An Observational Comparison of Level of Neutral Buoyancy and Level of Maximum Detrainment in Tropical Deep Convective Clouds

Wang, Dié; Jensen, Michael P.; D'Iorio, Jennifer A.; Jozef, Gina; Giangrande, Scott E.; Johnson, Karen L.; Luo, Zhengzhao Johnny; Starzec, Mariusz; Mullendore, Gretchen L.

doi:10.1029/2020jd032637

Title: An Observational Comparison of Level of Neutral Buoyancy and Level of Maximum Detrainment in Tropical Deep Convective Clouds

Journal Article · Thu Jul 30 00:00:00 EDT 2020 · Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jd032637· OSTI ID:1656435

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^[1]; D'Iorio, Jennifer A. ^[2]; Jozef, Gina ^[3];

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Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States)
Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO (United States)
City College of New York, NY (United States)
Univ. of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND (United States)

Tropical deep convective clouds are important drivers of large-scale atmospheric circulation representing the main vertical transport pathway through the depth of the troposphere for heat, momentum, water, and chemical species. The strength and depth of this transport are impacted by the convective updraft size and intensity that are driven by buoyancy, dynamical forcing, and mixing of environmental air, i.e., entrainment. In this paper, we identify tropical deep convective systems with well-defined forward anvils using Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) ground-based profiling radars, at three ARM fixed-sites in the Tropical Western Pacific (TWP; i.e., Manus, Nauru, Darwin) and three ARM Mobile Facility deployments in Niamey, Niger; Gan Island, Maldives; and Manacapuru, Brazil. We use the difference between the level of neutral buoyancy (LNB) and the level of maximum detrainment (LMD) as a proxy for the effective bulk convective entrainment (εproxy). The LNB, the theoretical height that a parcel raised above the level of free convection would reach with no mixing, is calculated based on pre-convection radiosonde measurements using parcel theory. The LMD is the height of the maximum reflectivity observed in forward anvil clouds by profiling radars. Deep convective systems over the TWP show higher LNBs that extend to 16.3 km on average and larger εproxy (median LNB minus LMD up to 6.5 km) compared to their continental counterparts in the Amazon and West Africa. Oceanic conditions show larger convective available potential energy (CAPE) coupled with higher moisture at low levels which favors larger εproxy. In contrast, continental cases initiate and develop under high convective inhibition, steeper environmental lapse rate, and high wind shear conditions, which show smaller offset between LNB and LMD. Deep convective cases that promote significant cold pools at the surface experience less εproxy. Using a Random Forest regression algorithm, CAPE is associated with the highest feature importance score for predicting convective εproxy, followed by low-level relative humidity. For continental cases, the low-level wind shear also indicates higher importance.

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Research Organization:: Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0012704; 80NSSC19K0343; 80NSSC17K0197; 80NSSC20K0089

OSTI ID:: 1656435

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1647246

Report Number(s):: BNL-216287-2020-JAAM

Journal Information:: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 125, Issue 16; ISSN 2169-897X

Publisher:: American Geophysical UnionCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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