Mass 47 clumped isotope signatures in modern lacustrine authigenic carbonates in Western China and other regions and implications for paleotemperature and paleoelevation reconstructions

Li, Huashu; Liu, Xingqi; Arnold, Alexandrea; Elliott, Ben; Flores, Randy; Kelley, Anne Marie; Tripati, Aradhna

doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116840

Mass 47 clumped isotope signatures in modern lacustrine authigenic carbonates in Western China and other regions and implications for paleotemperature and paleoelevation reconstructions

Journal Article · 01 May 2021 · Earth and Planetary Science Letters

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116840· OSTI ID:1851340

Li, Huashu; Liu, Xingqi; ; Elliott, Ben; Flores, Randy; Kelley, Anne Marie; Tripati, Aradhna

Not provided.

Research Organization:: Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

DOE Contract Number:: SC0010288

OSTI ID:: 1851340

Journal Information:: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 562, Issue C; ISSN 0012-821X

Publisher:: Elsevier

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (75)

HIBAL: a hydrologic-isotopic-balance model for application to paleolake systems Benson, Larry; Paillet, Fred Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 21, Issue 12-13 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00094-4	journal	July 2002
Reducing Uncertainties in Carbonate Clumped Isotope Analysis Through Consistent Carbonate-Based Standardization Bernasconi, Stefano M.; Müller, Inigo A.; Bergmann, Kristin D. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, Vol. 19, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1029/2017GC007385	journal	September 2018
Calibration of the dolomite clumped isotope thermometer from 25 to 350 °C, and implications for a universal calibration for all (Ca, Mg, Fe)CO3 carbonates Bonifacie, Magali; Calmels, Damien; Eiler, John M. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 200 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.11.028	journal	March 2017
Correction for the 17O interference in δ(13C) measurements when analyzing CO2 with stable isotope mass spectrometry (IUPAC Technical Report) Brand, Willi A.; Assonov, Sergey S.; Coplen, Tyler B. Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 82, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REP-09-01-05	journal	May 2010
Absolute isotopic abundance ratios and the accuracy of Δ47 measurements Daëron, M.; Blamart, D.; Peral, M. Chemical Geology, Vol. 442 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.08.014	journal	November 2016
Most Earth-surface calcites precipitate out of isotopic equilibrium Daëron, M.; Drysdale, R. N.; Peral, M. Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08336-5	journal	January 2019
The clumped (13C18O) isotope composition of echinoid calcite: Further evidence for “vital effects” in the clumped isotope proxy Davies, Amelia J.; John, Cédric M. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 245 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.07.038	journal	January 2019
Analytical effects on clumped isotope thermometry: Comparison of a common sample set analyzed using multiple instruments, types of standards, and standardization windows Defliese, William F.; Tripati, Aradhna Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 34, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.8666	journal	February 2020
Compositional and temperature effects of phosphoric acid fractionation on Δ47 analysis and implications for discrepant calibrations Defliese, William F.; Hren, Michael T.; Lohmann, Kyger C. Chemical Geology, Vol. 396 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.12.018	journal	March 2015
Defining an absolute reference frame for ‘clumped’ isotope studies of CO2 Dennis, Kate J.; Affek, Hagit P.; Passey, Benjamin H. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 75, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.09.025	journal	November 2011
The influence of temperature and seawater carbonate saturation state on ¹³ C– ¹⁸ O bond ordering in bivalve mollusks Eagle, R. A.; Eiler, J. M.; Tripati, A. K. Biogeosciences, Vol. 10, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4591-2013	journal	January 2013
Body temperatures of modern and extinct vertebrates from 13C-18O bond abundances in bioapatite Eagle, R. A.; Schauble, E. A.; Tripati, A. K. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 107, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0911115107	journal	May 2010
High regional climate sensitivity over continental China constrained by glacial-recent changes in temperature and the hydrological cycle Eagle, R. A.; Risi, C.; Mitchell, J. L. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 110, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1213366110	journal	May 2013
“Clumped-isotope” geochemistry—The study of naturally-occurring, multiply-substituted isotopologues Eiler, John M. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 262, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.08.020	journal	October 2007
A Reassessment of the Precision of Carbonate Clumped Isotope Measurements: Implications for Calibrations and Paleoclimate Reconstructions: PRECISION OF CARBONATE CLUMPED ISOTOPES Fernandez, Alvaro; Müller, Inigo A.; Rodríguez-Sanz, Laura Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, Vol. 18, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GC007106	journal	December 2017
Holocene climate change in Newfoundland reconstructed using oxygen isotope analysis of lake sediment cores Finkenbinder, Matthew S.; Abbott, Mark B.; Steinman, Byron A. Global and Planetary Change, Vol. 143 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.06.014	journal	August 2016
Dramatic local environmental change during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum detected using high resolution chemical analyses of Green River Formation stromatolites Frantz, Carie M.; Petryshyn, Victoria A.; Marenco, Pedro J. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Vol. 405 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.04.001	journal	July 2014
13C–18O bonds in carbonate minerals: A new kind of paleothermometer Ghosh, Prosenjit; Adkins, Jess; Affek, Hagit Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 70, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2005.11.014	journal	March 2006
Rapid Uplift of the Altiplano Revealed Through 13C-18O Bonds in Paleosol Carbonates Ghosh, P. Science, Vol. 311, Issue 5760 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1119365	journal	January 2006
Regional scaling of annual mean precipitation and water availability with global temperature change Greve, Peter; Gudmundsson, Lukas; Seneviratne, Sonia I. Earth System Dynamics, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-227-2018	journal	January 2018
Isotopic fractionations associated with phosphoric acid digestion of carbonate minerals: Insights from first-principles theoretical modeling and clumped isotope measurements Guo, Weifu; Mosenfelder, Jed L.; Goddard, William A. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 73, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.05.071	journal	December 2009
Kinetic effects during the experimental transition of aragonite to calcite in aqueous solution: Insights from clumped and oxygen isotope signatures Guo, Yangrui; Deng, Wenfeng; Wei, Gangjian Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 248 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.01.012	journal	March 2019
Temperature limits for preservation of primary calcite clumped isotope paleotemperatures Henkes, Gregory A.; Passey, Benjamin H.; Grossman, Ethan L. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 139 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.04.040	journal	August 2014
Theoretical constraints on the effects of pH, salinity, and temperature on clumped isotope signatures of dissolved inorganic carbon species and precipitating carbonate minerals Hill, Pamela S.; Tripati, Aradhna K.; Schauble, Edwin A. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 125 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.06.018	journal	January 2014
Theoretical constraints on the effects of added cations on clumped, oxygen, and carbon isotope signatures of dissolved inorganic carbon species and minerals Hill, Pamela S.; Schauble, Edwin A.; Tripati, Aradhna Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 269 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.10.016	journal	January 2020
Evaporation induced 18O and 13C enrichment in lake systems: A global perspective on hydrologic balance effects Horton, Travis W.; Defliese, William F.; Tripati, Aradhna K. Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 131 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.06.030	journal	January 2016
Calibration of the clumped isotope geothermometer in soil carbonate in Wyoming and Nebraska, USA: Implications for paleoelevation and paleoclimate reconstruction Hough, Brian G.; Fan, Majie; Passey, Benjamin H. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 391 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.01.008	journal	April 2014
Temporal variations in lake water temperature: Paleoenvironmental implications of lake carbonate δ18O and temperature records Hren, Michael T.; Sheldon, Nathan D. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 337-338 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.05.019	journal	July 2012
Stable C, O and clumped isotope systematics and 14C geochronology of carbonates from the Quaternary Chewaucan closed-basin lake system, Great Basin, USA: Implications for paleoenvironmental reconstructions using carbonates Hudson, Adam M.; Quade, Jay; Ali, Guleed Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 212 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.06.024	journal	September 2017
Influence of climate change and uplift on Colorado Plateau paleotemperatures from carbonate clumped isotope thermometry: COLORADO PLATEAU CARBONATES Huntington, K. W.; Wernicke, B. P.; Eiler, J. M. Tectonics, Vol. 29, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1029/2009TC002449	journal	May 2010
Carbonate clumped isotope thermometry in continental tectonics Huntington, Katharine W.; Lechler, Alex R. Tectonophysics, Vol. 647-648 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.02.019	journal	April 2015
High late Miocene–Pliocene elevation of the Zhada Basin, southwestern Tibetan Plateau, from carbonate clumped isotope thermometry Huntington, Katharine W.; Saylor, Joel; Quade, Jay Geological Society of America Bulletin, Vol. 127, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1130/B31000.1	journal	August 2014
Were fossil spring-associated carbonates near Zaca Lake, Santa Barbara, California deposited under an ambient or thermal regime? Ibarra, Yadira; Corsetti, Frank A.; Cheetham, Michael I. Sedimentary Geology, Vol. 301 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2013.12.005	journal	March 2014
Community software for challenging isotope analysis: First applications of ‘Easotope’ to clumped isotopes: Community software for challenging isotope analysis John, Cédric M.; Bowen, Devon Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 30, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.7720	journal	September 2016
A modeling approach for calcium carbonate precipitation in a hypersaline environment: A case study from a shallow, alkaline lake Karami, Fereshteh; Balci, Nurgul; Guven, Basak Ecological Complexity, Vol. 39 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2019.100774	journal	August 2019
Temperature dependence of oxygen- and clumped isotope fractionation in carbonates: A study of travertines and tufas in the 6–95°C temperature range Kele, Sándor; Breitenbach, Sebastian F. M.; Capezzuoli, Enrico Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 168 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.06.032	journal	November 2015
Toward a universal carbonate clumped isotope calibration: Diverse synthesis and preparatory methods suggest a single temperature relationship Kelson, Julia R.; Huntington, Katharine W.; Schauer, Andrew J. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 197 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.10.010	journal	January 2017
Equilibrium and nonequilibrium oxygen isotope effects in synthetic carbonates Kim, Sang-Tae; O'Neil, James R. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 61, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00169-5	journal	August 1997
Phosphoric acid fractionation factors for calcite and aragonite between 25 and 75 °C: Revisited Kim, Sang-Tae; Mucci, Alfonso; Taylor, Bruce E. Chemical Geology, Vol. 246, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.08.005	journal	December 2007
Palaeoclimate interpretation of stable isotope data from lake sediment archives Leng, Melanie J.; Marshall, Jim D. Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 23, Issue 7-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.06.012	journal	April 2004
Reevaluation of carbonate concentration and oxygen isotope records from Lake Qinghai, the northeastern Tibetan Plateau Liu, Weiguo; Zhang, Pengjia; Zhao, Cheng Quaternary International, Vol. 482 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.03.038	journal	July 2018
Evolution of Chaka Salt Lake in NW China in response to climatic change during the Latest Pleistocene–Holocene Xingqi, Liu; Dong, Hailiang; Rech, Jason A. Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 27, Issue 7-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.12.006	journal	April 2008
China’s lakes at present: Number, area and spatial distribution Ma, RongHua; Yang, GuiShan; Duan, HongTao Science China Earth Sciences, Vol. 54, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-010-4052-6	journal	October 2010
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test for Goodness of Fit Massey, Frank J. Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 46, Issue 253 https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1951.10500769	journal	March 1951
On the Isotopic Chemistry of Carbonates and a Paleotemperature Scale McCrea, J. M. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1747785	journal	June 1950
A robust calibration of the clumped isotopes to temperature relationship for foraminifers Meinicke, N.; Ho, S. L.; Hannisdal, B. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 270 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.11.022	journal	February 2020
A Review of Paleotemperature Lapse Rate Methods for Estimating Paleoelevation from Fossil Floras Meyer, H. W. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Vol. 66, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2007.66.6	journal	October 2007
Dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater as a function of salinity and temperature Millero, Frank J.; Graham, Taylor B.; Huang, Fen Marine Chemistry, Vol. 100, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2005.12.001	journal	June 2006
Calibration of the oxygen and clumped isotope thermometers for (proto-)dolomite based on synthetic and natural carbonates Müller, Inigo A.; Rodriguez-Blanco, Juan D.; Storck, Julian-Christopher Chemical Geology, Vol. 525 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.07.014	journal	October 2019
Modeling the Measurement: Δ ₄₇ , Corrections, and Absolute Ratios for Reference Materials Olack, Gerard; Colman, Albert S. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, Vol. 20, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GC008166	journal	July 2019
Carbonate clumped isotope bond reordering and geospeedometry Passey, Benjamin H.; Henkes, Gregory A. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 351-352 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.07.021	journal	October 2012
Effects of Improved ¹⁷ O Correction on Interlaboratory Agreement in Clumped Isotope Calibrations, Estimates of Mineral‐Specific Offsets, and Temperature Dependence of Acid Digestion Fractionation Petersen, S. V.; Defliese, W. F.; Saenger, C. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GC008127	journal	July 2019
Reconstruction of limnology and microbialite formation conditions from carbonate clumped isotope thermometry Petryshyn, V. A.; Lim, D.; Laval, B. L. Geobiology, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/gbi.12121	journal	December 2014
Stromatolites in Walker Lake (Nevada, Great Basin, USA) record climate and lake level changes ~ 35,000 years ago Petryshyn, Victoria A.; Juarez Rivera, Marisol; Agić, Heda Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Vol. 451 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.02.054	journal	June 2016
Clumped isotope constraints on changes in latest Pleistocene hydroclimate in the northwestern Great Basin: Lake Surprise, California Santi, L. M.; Arnold, A. J.; Ibarra, D. E. GSA Bulletin, Vol. 132, Issue 11-12 https://doi.org/10.1130/B35484.1	journal	May 2020
The kinetics of solid-state isotope-exchange reactions for clumped isotopes: A study of inorganic calcites and apatites from natural and experimental samples Stolper, D. A.; Eiler, J. M. American Journal of Science, Vol. 315, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.2475/05.2015.01	journal	May 2015
An oxygen isotope record from Lake Xiarinur in Inner Mongolia since the last deglaciation and its implication for tropical monsoon change Sun, Qing; Chu, Guoqiang; Xie, Manman Global and Planetary Change, Vol. 163 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.01.017	journal	April 2018
Isotopic behavior during the aragonite-calcite transition: Implications for sample preparation and proxy interpretation Staudigel, Philip T.; Swart, Peter K. Chemical Geology, Vol. 442 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.09.013	journal	November 2016
Evaluation of kinetic effects on clumped isotope fractionation (Δ47) during inorganic calcite precipitation Tang, Jianwu; Dietzel, Martin; Fernandez, Alvaro Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 134 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.03.005	journal	June 2014
Carbonate clumped isotope thermometry of deep-sea corals and implications for vital effects Thiagarajan, Nivedita; Adkins, Jess; Eiler, John Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 75, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.05.004	journal	August 2011
13C–18O isotope signatures and ‘clumped isotope’ thermometry in foraminifera and coccoliths Tripati, Aradhna K.; Eagle, Robert A.; Thiagarajan, Nivedita Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 74, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.07.006	journal	October 2010
Beyond temperature: Clumped isotope signatures in dissolved inorganic carbon species and the influence of solution chemistry on carbonate mineral composition Tripati, Aradhna K.; Hill, Pamela S.; Eagle, Robert A. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 166 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.06.021	journal	October 2015
Clumped isotope paleotemperatures from MIS 5 soil carbonates in southern Hungary Újvári, Gábor; Kele, Sándor; Bernasconi, Stefano M. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Vol. 518 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.01.002	journal	March 2019
The thermodynamic properties of isotopic substances Urey, Harold C. Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed) https://doi.org/10.1039/jr9470000562	journal	January 1947
A process-based model for non-equilibrium clumped isotope effects in carbonates Watkins, J. M.; Hunt, J. D. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 432 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.09.042	journal	December 2015
Biological and ecological features of saline lakes in northern Tibet, China Wen, Zhao; Mian-ping, Zheng; Xian-zhong, Xu Hydrobiologia, Vol. 541, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-004-5707-0	journal	June 2005
Late Quaternary water depth changes in Hala Lake, northeastern Tibetan Plateau, derived from ostracod assemblages and sediment properties in multiple sediment records Yan, Dada; Wünnemann, Bernd Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 95 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.04.030	journal	July 2014
Sensitivity of lacustrine stromatolites to Cenozoic tectonic and climatic forcing in the southern Junggar Basin, NW China: New insights from mineralogical, stable and clumped isotope compositions Yang, Wei; Zuo, Rusi; Wang, Xu Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Vol. 514 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.10.011	journal	January 2019
Quaternary environmental changes in the drylands of China – A critical review Yang, Xiaoping; Scuderi, Louis; Paillou, Philippe Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 30, Issue 23-24 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.08.009	journal	November 2011
Paleo-environmental implication of clumped isotopes in land snail shells Zaarur, Shikma; Olack, Gerard; Affek, Hagit P. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 75, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.08.044	journal	November 2011
Differential transport and preservation of the instars of Limnocythere inopinata (Crustacea, Ostracoda) in three large brackish lakes in northern China Zhai, Dayou; Xiao, Jule; Fan, Jiawei Hydrobiologia, Vol. 747, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-014-2118-8	journal	November 2014
Clumped isotopes in land snail shells over China: Towards establishing a biogenic carbonate paleothermometer Zhai, Jixuan; Wang, Xu; Qin, Ben Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 257 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.04.028	journal	July 2019
Estimating surface temperature changes of lakes in the Tibetan Plateau using MODIS LST data: WST over the TP Zhang, Guoqing; Yao, Tandong; Xie, Hongjie Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 119, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021615	journal	July 2014
Developing inorganic carbon-based radiocarbon chronologies for Holocene lake sediments in arid NW China Zhang, Jiawu; Ma, Xueyang; Qiang, Mingrui Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 144 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.05.034	journal	July 2016
The discovery of annually laminated sediments (varves) from shallow Sugan Lake in inland arid China and their paleoclimatic significance Zhou, AiFeng; Chen, FaHu; Qiang, MingRui Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, Vol. 50, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-007-0081-1	journal	August 2007

Similar Records

Mass 47 clumped isotope signatures in modern lacustrine authigenic carbonates in Western China and other regions and implications for paleotemperature and paleoelevation reconstructions

Journal Article · 2021 · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · OSTI ID:2283615

Li, Huashu; Liu, Xingqi; Arnold, Alexandrea; +4 more

Factors controlling the oxygen isotopic composition of lacustrine authigenic carbonates in Western China: implications for paleoclimate reconstructions

Journal Article · 2020 · Scientific Reports · OSTI ID:1669166

Li, Huashu; Liu, Xingqi; Tripati, Aradhna; +5 more

Related Subjects

Geochemistry & Geophysics

Mass 47 clumped isotope signatures in modern lacustrine authigenic carbonates in Western China and other regions and implications for paleotemperature and paleoelevation reconstructions

Citation Formats

References (75)

Similar Records

Related Subjects