From Defects to Degradation: A Mechanistic Understanding of Degradation in Perovskite Solar Cell Devices and Modules

Dunfield, Sean P.; Bliss, Lyle; Zhang, Fei; Luther, Joseph M.; Zhu, Kai; Hest, Maikel M.; Reese, Matthew O.; Berry, Joseph J.

doi:10.1002/aenm.201904054

Title: From Defects to Degradation: A Mechanistic Understanding of Degradation in Perovskite Solar Cell Devices and Modules

Abstract

Metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have risen in efficiency from just 3.81% in 2009 to over 25.2% today. While metal halide perovskites have excelled in efficiency, advances in stability are significantly more complex and have progressed more slowly. The advance of efficiency, which is readily measured, over stability, which can require literally thousands of hours to demonstrate, is to be expected given the rapid rate of innovation in the field. In the face of changing absorber composition, synthetic approaches, and device stack components it is necessary to understand basic material properties to rationalize how to enable stability in devices. In this article the aim is to present an in-depth review of the current understanding of metal halide perovskite devices and module stability by focusing on what is known retarding intrinsic and extrinsic degradation mechanisms at the material, device, and module level. Once these considerations are presented the discussion then moves to connecting different degradation mechanisms to stresses anticipated in operation and how they can impact efficiency of cells and ultimately modules over time.

Authors:

^[1];

^[1]; Zhang, Fei ^[2];

^[2];

^[1]

Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States); National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Inst.
National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Inst.

Publication Date:: Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 EST 2020

Research Org.:: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)

OSTI Identifier:: 1660077

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1602311

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA-5K00-75929
Journal ID: ISSN 1614-6832; MainId:7055;UUID:ec0b4d58-e23e-ea11-9c2f-ac162d87dfe5;MainAdminID:14056

Grant/Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308; FOA‐0000990; DE‐AC36‐08GO28308; DE‐FOA‐0000990

Resource Type:: Journal Article: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Advanced Energy Materials

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 10; Journal Issue: 26; Journal ID: ISSN 1614-6832

Publisher:: Wiley

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; perovskite defects; perovskite degradations; perovskite stabilities; perovskites

Citation Formats


                    Dunfield, Sean P., Bliss, Lyle, Zhang, Fei, Luther, Joseph M., Zhu, Kai, Hest, Maikel M., Reese, Matthew O., and Berry, Joseph J. From Defects to Degradation: A Mechanistic Understanding of Degradation in Perovskite Solar Cell Devices and Modules.  United States: N. p., 2020. 
        Web.  doi:10.1002/aenm.201904054.

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                    Dunfield, Sean P., Bliss, Lyle, Zhang, Fei, Luther, Joseph M., Zhu, Kai, Hest, Maikel M., Reese, Matthew O., & Berry, Joseph J. From Defects to Degradation: A Mechanistic Understanding of Degradation in Perovskite Solar Cell Devices and Modules.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201904054

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                    Dunfield, Sean P., Bliss, Lyle, Zhang, Fei, Luther, Joseph M., Zhu, Kai, Hest, Maikel M., Reese, Matthew O., and Berry, Joseph J. 2020.  
        "From Defects to Degradation: A Mechanistic Understanding of Degradation in Perovskite Solar Cell Devices and Modules".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201904054.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1660077.

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@article{osti_1660077,

  title        = {From Defects to Degradation: A Mechanistic Understanding of Degradation in Perovskite Solar Cell Devices and Modules},

  author       = {Dunfield, Sean P. and Bliss, Lyle and Zhang, Fei and Luther, Joseph M. and Zhu, Kai and Hest, Maikel M. and Reese, Matthew O. and Berry, Joseph J.},

  abstractNote = {Metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have risen in efficiency from just 3.81% in 2009 to over 25.2% today. While metal halide perovskites have excelled in efficiency, advances in stability are significantly more complex and have progressed more slowly. The advance of efficiency, which is readily measured, over stability, which can require literally thousands of hours to demonstrate, is to be expected given the rapid rate of innovation in the field. In the face of changing absorber composition, synthetic approaches, and device stack components it is necessary to understand basic material properties to rationalize how to enable stability in devices. In this article the aim is to present an in-depth review of the current understanding of metal halide perovskite devices and module stability by focusing on what is known retarding intrinsic and extrinsic degradation mechanisms at the material, device, and module level. Once these considerations are presented the discussion then moves to connecting different degradation mechanisms to stresses anticipated in operation and how they can impact efficiency of cells and ultimately modules over time.},

  doi          = {10.1002/aenm.201904054},

  url          = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1660077},
  journal      = {Advanced Energy Materials},

  issn         = {1614-6832},

  number       = 26,

  volume       = 10,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 EST 2020},

  month        = {Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 EST 2020}

}

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Title: From Defects to Degradation: A Mechanistic Understanding of Degradation in Perovskite Solar Cell Devices and Modules

Abstract

Citation Formats

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Perovskite Photovoltaics: The Path to a Printable Terawatt-Scale Technology journal, October 2017

Stability in Perovskite Photovoltaics: A Paradigm for Newfangled Technologies journal, August 2018

Consensus stability testing protocols for organic photovoltaic materials and devices journal, May 2011

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Unusual defect physics in CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 perovskite solar cell absorber journal, February 2014

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Dynamic disorder in methylammoniumtrihalogenoplumbates (II) observed by millimeter‐wave spectroscopy journal, December 1987

Structural and optical properties of methylammonium lead iodide across the tetragonal to cubic phase transition: implications for perovskite solar cells journal, January 2016

The phase diagram of a mixed halide (Br, I) hybrid perovskite obtained by synchrotron X-ray diffraction journal, January 2019

Entropy-driven structural transition and kinetic trapping in formamidinium lead iodide perovskite journal, October 2016

Stability of Cubic FAPbI 3 from X-ray Diffraction, Anelastic, and Dielectric Measurements journal, April 2019

Cubic or Orthorhombic? Revealing the Crystal Structure of Metastable Black-Phase CsPbI 3 by Theory and Experiment journal, June 2018

Energetics, Structures, and Phase Transitions of Cubic and Orthorhombic Cesium Lead Iodide (CsPbI 3 ) Polymorphs journal, September 2019

Crystal Structure Evolution and Notable Thermal Expansion in Hybrid Perovskites Formamidinium Tin Iodide and Formamidinium Lead Bromide journal, October 2017

Semiconducting Tin and Lead Iodide Perovskites with Organic Cations: Phase Transitions, High Mobilities, and Near-Infrared Photoluminescent Properties journal, July 2013

Effect of Structural Phase Transition on Charge-Carrier Lifetimes and Defects in CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 Perovskite journal, March 2016

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Reversible photo-induced trap formation in mixed-halide hybrid perovskites for photovoltaics journal, January 2015

Origin of Reversible Photoinduced Phase Separation in Hybrid Perovskites journal, January 2017

Light-Induced Phase Segregation in Halide-Perovskite Absorbers journal, November 2016

Defect Tolerance in Methylammonium Lead Triiodide Perovskite journal, July 2016

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Low trap-state density and long carrier diffusion in organolead trihalide perovskite single crystals journal, January 2015

Intrinsic Point Defects in Inorganic Cesium Lead Iodide Perovskite CsPbI 3 journal, January 2018

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What Remains Unexplained about the Properties of Halide Perovskites? journal, March 2018

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Quantification of light-enhanced ionic transport in lead iodide perovskite thin films and its solar cell applications journal, October 2016

Large tunable photoeffect on ion conduction in halide perovskites and implications for photodecomposition journal, March 2018

Light-induced annihilation of Frenkel defects in organo-lead halide perovskites journal, January 2016

Fast oxygen diffusion and iodide defects mediate oxygen-induced degradation of perovskite solar cells journal, May 2017

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Intrinsic Thermal Instability of Methylammonium Lead Trihalide Perovskite journal, June 2015

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Humidity-Induced Degradation via Grain Boundaries of HC(NH 2 ) 2 PbI 3 Planar Perovskite Solar Cells journal, January 2018

Layer-by-Layer Degradation of Methylammonium Lead Tri-iodide Perovskite Microplates journal, November 2017

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Imperfections and their passivation in halide perovskite solar cells journal, January 2019

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Scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells journal, March 2018

CH 3 NH 3 Cl-Assisted One-Step Solution Growth of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 : Structure, Charge-Carrier Dynamics, and Photovoltaic Properties of Perovskite Solar Cells journal, April 2014

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A fluorene-terminated hole-transporting material for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells journal, July 2018

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journal, May 2009

Perovskite Photovoltaics: The Path to a Printable Terawatt-Scale Technology
journal, October 2017

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journal, August 2018

Consensus stability testing protocols for organic photovoltaic materials and devices
journal, May 2011

Stabilizing Perovskite Structures by Tuning Tolerance Factor: Formation of Formamidinium and Cesium Lead Iodide Solid-State Alloys
journal, December 2015

Unusual defect physics in CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ perovskite solar cell absorber
journal, February 2014

New tolerance factor to predict the stability of perovskite oxides and halides
journal, February 2019

Dynamic disorder in methylammoniumtrihalogenoplumbates (II) observed by millimeter‐wave spectroscopy
journal, December 1987

Structural and optical properties of methylammonium lead iodide across the tetragonal to cubic phase transition: implications for perovskite solar cells
journal, January 2016

The phase diagram of a mixed halide (Br, I) hybrid perovskite obtained by synchrotron X-ray diffraction
journal, January 2019

Entropy-driven structural transition and kinetic trapping in formamidinium lead iodide perovskite
journal, October 2016

Stability of Cubic FAPbI ₃ from X-ray Diffraction, Anelastic, and Dielectric Measurements
journal, April 2019

Cubic or Orthorhombic? Revealing the Crystal Structure of Metastable Black-Phase CsPbI ₃ by Theory and Experiment
journal, June 2018

Energetics, Structures, and Phase Transitions of Cubic and Orthorhombic Cesium Lead Iodide (CsPbI ₃ ) Polymorphs
journal, September 2019

Crystal Structure Evolution and Notable Thermal Expansion in Hybrid Perovskites Formamidinium Tin Iodide and Formamidinium Lead Bromide
journal, October 2017

Semiconducting Tin and Lead Iodide Perovskites with Organic Cations: Phase Transitions, High Mobilities, and Near-Infrared Photoluminescent Properties
journal, July 2013

Effect of Structural Phase Transition on Charge-Carrier Lifetimes and Defects in CH ₃ NH ₃ SnI ₃ Perovskite
journal, March 2016

Cesium-containing triple cation perovskite solar cells: improved stability, reproducibility and high efficiency
journal, January 2016

Incorporation of rubidium cations into perovskite solar cells improves photovoltaic performance
journal, September 2016

Insights into operational stability and processing of halide perovskite active layers
journal, January 2019

Reversible photo-induced trap formation in mixed-halide hybrid perovskites for photovoltaics
journal, January 2015

Origin of Reversible Photoinduced Phase Separation in Hybrid Perovskites
journal, January 2017

Light-Induced Phase Segregation in Halide-Perovskite Absorbers
journal, November 2016

Defect Tolerance in Methylammonium Lead Triiodide Perovskite
journal, July 2016

High Defect Tolerance in Lead Halide Perovskite CsPbBr ₃
journal, January 2017

Influence of Defects and Synthesis Conditions on the Photovoltaic Performance of Perovskite Semiconductor CsSnI ₃
journal, October 2014

Low trap-state density and long carrier diffusion in organolead trihalide perovskite single crystals
journal, January 2015

Intrinsic Point Defects in Inorganic Cesium Lead Iodide Perovskite CsPbI ₃
journal, January 2018

Effects of organic cations on the defect physics of tin halide perovskites
journal, January 2017

First-principles study of intrinsic defects in formamidinium lead triiodide perovskite solar cell absorbers
journal, January 2018

What Remains Unexplained about the Properties of Halide Perovskites?
journal, March 2018

Halide Perovskites: Is It All about the Interfaces?
journal, March 2019

Quantification of light-enhanced ionic transport in lead iodide perovskite thin films and its solar cell applications
journal, October 2016

Large tunable photoeffect on ion conduction in halide perovskites and implications for photodecomposition
journal, March 2018

Light-induced annihilation of Frenkel defects in organo-lead halide perovskites
journal, January 2016

Fast oxygen diffusion and iodide defects mediate oxygen-induced degradation of perovskite solar cells
journal, May 2017

The Role of Oxygen in the Degradation of Methylammonium Lead Trihalide Perovskite Photoactive Layers
journal, May 2015

Improved environmental stability of organic lead trihalide perovskite-based photoactive-layers in the presence of mesoporous TiO ₂
journal, January 2015

Light and oxygen induced degradation limits the operational stability of methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite solar cells
journal, January 2016

Intrinsic Thermal Instability of Methylammonium Lead Trihalide Perovskite
journal, June 2015

Thermal Behavior of Methylammonium Lead-Trihalide Perovskite Photovoltaic Light Harvesters
journal, October 2014

TG-FTIR, DSC and quantum chemical studies of the thermal decomposition of quaternary methylammonium halides
journal, May 2006

Structural and chemical evolution of methylammonium lead halide perovskites during thermal processing from solution
journal, January 2016

Thermal degradation of CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ perovskite into NH ₃ and CH ₃ I gases observed by coupled thermogravimetry–mass spectrometry analysis
journal, January 2016

Perovskite processing for photovoltaics: a spectro-thermal evaluation
journal, January 2014

Investigation of Thermally Induced Degradation in CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells using In-situ Synchrotron Radiation Analysis
journal, July 2017

Photodecomposition and thermal decomposition in methylammonium halide lead perovskites and inferred design principles to increase photovoltaic device stability
journal, January 2018

A study on the nature of the thermal decomposition of methylammonium lead iodide perovskite, CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ : an attempt to rationalise contradictory experimental results
journal, January 2017

Rapid perovskite formation by CH ₃ NH ₂ gas-induced intercalation and reaction of PbI ₂
journal, January 2016

Transformative Evolution of Organolead Triiodide Perovskite Thin Films from Strong Room-Temperature Solid–Gas Interaction between HPbI ₃ -CH ₃ NH ₂ Precursor Pair
journal, January 2016

Curtailing Perovskite Processing Limitations via Lamination at the Perovskite/Perovskite Interface
journal, April 2018

Interfacial Effects during Rapid Lamination within MAPbI ₃ Thin Films and Solar Cells
journal, June 2019

Multinuclear Magnetic Resonance Tracking of Hydro, Thermal, and Hydrothermal Decomposition of CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃
journal, January 2017

Reversible Hydration of CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ in Films, Single Crystals, and Solar Cells
journal, April 2015

Water in hybrid perovskites: Bulk MAPbI ₃ degradation via super-hydrous state
journal, April 2019

Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells: A Prospective on the Substitution of the A Cation and X Anion
journal, November 2016

Thermal Stability of Mixed Cation Metal Halide Perovskites in Air
journal, January 2018

Lewis-Adduct Mediated Grain-Boundary Functionalization for Efficient Ideal-Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells with Superior Stability
journal, August 2018

Oligomeric Silica-Wrapped Perovskites Enable Synchronous Defect Passivation and Grain Stabilization for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Photovoltaics
journal, May 2019

Stabilizing halide perovskite surfaces for solar cell operation with wide-bandgap lead oxysalts
journal, August 2019

Chemical Management for Colorful, Efficient, and Stable Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Nanostructured Solar Cells
journal, March 2013

Gas-solid reaction based over one-micrometer thick stable perovskite films for efficient solar cells and modules
journal, September 2018

Hydrogen Bonding and Stability of Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Perovskites
journal, September 2016

Band Gap Tuning via Lattice Contraction and Octahedral Tilting in Perovskite Materials for Photovoltaics
journal, August 2017

Mechanism of Tin Oxidation and Stabilization by Lead Substitution in Tin Halide Perovskites
journal, August 2017

Humidity-Induced Degradation via Grain Boundaries of HC(NH ₂ ) ₂ PbI ₃ Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, January 2018

Layer-by-Layer Degradation of Methylammonium Lead Tri-iodide Perovskite Microplates
journal, November 2017

Additive Engineering for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, October 2019

Efficient, stable solar cells by using inherent bandgap of α-phase formamidinium lead iodide
journal, November 2019

Imperfections and their passivation in halide perovskite solar cells
journal, January 2019

Self-formed grain boundary healing layer for highly efficient CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells
journal, June 2016

Scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells
journal, March 2018

CH ₃ NH ₃ Cl-Assisted One-Step Solution Growth of CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ : Structure, Charge-Carrier Dynamics, and Photovoltaic Properties of Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, April 2014

High-efficiency solution-processed perovskite solar cells with millimeter-scale grains
journal, January 2015

Synergistic Crystal and Interface Engineering for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Photovoltaics
journal, November 2018

Efficient, stable and scalable perovskite solar cells using poly(3-hexylthiophene)
journal, March 2019

A fluorene-terminated hole-transporting material for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells
journal, July 2018

Planar‐Structure Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency beyond 21%
journal, October 2017

Two-Dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper Perovskite with Nanorod-like Morphology for Solar Cells with Efficiency Exceeding 15%
journal, August 2018

Effect of non-stoichiometric solution chemistry on improving the performance of wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells
journal, March 2018