Swift-XRT Follow-up of Gravitational-wave Triggers in the Second Advanced LIGO/Virgo Observing Run

Klingler, N. J.; Kennea, J. A.; Evans, P. A.; Tohuvavohu, A.; Cenko, S. B.; Barthelmy, S. D.; Beardmore, A. P.; Breeveld, A. A.; Brown, P. J.; Burrows, D. N.; Campana, S.; Cusumano, G.; D’Aì, A.; D’Avanzo, P.; D’Elia, V.; de Pasquale, M.; Emery, S. K.; Garcia, J.; Giommi, P.; Gronwall, C.; Hartmann, D. H.; Krimm, H. A.; Kuin, N. M.; Lien, A.; Malesani, D. B.; Marshall, F. E.; Melandri, A.; Nousek, J. A.; Oates, S. R.; O’Brien, P. T.; Osborne, J. P.; Page, K. L.; Palmer, D. M.; Perri, M.; Racusin, J. L.; Siegel, M. H.; Sakamoto, T.; Sbarufatti, B.; Tagliaferri, G.; Troja, E.

doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ab4ea2

Title: Swift-XRT Follow-up of Gravitational-wave Triggers in the Second Advanced LIGO/Virgo Observing Run

Journal Article · Fri Nov 15 00:00:00 EST 2019 · The Astrophysical Journal. Supplement Series (Online)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab4ea2· OSTI ID:1784697

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Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States)
Univ. of Leicester (United Kingdom)
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States); Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States)
Univ. College London, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking (United Kingdom). Mullard Space Science Laboratory
Texas A & M Univ., College Station, TX (United States)
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) - sservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Merate (Italy)
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) - IASF Palermo (Italy)
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Merate (Italy)
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monteporzio Cantone (Italy); Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Rome (Italy). Space Science Data Center (SSDC)
Istanbul Univ. (Turkey)
California Institute of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States). Cahill Center for Astronomy and Physics
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Rome (Italy). Space Science Data Center (SSDC)
Clemson Univ., SC (United States)
National Science Foundation (NSF), Alexandria, VA (United States)
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States). Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST); Univ. of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD (United States)
Univ. of Copenhagen (Denmark). The Niels Bohr Inst.; Technical Univ. of Denmark, Lyngby (Denmark)
Univ. of Warwick, Coventry (United Kingdom)
Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Rome (Italy). Space Science Data Center (SSDC); Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monteporzio Cantone (Italy)
Aoyama Gakuin Univ., Sagamihara, Kanagawa (Japan)

The Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory carried out prompt searches for gravitational-wave (GW) events detected by the LIGO/Virgo Collaboration (LVC) during the second observing run ("O2"). Swift performed extensive tiling of eight LVC triggers, two of which had very low false-alarm rates (GW170814 and the epochal GW170817), indicating a high confidence of being astrophysical in origin; the latter was the first GW event to have an electromagnetic counterpart detected. In this paper we describe the follow-up performed during O2 and the results of our searches. No GW electromagnetic counterparts were detected; this result is expected, as GW170817 remained the only astrophysical event containing at least one neutron star after LVC's later retraction of some events. A number of X-ray sources were detected, with the majority of identified sources being active galactic nuclei. We discuss the detection rate of transient X-ray sources and their implications in the O2 tiling searches. Finally, we describe the lessons learned during O2 and how these are being used to improve the Swift follow-up of GW events. In particular, we simulate a population of gamma-ray burst afterglows to evaluate our source ranking system's ability to differentiate them from unrelated and uncataloged X-ray sources. We find that ≈60%–70% of afterglows whose jets are oriented toward Earth will be given high rank (i.e., "interesting" designation) by the completion of our second follow-up phase (assuming that their location in the sky was observed), but that this fraction can be increased to nearly 100% by performing a third follow-up observation of sources exhibiting fading behavior.

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Research Organization:: Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Grant/Contract Number:: 89233218CNA000001

OSTI ID:: 1784697

Report Number(s):: LA-UR-19-28734; TRN: US2210212

Journal Information:: The Astrophysical Journal. Supplement Series (Online), Vol. 245, Issue 1; ISSN 1538-4365

Publisher:: American Astronomical Society/IOPCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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