Energy flexibility of residential buildings: A systematic review of characterization and quantification methods and applications

Li, H; Wang, Z; Hong, T; Piette, MA

doi:10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100054

Energy flexibility of residential buildings: A systematic review of characterization and quantification methods and applications

Journal Article · 25 August 2021

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100054· OSTI ID:1869421

Li, H; Wang, Z; Hong, T; Piette, MA

With building electric demand becoming increasingly dynamic, and a growing percentage of intermittent renewable power generation from solar photovoltaics and wind turbines, the power grid is facing increasing challenge to manage the real time balance between the supply and demand. With advancements in smart sensing and metering, smart appliances, electric vehicles, and energy storage technologies, demand side management of residential buildings can help the grid to improve stability by optimizing flexible loads. This paper reviews recent studies on residential building demand side management, with a focus on characterization and quantification of energy flexibility covering various types of flexible loads, metrics, methods, and applications. The reviewed studies showed four levels of applications: building level (45%), district or community level (29%), system level (19%), and building sector level (7%). Shifting loads is the dominant flexibility type in 60% of applications, followed by shedding (19%), generation (16%), and modulating (6%). Depending on the technology and application scope, flexible operations have a wide range of performance, with peak power reductions of 1%~65%, energy savings up to 60%, operational cost reduction of 1%~48%, and greenhouse gas emission reductions of up to29%. More than half (51%) of the studies employed control strategies to achieve flexibility; among those 72% used optimal controls, while 28% used rule-based controls. About 58% of the studies used mathematical formulation to quantify energy flexibility. Most studies were based on simulation, while less than 15% of the studies had measurements from experiments or field tests. The review reveals research opportunities to address significant gaps in the existing literature: (1) establishing a common definition and performance metrics for energy flexibility of buildings that are technology and application agnostic, (2) developing an ontology to standardize representation of flexibility resources for interoperability, (3) integrating occupant impacts into the quantification and optimization of energy flexibility, and (4) developing requirements and credits of energy flexibility in building energy codes and standards. Findings from the review can inform future research and development of energy flexible buildings which are essential to a reliable and resilient power grid.

Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Energy Efficiency Office. Building Technologies Office

DOE Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 1869421

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Energy flexibility of domestic thermal loads – a building typology approach of the residential building stock in Austria Weiß, Tobias; Fulterer, Anna Maria; Knotzer, Armin Advances in Building Energy Research, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/17512549.2017.1420606	journal	December 2017
Development of a data driven approach to explore the energy flexibility potential of building clusters Wang, Andong; Li, Rongling; You, Shi Applied Energy, Vol. 232 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.187	journal	December 2018
Impact of Heat Pump Flexibility in a French Residential Eco-District Pajot, Camille; Delinchant, Benoit; Maréchal, Yves Buildings, Vol. 8, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8100145	journal	October 2018
Shifting air‐conditioner load in residential buildings: benefits for low‐carbon integrated power grids Ali, Syed Muhammad Hassan; Lenzen, Manfred; Huang, Jing IET Renewable Power Generation, Vol. 12, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2017.0859	journal	July 2018
Virtual energy storage capacity estimation using ANN‐based kWh modelling of refrigerators Kumar, Kandasamy Nandha; Vijayakumar, Krishnasamy; Kalpesh, Chaudhari IET Smart Grid, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-stg.2018.0001	journal	May 2018
Technical Potential of Buildings in Germany as Flexible Power-to-Heat Storage for Smart-Grid Operation Kohlhepp, Peter; Hagenmeyer, Veit Energy Technology, Vol. 5, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.201600655	journal	April 2017
Reduction of heat pump induced peak electricity use and required generation capacity through thermal energy storage and demand response Baeten, Brecht; Rogiers, Frederik; Helsen, Lieve Applied Energy, Vol. 195 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.03.055	journal	June 2017
Residential heat pump as flexible load for direct control service with parametrized duration and rebound effect Georges, Emeline; Cornélusse, Bertrand; Ernst, Damien Applied Energy, Vol. 187 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.11.012	journal	February 2017
Optimal Power Scheduling for a Cooperative Network of Smart Residential Buildings Ouammi, Ahmed IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2016.2525728	journal	July 2016
Optimal behavior of responsive residential demand considering hybrid phase change materials Shafie-khah, M.; Kheradmand, M.; Javadi, S. Applied Energy, Vol. 163 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.11.013	journal	February 2016
Optimal electrical and thermal energy management of a residential energy hub, integrating demand response and energy storage system Brahman, Faeze; Honarmand, Masoud; Jadid, Shahram Energy and Buildings, Vol. 90 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.12.039	journal	March 2015
Optimised Heat Pump Management for Increasing Photovoltaic Penetration into the Electricity Grid Sánchez, Cristian; Bloch, Lionel; Holweger, Jordan Energies, Vol. 12, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.3390/en12081571	journal	April 2019
A general methodology for optimal load management with distributed renewable energy generation and storage in residential housing Georges, E.; Braun, J. E.; Lemort, V. Journal of Building Performance Simulation, Vol. 10, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1080/19401493.2016.1211738	journal	July 2016
Optimizing the self-consumption of residential photovoltaic energy and quantification of the impact of production forecast uncertainties Amabile, Loris; Bresch-Pietri, Delphine; El Hajje, Gilbert Advances in Applied Energy, Vol. 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100020	journal	May 2021

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