 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1261754	journal	November 2014
Cytoplasmic synthesis of endogenous Alu complementary DNA via reverse transcription and implications in age-related macular degeneration Fukuda, Shinichi; Varshney, Akhil; Fowler, Benjamin J. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 118, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022751118	journal	February 2021
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and Kamuvudines inhibit amyloid-β induced retinal pigmented epithelium degeneration Narendran, Siddharth; Pereira, Felipe; Yerramothu, Praveen Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00537-z	journal	April 2021
Lamivudine InhibitsAluRNA-induced Retinal Pigment Epithelium Degeneration via Anti-inflammatory and Anti-senescence Activities Yamada, Kazuhisa; Kaneko, Hiroki; Shimizu, Hideyuki Translational Vision Science & Technology, Vol. 9, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.9.8.1	journal	July 2020
Nucleotide Analogues as Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Polymerase, a Key Drug Target for COVID-19 Chien, Minchen; Anderson, Thomas K.; Jockusch, Steffen Journal of Proteome Research, Vol. 19, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00392	journal	July 2020
Compatibility and Fidelity of Mirror-Image Thymidine in Transcription Events by T7 RNA Polymerase Liu, Qingju; Ke, Yongqi; Kan, Yuhe Molecular Therapy - Nucleic Acids, Vol. 21 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omtn.2020.06.023	journal	September 2020

Similar Records

Structural basis for potent and broad inhibition of HIV-1 RT by thiophene[3,2-d]pyrimidine non-nucleoside inhibitors

Journal Article · 2018 · eLife · OSTI ID:1464808

Yang, Yang; Kang, Dongwei; Nguyen, Laura A.; +5 more

Structural basis of nucleoside and nucleoside drug selectivity by concentrative nucleoside transporters

Journal Article · 2015 · eLIFE J. · OSTI ID:1151867

Johnson, Zachary Lee; Lee, Jun-Ho; Lee, Kiyoun; +4 more

ROLES OF CONFORMATIONAL AND POSITIONAL ADAPTABILITY IN STRUCTURE-BASED DESIGN OF TMC125-R165335 (ETRAVIRINE)AND RELATED NON-NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS THAT ARE HIGHLY POTENT AND EFFECTIVE AGAINST WILD-TYPE AND DRUG-RESISTANT HIV-1 VARIANT

Journal Article · 2004 · BIOCHEMISTRY · OSTI ID:884348

DAS, K; CLARK, A; LEWI, P; +6 more

Structural basis of HIV inhibition by L-nucleosides: Opportunities for drug development and repurpos

Citation Formats

References (70)

Similar Records

Related Subjects